Bakgrund: Kunskapsintensiva organisationer upplever svårigheter när det kommer till att behålla medarbetare och de tvingas således arbeta för att hantera den frivilliga personalomsättningen. Den svenska advokatbranschen genomgår förändring och medarbetare byter arbetsgivare i allt större utsträckning. Samtidigt pågår diskussioner kring huruvida monetära- och icke-monetära incitamentssystem påverkar medarbetarnas motivation, arbetstillfredsställelse och engagemang. Därav har intresset väckts för att studera huruvida incitamentssystem påverkar den frivilliga personalomsättningen inom advokatbyråer verksamma i Sverige. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur incitamentssystem påverkar den frivilliga personalomsättningen inom advokatbyråer verksamma i Sverige. Metod: Studien innehar en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och ett konstruktionistisktperspektiv. Arbetet följer en abduktiv ansats och en tematisk analys används viddata analysen. Syftet och forskningsfrågorna besvaras genom att utnyttja en flerfallsstudie på två olika advokatbyråer verksamma i Sverige, där 14 semi-strukturerade intervjuundersökningar ligger till grund för inhämtandet av det empiriska materialet. Slutsats: Studien påvisar att kunskapsintensiva organisationer bör utforma incitamentssystem med både monetära och icke-monetära incitament där en förståelse för att incitamentssystem kan påverka andra medarbetare än vad som var avsett är viktig. Monetära incitament tycks påverka arbetstillfredsställelsen men har begränsad effekt på medarbetarnas motivation och engagemang. De icke-monetära incitamenten tenderar att påverka den frivilliga personalomsättningen i större utsträckning / Background: Knowledge-intensive organizations experience difficulties when it comes to retaining employees and they are obliged to handle the voluntary turnover. The Swedish law branch of industry experiences a period of change where employees change employers to a greater extent. At the same time, there are ongoing discussions about how monetary- and non-monetary incentives affect employee motivation, job satisfaction and commitment. Therefore, it is interesting to study how incentive systems affect voluntary turnover in Swedish law firms. Purpose: The study aims to increase the understanding of how incentive systems affect the voluntary turnover in Swedish law firms. Methodology: The study is designed according to a qualitative research strategy and has a constructionist perspective. The work follows an abductive approach, and a thematic analysis is used when analyzing the data. The purpose and research questions are answered by utilizing a multiple-case study of two Swedish law firms, where 14 semistructured interviews generate the empirical material. Conclusion: The study shows that knowledge-intensive organizations should design incentive systems with both monetary and non-monetary incentives where an understanding that incentive systems can affect other employees than what was intended is important. Monetary incentives seem to affect job satisfaction but have a limited effect on employee motivation and commitment. The non-monetary incentives tend to affect voluntary employee turnover to a greater extent.

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La recente rforma del mecato del lavoro (legge n.92/2012) è intervenuta anche in materia di assocazione in partecipazione con apporto di lavoro. La finalità perseguita è stata combattere l'utilizzo abusivo di questa forma contrattuale, spesso usata per celare rapporti di lavoro subordinato puro e semplice. La suddetta riforma è stata in parte corretta dal recente decreto legge n. 76/2013, convertito con legge n. 99/2013, volto ad attenuare alcune rigidità.La tesi dottorale si propone un'analisi dell'istituto dell'associazione in partecipaione in generale, a partire dalla sua genesi e regolamentazione commercialistica, per concentrarsi successivamente sugli aspetti giuslavoristici e previdenziali allorchè l'apporto sia costituito da una pestazione di lavoro, nonchè sulle predette recenti modifiche di legge. / The recent reform of the labour market (law n. 92/2012)has also modified the regulation of the profit sharing agreement with labour supply. The aim was to fight the misuse of this form of contract, which often conceals genuine employment relationships. The above - mentioned reform has been partially corrected by the recent decree law n. 76/2013, converted into law n. 99/2013, in order to attenuate some rigidities. The doctoral dissertation is aimed at analysing the profit sharing agreement as a whole, starting from its origin and commercial regulation. Secondly it focuses on labour law and social security aspects of the schemes that involve the supply of human labour in exchange for the partipation in the profit sharing. Finally it focuses on the recent above - mentioned law reforms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese.pdf: 944709 bytes, checksum: 5d3aa5dc41f8a016383db72aa7c7bf78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-07 / The work evidences the importance of the work conducted by the third sector to developing countries such as Brazil as the State has been scaling back its social services In this regard it reviews and defines those entities making up the third sector and analyzes some labor law instruments by relating them to not-for-profit organizations\' increased activities By studying topics such as persons with disabilities work conducted by minors, social cooperatives profit-sharing for employees of third sector organization voluntary and religious work this work demonstrates the importance of the third sector in labor laws and how such power can be used to enhance those activities performed by this sector, as well as social actions designed to include disadvantaged persons / O trabalho demonstra a importância social do terceiro setor para países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil diante da retração do Estado nos serviços sociais Nesse sentido analisa e define as entidades que integram o terceiro setor e analisa alguns instrumentos do direito do trabalho relacionando-os com a ampliação das atividades das entidades sem fins lucrativos Estudando temas como portador de deficiência trabalho do menor cooperativas cooperativas sociais participação dos empregados nos resultados das entidades do terceiro setor trabalho voluntário e religioso o trabalho demonstra a importancia do terceiro setor no direito do trabalho e como esse pode ser utilizado como forma de ampliação das atividades do terceiro setor e inclusão social das pessoas em desvantagem

近年來常常聽到有所謂的電子新貴或是網路新貴族，年紀輕輕工作個3∼5年就擁有千萬甚至億元身價，羡煞了工作十幾二十年卻還在與房子貸款奮鬥的勞工朋友，或許他們也有出來創業的念頭，但卻往往承受不了這麼大的風險而作罷，也可能想要跳槽卻提不起勇氣，怕自己的專業已不符時代潮流甚至會淹沒在電子浪潮下，因此常常聽到父執輩朋友談起工作上的不順遂及提不起勁，工作了一輩子皆是為別人賺錢的怨言。因此如何平衡傳統產業及高科技產業之間員工不滿及差距，並能持續維持公司創新及開發的動力，如何設計一套能提高員工向心力、員工工作參與感並增加工作效率的機制就顯得相當重要。 但在討論激勵制度的時候並不能將所有重點皆著墨於股票的發放上，因為台灣分紅制度的實施雖然使得台灣科技快速成長，但也造成股本快速膨脹，如果公司不屬於高成長性的產業，如傳統產業，則分紅制度可能反使公司因盈餘未能趕上股本膨脹的速度而導致產業衰退，國內大部份傳統產業的股票並不能如高科技產業一樣維持在高價位上，且觀察國內傳統產業近幾年來股價的表現中亦發現股價大多數呈現下降的走勢，因此以股票來獎勵員工並不能有效的達到吸引員工及留住公司優秀人才的目的，所以台灣一般傳統產業並不適合以股票為基礎的激勵措施，所以除了以股票做為吸引員工之外，亦可以考慮以現金做為員工的激勵措施。 另外由於國內企業基於全球發展策略的需要，常需於海外設立分據點，所以我們必須了解外國實施已久的股票選擇權制度優劣及執行的機制，才能有效達到激勵員工及創造公司價值，達成公司及員工兩造之間雙贏的局面。由於國內目前並無股票選擇權制度，而股票選擇權制度的優點又能適時彌補現行國內分紅入股制度所產生的缺朱，並能配合國內未來全球發展策略，因此值得我們詳細深入探討分析。 首先本論文藉由瞭解國內相關高科技的激勵制度，對其做深入的探討並分析可能產生的問題，進而引進外國相關的激勵制度，包括利潤分享計畫(profit shaing)及股票選擇權制度(stock option)，其中利潤分享計畫是以現金發放為主，而股票選擇權則是以股票發放為主。本篇論文主要探討各激勵制度使用上的優缺點並於一章節中做模擬試算，文中整理利潤分享計畫共包括六項，如現金利潤分享計畫(cash profit shaing plan)、簡單計畫(Simple plan)、簡化員工退休計畫(Simplifed employee pension plan,SEP)、遞延利潤分享計畫(deferred profit shaing plan)、現金購買計畫(Money-purchaseplan)及40lk，而股票選擇擇權則是以廣泛基礎的股票選擇權為主，另外還介紹以股票為主的員工持股信託(ESOP)、目標利潤計畫(target-benefit plan)及股票紅利計畫(Stock-bonus plan)。 而在可預期的未來國內將會實施股票選擇權制度，因此本論文另以一章節探討股票選擇權並對股票選擇權所產生的問題做分析，例如當員工執行股票選擇權時所產生盈餘及投票權稀釋的問題，公司應如何有效解決；當公司發生合併時股票選擇權應如何調整；當股市下跌股票選擇權發生價外時公司應如何解決。本論文對上述問題提出有效的解決替代方案，並對各問題做一詳細的探討分析，並於最後附錄的部份納入公司執行激勵制度時所應考量的事項。最後希望未來相關激勵制度推行時，本論文能提供相關資訊使得員工及公司能有所助益。

<p>The purpose of this essay is to examine wage-earners' investment funds from the ideological point of view. Were they in any way an integrated part of social democratical democratic socialism and reformism? I emphasize Olof Palme´s ideological idea of democratic socialism and reformism, and how he handled the issue. How did the question of these funds correspondent with the basic ideological points of view, and what was the standpoint of Palme in this issue.</p><p>My method is built upon a deep study and analyses of SAP board of party and the standing committees protocol in the light of Olof Palme´s and SAP's ideology. I even use information from literature, inquiries and dissertations. I will mainly focus on Palme´s standpoint during this time.</p><p>There are the tree question areas and answers in this essay. There is an obvious tension between the two poles of labour movement, the state socialism represented by the social democratic party with a social outlook from above and the movement socialism, represented by the trade union movement with view from below. How did the wage-earners' investment funds stand to this traditional tension? How did Olof Palme remain to it? The answers to these questions are, that Olof Palme was very aware of this tension and he warned the trade union to be too radical. The proposal had a more reformistic formation when it was transmitted from the movement socialistic pole to the state socialistic pole.</p><p>How did the wage-earners' investment funds fit in democratic socialism? The proposal of the wage-earners' investment funds meant that the function socialistic line, which traditionally was brought by the social democracy, now was changed to the line of ownership. Was it Palmes intention to implement a socialistic society with the help of the wage-earners' investment funds, to be more an a large public sector? The final proposition was a compromise and had lost its radical characteristics. It was never Olof Palme’s intention to implement a socialistic society with the help of the wage-earners' investment funds.</p><p>How did the wage-earners' investment funds fit in the reformistic point of view? Were they system changing or system preserving, or both? The answer to this in this essay is, that the origin proposal was radical and system changing. The final proposal was both system preserving and system changing.</p>

L’emploi largement répandu des licences Creative Commons, en vue de partager des oeuvres non logicielles, justifie le choix de leur consacrer une étude, afin d’apprécier leur rapprochement actuel au régime légale de la propriété littéraire et artistique et afin d’envisager de conciliations prospectives. L’étude relève la singularité de Creative Commons en tant que système de gestion des droits d’auteur ; ce dernier, composé d’une série de licences, est guidé par une association de promotion du partage d’oeuvres et mu par une idéologie fondée sur l’autonomie de la volonté des auteurs. L’hypothèse de notre étude repose sur la variété constatée des libertés accordées par les licences. Ces dernières se transforment en une série d’outils standardisés qui s’imposent progressivement comme une norme pour la jouissance partagée d’oeuvres – tout en se fondant sur les règles du droit d’auteur. En même temps, l’étude des conséquences de la mise en oeuvre de chaque licence illustre la création d’asymétries entre les acteurs du partage. Notamment, si la distinction entre utilisation commerciale et non commerciale – introduite par les licences – constitue un outil deconciliation du régime propriétaire avec celui du partage créatif, l’utilisation de la notion ambiguë d'utilisation non commerciale influence le sort des licences et complique le processus évolutif des oeuvres partagées. L’affinement de la variété des licences conduit l’étude à s’atteler à l’examen des mécanismes prospectifs afin d’aboutir à une coordination des licences avec le droit d’auteur qui serait fondée sur le principe fondateur de Creative Commons, à savoir l’essai de rééquilibrage des intérêts impliqués au droit d’auteur. / The widespread use of the Creative Commons licenses for the sharing of non-software works demonstrates the imperative to devote a study to the licenses in question. The goal of the study is to assess the current links of the licenses to the legal regime of intellectual property in order to suggest prospective ones. The study underlines the singularity of Creative Commons as a copyright management system, which consists of a series of licenses and is guided by an association promoting the sharing of works and by an ideology based on the autonomy of the authors. The premise of the thesis is founded on the variety of freedoms granted by the licenses. The licenses transform into a series of standardized tools that are gradually imposed as a standard for the sharing of works while relying on the rules of copyright. At the same time, the analysis of the consequences of the implementation of each license demonstrates the asymmetries created between the agents involved in the sharing process. In particular, our study shows that although the distinction between commercial and non commercial introduced by the licenses acts as a conciliation tool between the proprietary regime and that of the creative sharing, the introduction of an ambiguous concept - that of non-commercial use - influences the fate of licenses and complicates the evolutionary process of shared works. One way to resolve this tension proposed by our thesis is to review prospective mechanisms that would achieve a level of coordination between the licenses and copyright based on the founding principle of Creative Commons, which is the rebalancing of the interests involved in copyright.

The purpose of this essay is to examine wage-earners' investment funds from the ideological point of view. Were they in any way an integrated part of social democratical democratic socialism and reformism? I emphasize Olof Palme´s ideological idea of democratic socialism and reformism, and how he handled the issue. How did the question of these funds correspondent with the basic ideological points of view, and what was the standpoint of Palme in this issue. My method is built upon a deep study and analyses of SAP board of party and the standing committees protocol in the light of Olof Palme´s and SAP's ideology. I even use information from literature, inquiries and dissertations. I will mainly focus on Palme´s standpoint during this time. There are the tree question areas and answers in this essay. There is an obvious tension between the two poles of labour movement, the state socialism represented by the social democratic party with a social outlook from above and the movement socialism, represented by the trade union movement with view from below. How did the wage-earners' investment funds stand to this traditional tension? How did Olof Palme remain to it? The answers to these questions are, that Olof Palme was very aware of this tension and he warned the trade union to be too radical. The proposal had a more reformistic formation when it was transmitted from the movement socialistic pole to the state socialistic pole. How did the wage-earners' investment funds fit in democratic socialism? The proposal of the wage-earners' investment funds meant that the function socialistic line, which traditionally was brought by the social democracy, now was changed to the line of ownership. Was it Palmes intention to implement a socialistic society with the help of the wage-earners' investment funds, to be more an a large public sector? The final proposition was a compromise and had lost its radical characteristics. It was never Olof Palme’s intention to implement a socialistic society with the help of the wage-earners' investment funds. How did the wage-earners' investment funds fit in the reformistic point of view? Were they system changing or system preserving, or both? The answer to this in this essay is, that the origin proposal was radical and system changing. The final proposal was both system preserving and system changing.

La présente étude a pour objet de montrer que les moyens de la protection des actionnaires minoritaires en droit chinois et en droit français ne sont pas soumis à des critères fondamentalement différents. Dans les sociétés anonymes, les règles juridiques visent à trouver un équilibre des rapports entre les actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires, ainsi qu’entre les actionnaires et la société ou le groupe de sociétés.C’est l’intérêt social et le principe d’égalité qui guident le législateur et le juge de proposer des solutions convenables.Il importe de noter qu’en droit français, les dispositions sur les responsabilités et les moyens de recours pour les minoritaires sont d’applications faciles qu’en droit chinois. D’ailleurs, la recherche de l’acquisition des sociétés cotées chinoises sous l’angle de la protection des minoritaires, tout à fait différent à l’offre publique en droit français, présente les particularités du marché réglementé chinois et mérite que les investisseurs étrangers découvrent davantage. / The dissertation aimed to point out that the methods of the protection of minority shareholders in Chinese law and in French law are not subject to the different criteria. In company limited by shares, the legal provisions intend to find a balance of relation between majority shareholders and minority shareholders, and between the shareholders and the company or group of company. It is corporate profits and the principal of equality that direct legislators and judges to suggest applicable solutions.It is important to notify that in French law, legal provisions about the responsibility of majority shareholders or company leaders and the ways of resort of minority shareholders provide reference for improvement of Chinese law. Besides, the study of acquisition of chinese listed companies, looked from the angle of the protection of minority shareholders, very different from tender offer in French law, demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese stock market and deserve foreign investors’ enough attention.