Since 2005, listed firms in Germany have been subject to the hybrid enforcement system that aims at ensuring consistent and faithful application of relevant accounting standards and in particular IFRS. Being first of its kind, the German enforcement system combines cooperative investigations conducted by a private financial reporting enforcement panel (FREP) and federal powers through downstream involvement of the German Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin). The hybrid enforcement system’s main deterrent is adverse disclosure which involves public dissemination of financial misreporting. In this dissertation, which comprises five separate manuscripts, I analyze both foundations and consequences of adverse disclosure in Germany. The first two manuscripts address different questions related to institutional premises and deduce avenues for future research. The remaining three manuscripts elaborate on selected research questions related to consequences of financial misreporting and their determinants. In summary, this dissertation has material impact on the understanding of hybrid enforcement systems.:I. ENFORCEMENT IN GERMANY: FOUNDATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ADVERSE DISCLOSURE 1 Introduction to the Research Context 2 Overview and Findings of the Manuscripts II. ENFORCEMENT OF FINANCIAL REPORTING: A CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Identification and Description of Relevant Literature 4 Critical Discussion 5 Avenues for Further Research 6 Conclusion and Limitations III. DEUTSCHLAND UND ÖSTERREICH ALS BEISPIEL DER IMPLEMENTIERUNG HYBRIDER ENFORCEMENT-SYSTEME IN EUROPA 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 2 Charakteristika hybrider Enforcement-Systeme 3 Unterschiede in der formalrechtlichen Gestaltung der Enforcement-Systeme in Deutschland und Österreich 4 Implikationen für die Klassifizierung hybrider Enforcement-Systeme und die Enforcement-Praxis 5 Zusammenfassung IV. DETERMINANTS OF INVESTOR REACTIONS TO ERROR ANNOUNCEMENTS: EXTENDED EVIDENCE FROM GERMANY 1 Introduction 2 The German Enforcement System 3 Previous Research and Hypotheses Development 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Conclusion V. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXECUTIVE TURNOVER AND FINANCIAL MISREPORTING: EVIDENCE FROM GERMANY 1 Introduction 2 Corporate Governance, Financial Misreporting, and Management Turnover 3 Hypothesis Development and Empirical Predictions 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Conclusion VI. ENFORCEMENT OF FINANCIAL REPORTING IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL FIRMS: AN INTEGRATIVE CASE 1 Introduction 2 Student Material 3 Educators Material

La finance islamique connaît depuis trois décennies une croissance soutenue. La problématique de recherche consiste à vérifier si l’existence de normes de comptabilité financière spécifiques aux institutions financières islamiques peut être un obstacle à l’objectif d’harmonisation comptable internationale entrepris depuis une quarantaine d’années avec la création de l’IASC. Une première phase de recherche normative suggère que les valeurs comptables issues d’une morale « islamique » seraient incompatibles avec les valeurs comptables portées par les normes internationales d’information financière (IAS/IFRS). Cependant, une deuxième phase descriptive et comparative confirme la convergence des normes comptables islamiques (IFAS) vers les IAS/IFRS illustrant un comportement « schizophrénique » du normalisateur comptable islamique (AAOIFI). En effet, cet organisme érige des normes conformes à la jurisprudence islamique pour les règles comptables de présentation mais qui convergent vers les IAS/IFRS pour les règles d’évaluation, mettant, alors, en relief la fonction « communication relationnelle » des données comptables. Afin d’étudier les facteurs de cette convergence, nous adoptons, dans une troisième phase explicative, une double approche théorique (Sociologie néo-institutionnelle et théorie de la dichotomie sacré-profane) et nous réalisons des entretiens avec les membres de deux comités opérationnels de l’AAOIFI : le comité Charia et le comité comptable (AASB). Ainsi, la convergence comptable s’expliquerait par le mimétisme des banques islamiques et de l’AAOIFI qui adoptent les mêmes réflexions et comportements que les banques classiques et le normalisateur comptable international (IASB). De même, des « luttes professionnelles » entre les deux comités opérationnels de l’AAOIFI aboutissent à la domination des membres du comité comptable plus influencés par une « culture IFRS » orientant, alors, certains choix de normalisation vers un renforcement de la convergence des IFAS vers les IAS-IFRS. De ce fait, des conflits entre « juridictions » professionnelles aux frontières mal définies permettent l’établissement d’une échelle de pouvoir et facilitent l’agissement d’effets mimétiques, coercitifs et normatifs. / Islamic finance has grown steadily for three decades now. The research question consists inchecking whether the existence of specific standards of financial accounting for Islamicfinancial institutions can be a hindrance to the goal of international accounting harmonization undertaken over the last forty years with the creation of the IASC. A first normative phase of research suggests that accounting values resulting from Islamic moral are incompatible with the accounting values of International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS / IFRS). However, a second descriptive and comparative phase confirms the convergence of Islamic Financial Accounting Standards (IFAS) to IAS / IFRS illustrating a "schizophrenic" behavior of the Islamic accounting standard-setting body (AAOIFI). Indeed, this organization sets up standards in compliance with Islamic jurisprudence for accounting presentation rules but that are converged with IAS / IFRS for valuation rules, while highlighting the "relational communication" of accounting data. To study the factors of this convergence, we take in a third explanatory phase, a dual theoretical approach (neo-institutional sociology and theory of sacred-profane dichotomy) and perform some interviews with members of two operational committees of AAOIFI: the Shariah Board and the Accounting Board (AASB). Thus, the accounting convergence is explained by the mimicry of Islamic banks and Islamic accounting standard-setting body that adopt the same thoughts and behaviors than conventional banks and the International Financial Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Similarly, "professional struggles" between the two operational committees of AAOIFI lead to the domination of the accounting committee members that are more influenced by an "IFRS culture" while directing some decisions of standard-setting process towards greater convergence of IFAS to the IASIFRS.Thus, conflicts between professional jurisdictions with ill-defined borders allow theestablishment of a scale of power and facilitate the conduct of mimetic, coercive andnormative isomorphism.

El presente trabajo de investigación de tesis tiene como objetivo determinar el impacto de la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad N° 23 “Costos préstamos” en la rentabilidad de las universidades privadas con sede en Lima Sur, año 2019. Debido a que, en los últimos años, las entidades de educación superior han obtenido resultados favorables en sus Estados Financieros, en comparación a años anteriores, por ende, han realizado construcciones de nuevas sedes para lograr el licenciamiento otorgado por Sunedu para seguir operando, así como tener un mayor alcance en potenciales alumnos. El trabajo de investigación se encuentra dividido en cinco capítulos que son: Capítulo I Marco teórico, se realiza una investigación, a través de fuentes primarias donde se desarrollan conceptos de las normas internacionales de información financiera (NIIF’s), norma internacional de contabilidad N° 23 “Costos préstamos”, rentabilidad y un análisis del sector educativo. Capítulo II Plan de investigación, se formula la situación problemática de la tesis, el problema principal y específicos, el objetivo general y específicos, hipótesis general y específicos. Capítulo III Metodología de investigación, se definió la población, la muestra para las investigaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas. Capítulo IV Desarrollo de Investigación, donde se realizó la investigación a través de las entrevistas en profundidad, las encuestas y el desarrollo del caso práctico. Capítulo V Análisis de Resultados, en donde el estudio de los instrumentos y el caso práctico son realizados. Se concluye con la validación de la hipótesis general y especificas en base a los resultados obtenidos en las tablas cruzadas y el CHI cuadrado. / The objective of this thesis research is to determinate the impact of the International Accounting Standards (IAS) 23 “Borrowing Costs” in private universities´ profitability in the south part of Lima in the year 2019.  In recent years, higher education institutions have favorable results in their financial statements in comparison to previous years, therefore companies have built new campus expecting to be licensed by Sunedu in order to keep operating and to have a greater reach and attract potential students.  The research work is divided into five sections: Chapter I, Theoretical framework, in which there are concepts of international financial reporting standards (IFRS), international accounting standards (IAS) 23 “Borrowing Costs”, profitability, and an analysis of the private higher education sector. Chapter II, Research plan, the problematic situation of the thesis research, the main and specific problems, general and specific objectives, the main and specific hypothesis are formulated. Chapter III Research methodology, in which the population and the sample size were determinated for a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Chapter IV, Development, in which the research was fulfilled through the in-deep interviews, questionnaires and the development of the practical case. Chapter V Analysis of results, where the research of the instruments and the practical case were executed. In conclusion, the general and specific hypothesis´ validation are based on the results obtained in the crossed tables and Chi square test. / Tesis

The assessment of the environmental and social impact of companies could be a key lever towards amore sustainable society. The aim of this report is to develop a quantitative approach based onmulti-criteria decision-making methods for organizations to conduct a corporate social responsibility materiality analysis. Through a literature review, a knowledge gap was identified on practical methods to implement a materiality analysis that meet non-financial reporting requirements.Therefore, the features of such a method were identified and a method combining analytic hierarchy process and failure modes and effects analysis was offered. The method was then used within a company in order to illustrate how the method should be applied in practice and to assess its application. The analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the relative weights of three criteria: risk, opportunity and influence on stakeholders’ assessments & decisions. Assessment scales were created for three failure modes and effects analysis indices for the criteria of risk and opportunity: severity, occurrence and control. A unique value can then be calculated for each corporate social responsibility issue in order to identify the material ones. The application of the methodology to a company underlined a few critical factors to be further investigated, in particular the quantification of the scales used for assessment and the selection of stakeholders. / Bedömningen av företagens miljöpåverkan och sociala effekter kan vara en nyckelhävarm mot ett hållbart samhälle. Syftet med denna artikel är att utveckla ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt baserat på beslutsfattningsmetoder med flera kriterier för organisationer att utföra en väsentlighetsanalys av företagets sociala ansvar. Genom en litteraturöversikt identifierades kunskapsgap om praktiska metoder för att genomföra en väsentlighetsanalys som uppfyller icke-finansiella rapporteringskrav. Därför identifierades funktionerna i en sådan metod och en metod som kombinerar analytisk hierarkiprocess och feleffektsanalys erbjuds. Metoden användes sedan inom ett företag för att illustrera hur metoden bör tillämpas i praktiken och för att bedöma dess tillämpning. Den analytiska hierarkiprocessen användes för att bestämma de relativa vikterna för tre kriterier: risk, möjlighet och inflytande på intressenternas bedömningar och beslut. Utvärderingsskalor skapades för tre feleffektsanalysindex för kriterierna för risk och möjlighet: allvarlighetsgrad, förekomst och kontroll. Ett unikt värde kan sedan beräknas för varje företags sociala ansvar för att identifiera de materiella.Tillämpningen av metodologin på ett företag underströk några kritiska faktorer som ska undersökas ytterligare, särskilt kvantifieringen av skalorna som används för bedömning och urvalet av intressenter.

The purpose of this study is to explore how IFRS 15 have influenced Swedish auditors and financial analysts’ understanding of companies’ revenue transactions. How accounting structural changes under IFRS 15 contribute to potential informational effects remains a largely unexplored topic. By applying asymmetric information theory, behavioral decision theory and the concept of uniformity versus uniqueness, this study explores potential factors that influence information intermediaries’ understandability of companies’ revenue transactions. This study uses an explorative approach consisting of 8 semi-structured interviews with Swedish auditors and financial analysts working in the telecommunication and construction industry. From a practical point of view, this study may assist the IASB and other regulators in obtaining a better understanding of information intermediaries’ ability to appropriately interpret and use financial information under IFRS 15. From a theoretical standpoint, the findings can provide areas of potential future studies in the field of accounting information research. Although the implementation of IFRS 15 has a limited quantitative accounting effect, this study finds that the implementation contributes to informational effects on financial analysts and auditors’ information environment. The findings indicate that the perceived informational effects are dependent on entities' application of the standard; intermediaries’ accounting knowledge and experience; as well as companies' transparency and manipulating incentives.

Titel: Hur ser sambandet mellan Corporate Social Responsibility och Earnings Management ut bland börsnoterade företag i EU?  Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Felix Lindeborg och Rikard Eriksson Handledare: Jan SvanbergDatum: 2024 - Januari Syfte: Undersöka sambandet mellan Corporate Social Responsibility och Earnings Management bland börsnoterade bolag inom Europeiska unionen. Baserat på syftet har den här studien som ambition att identifiera i vilken grad företag arbetar med CSR-relaterade frågor och hur detta påverkar deras benägenhet att manipulera resultatet. Metod: Det här är en kvantitativ studie som genomförts på börsnoterade bolag inom den Europeiska unionen mellan åren 2018–2022. Den finansiella sekundärdata som inhämtats till studien är hämtad från databasen Refinitive Eikon. Sekundärdata har sedermera analyserats i Excel och statistikprogrammet SPSS för att genom regressionsmodeller och tabeller redovisa resultaten från studien. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet från studien visar på ett positivt men inte signifikant samband mellan CSR och Earnings management bland börsnoterade företag i EU. Tidigare studier i EU har identifierat ett negativt samband. Slutsatsen är att företag balanserar kortsiktiga resultat med långsiktiga hållbarhetsmål för att möta aktieägarnas krav samtidigt som de bibehåller legitimitet mot intressenter.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Examensarbetet har genom att identifiera och förklara det positiva men insignifikanta sambandet mellan CSR och EM, fördjupat insikterna om sambandet mellan CSR och EM. Denna ökade förståelse av sambandet mellan CSR och EM kan användas av intressenter såsom företagsledare, investerare och myndigheter som underlag för strategiska beslut. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi uppmanar till fortsatt forskning på området genom forskning på om, och i så fall hur, sambandet mellan CSR och EM skiljer sig mellan olika sektorer i EU. Vidare bör en mer omfattande studie med fler kontrollvariabler, observationer och sektorer genomföras i syfte att fördjupa kunskapen kring hur dynamiken mellan CSR och EM tar sig uttryck bland företag i EU.  Nyckelord: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Earnings Management (EM), Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), Accrual Earnings Management (AEM), Real Earnings Management (REM) och den modifierade Jones modellen.

This study is concerned with developing a model to identify small-medium U.K. companies at risk of financial failure up to five years in advance. The importance of small companies in an economy, the impact of their failures, and the lack of failure research with respect to . this population, provided justification for this study. The research was undertaken in two stages. The first stage included a detailed description and discussion of the nature and role of small business in the UK economy, heir relevance, problems and Government involvement in this sector, together with literature review and assessment of past research relevant to this study. The second stage was involved with construction of the models using multiple discriminant analysis, applied to published accountancy data for two groups of failed and nonfailed companies. The later stage was performed in three parts : (1) evaluating five discriminant models for each of five years prior to failure; (2) testing the performance of each of the .five models over time on data not used . in their construction; (3) testing the discriminant models on a validation sample. The purpose was to establish the "best" discriminant model. "Best" was determined according to classification ability of the model and interpretation of variables. Finally a model comprising seven financial ratios measuring four aspects of a company's financial profile, such as profitability, gearing, capital turnover and liquidity was chosen. The model has shown to be a valid tool for predicting companies' health up to five years in advance. / Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of the Iraqi Government.

На сегодняшний день отрицательное влияние на окружающую среду ощущается наиболее остро и принимает мировой характер, что может послужить причиной экологического кризиса. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена тем, что реализация программ корпоративной социальной ответственности компаний нефтегазовой отрасли оказывает ощутимое воздействие на устойчивое развитие общества в разных странах мира. Целью магистерской диссертации является оценка экологической ответственности предприятий нефтегазового сектора. В этой работе использованы следующие методы исследования: теоретический и эмпирический анализ, а также корреляционный анализ. Информационную базу исследования составили нефинансовая отчетность компании ПАО «Газпром-нефть» за 2015-2018 гг., которая опубликована на официальном сайте предприятия и статистические материалы ассоциации Российского союза промышленников и предпринимателей. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была разработана методика оценки экологической ответственности предприятий, базирующаяся на использовании базовых индикаторов корпоративной социальной ответственности и отличающаяся введением индикаторов, учитывающих специфику деятельности нефтегазовых компаний в области охраны окружающей среды, что позволит разработать адекватную политику инвестирования в природоохранные объекты и обеспечить сопоставимость информации, как в российской, так и зарубежной практике нефинансовой отчетности. Такая информация может представлять существенный интерес и для потребителей продукции нефтегазовых компаний, и для инвесторов и кредитных организаций. Оценка экологической ответственности компаний нефтегазового сектора позволит оценить эффективность защиты окружающей среды, оценить эффективность ведения социально ответственного бизнеса в России и выявить наиболее важные экологические аспекты в деятельности компаний. Разработанная методика позволит получить объективную и сопоставимую информацию об уровне экологической ответственности компаний нефтегазового сектора, действующих в России, и масштаба воздействия их деятельности на окружающую среду. / Today, the negative impact on the environment is felt most acutely and takes on a global character, which may be the cause of the environmental crisis. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that the implementation of corporate social responsibility programs for companies in the oil and gas industry has a tangible impact on the sustainable development of society in different countries of the world. The purpose of the master's thesis is to assess the environmental responsibility of enterprises in the oil and gas sector. In this work, the following research methods were used: theoretical and empirical analysis, as well as correlation analysis. The information base of the study was compiled by non-financial reports of PJSC Gazprom Neft for 2015-2018, which is published on the official website of the company and statistical materials of the association of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. During the writing of the master's thesis, a methodology for assessing the environmental responsibility of enterprises was developed, based on the use of basic indicators of corporate social responsibility and characterized by the introduction of indicators that take into account the specifics of the activities of oil and gas companies in the field of environmental protection, which will develop an adequate policy for investing in environmental objects and ensure comparability of information as in the Russian and foreign practice non-financial reporting. Such information may be of significant interest to consumers of oil and gas companies, and investors and credit organizations. Assessing the environmental responsibility of companies in the oil and gas sector will assess the effectiveness of environmental protection, assess the effectiveness of conducting socially responsible business in Russia and identify the most important environmental aspects in the activities of companies. The developed methodology will provide objective and comparable information on the level of environmental responsibility of oil and gas companies operating in Russia and the scale of the impact of their activities on the environment.

Differences in the use and practices of intellectual capital management in the countries with different socio-economic levels of development determine the need to develop a unified report on the disclosure of information and methods for assessing the level of development of intellectual capital in order to increase the effectiveness of this process, as well as to create a tool for the work of parties concerned, management staff of the company and investors. The purpose of the thesis is the formulation of a methodology for assessing the level of development of intellectual capital, adapted to the operating conditions in companies in various countries. The paper studies the practices of intellectual capital management in different countries. The sources of information used were data from the non-financial and financial reports of Shell, Lukoil, Associated British Foods plc, Want Want China, Mars, as well as internal reporting by Omega-group LLC. In the process of work, a methodology for assessing intellectual capital as an important factor for companies to achieve the required level of performance was developed. It is built on a point-based integrated assessment of the data from the intellectual capital report, which is characterized by the implementation of an integrated approach to assessing quality indicators of intellectual capital, by means of quantitative assessment based on the calculation of integrated indicators to assess the level of development of human, structural and relational capital, which, will help to obtain objective results on the level of intellectual capital development and will enable investors to make a decision about investing in a project or a company. Based on the results of the approbation, the level of development of human, structural and relational capital of Omega-group LLC was evaluated. / Различия в использовании и практиках управления интеллектуальным капиталом на уровне стран с разным социально-экономическим уровнем развития определяют необходимость разработки унифицированного отчета по раскрытию информации и методики оценки уровня развития интеллектуального капитал в целях повышения результативности управления им, а также создания инструмента для работы заинтересованных лиц компании, управленческого аппарата организации и инвесторов. Целью диссертационной работы является разработка методики оценки уровня развития интеллектуального капитала, адаптированной к условиям функционирования в компаний различных стран. В работе изучаются практики управления интеллектуальным капиталом в различных странах. В качестве источников информации использовались данные нефинансовой и финансовой отчетности компаний Shell, «Лукойл», Associated British Foods plc, Want Want China, Mars, а также внутренней отчетности компании ООО «Omega-group». В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была разработана методика оценки интеллектуального капитала, как важного фактора для достижения компаниями необходимого уровня результативности, основанная на балльной интегральной оценке данных отчета об интеллектуальном капитале, особенностью которой является реализация интегрированного подхода к оценке качественных показателей-индикаторов интеллектуального капитала, с помощью количественной оценки на основе расчета интегральных показателей, позволяющих оценить уровень развития человеческого, структурного и отношенческого капитала, что, в свою, очередь, позволит получить объективный результат об уровне развития интеллектуального капитала и даст возможность инвесторам принимать решения об инвестировании в проект или компанию. В результате проведенной апробации, был оценен уровень развития человеческого, структурного и отношенческого капитала компании ООО «Omega-group».

Актуальность темы исследования связана с тем, что в последние годы непрерывная оптимизация и совершенствование финансовой системы приобретает все большее значение при анализе финансовой отчетности в области корпоративного управления финансами. Анализ финансовой отчетности оказывает глубокое влияние на направление бизнеса, развитие и принятие решений компании. Указанный анализ может отражать преимущества и недостатки бизнес-операций и статус корпоративных прибылей, кроме того, он может напрямую влиять на принятие решений заинтересованными сторонами, такими как корпоративные инвесторы и кредиторы, и имеет важное справочное значение для мобилизации внутренних и внешних ресурсов управления предприятием. Целью магистерского исследования является сравнение учетно-аналитических методов формирования показателей предприятий России и Китая. / The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that in recent years, continuous optimization and improvement of the financial system has become increasingly important in the analysis of financial statements in the field of corporate financial management. The analysis of financial statements has a profound impact on the direction of business, development and decision-making of a company. This analysis can reflect the advantages and disadvantages of business operations and the status of corporate profits, in addition, it can directly influence decision-making by stakeholders such as corporate investors and lenders, and is an important reference for mobilizing internal and external resources for enterprise management. The aim of the master's study is to compare the accounting and analytical methods of forming indicators of enterprises in Russia and China.