<p>Online communication has increased the need to rapidly interpret complex emotions due to the volatility of the data involved; machine learning tasks that process text, such as sentiment analysis, can help address this challenge by automatically classifying text as positive, negative, or neutral. However, while much research has focused on detecting offensive or toxic language online, there is also a need to explore and understand the ways in which people express positive emotions and support for one another in online communities. This is where sentiment dictionaries and other computational methods can be useful, by analyzing the language used to express support and identifying common patterns or themes.</p> <p><br></p> <p>This research was conducted by compiling data from social question and answering around machine learning on the site Stack Exchange. Then a classification model was constructed using binary logistic regression. The objective was to discover whether predictions of marked solutions are accurate by treating the comments as reviews. Measuring collaboration signals may help capture the nuances of language around support and assistance, which could have implications for how people understand and respond to expressions of help online. By exploring this topic further, researchers can gain a more complete understanding of the ways in which people communicate and connect online.</p>

Higher demands on database systems have lead to an increased popularity of certain database system types in some niche areas. One such niche area is graph networks, such as social networks or logistics networks. An analysis made on such networks often focus on complex relational patterns that sometimes can not be solved efficiently by traditional relational databases, which has lead to the infusion of some specialized non-relational database systems. Some of the database systems that have seen a surge in popularity in this area are graph database systems. This thesis presents a prototype of a logistics network-related service using a graph database management system called Neo4j, which currently is the most popular graph database management system in use. The logistics network covered by the service is based on existing data from PostNord, Sweden’s biggest provider of logistics solutions, and primarily focuses on customer support and business to business. By creating a prototype of the service this thesis strives to indicate some of the positive and negative aspects of a graph database system, as well as give an indication of how a service using a graph database system could be created. The results indicate that Neo4j is very intuitive and easy to use, which would make it optimal for prototyping and smaller systems, but due to the used evaluation method more research in this area would need to be carried out in order to confirm these conclusions. / Högre krav på databassystem har lett till en ökad popularitet för vissa databassystemstyper i några nischområden. Ett sådant nischområde är grafnätverk, såsomsociala nätverk eller logistiknätverk. Analyser på grafnätverk fokuserar ofta påkomplexa relationsmönster som ibland inte kan lösas effektivt av traditionella relationsdatabassystem, vilket har lett till att vissa specialiserade icke-relationella databassystem har blivit populära alternativ. Många av de populära databassystemen inom detta område är grafdatabassystem. Detta arbete presenterar en prototyp av en logistiknätverksrelaterad tjänst som använder sig av ett grafdatabashanteringssystem som heter Neo4j, vilket är det mest använda grafdatabashanteringssystemet. Logistiknätverket som täcks av tjänsten är baserad på existerande data från PostNord, Sveriges ledande leverantör av logistiklösningar, och fokuserar primärt på kundsupport och företagsrelaterad analys. Genom att skapa en prototyp av tjänsten strävar detta arbete efter att uppvisa vissa av de positiva och negativa aspekterna av ett grafdatabashanteringssystem samt att visa hur en tjänst kan skapas genom att använda ett grafdatabashanteringssystem. Resultaten indikerar att Neo4j är väldigt intuitivt och lättanvänt, vilket skulle göra den optimal för prototyping och mindre system, men på grund av den använda evalueringsmetoden så behöver mer forskning inom detta område utföras innan dessa slutsatser kan bekräftas.

This research study focused on learning lessons from the experience of designing a comprehensive case-based reasoning (CBR) tool for support of complex thinking skills. Theorists have historically identified, analyzed, and classified different thinking processes and skills. Thinking skills have been increasingly emphasized in national standards, state testing, curricula, teaching and learning resources, and research agendas. Complex thinking is the core of higher-order thinking. Complex thinking is engaged when different types of thinking and action converge to resolve a real-world, ill-structured issue such as solving a problem, designing an artifact, or making a decision. By integrating reasoning, memory, and learning in a model of cognition for learning from concrete problem-solving experience, CBR can be used to engage complex thinking. In similar and different ways, CBR theory and the related theories of constructivism and constructionism promote learning from concrete, ill-structured problem-solving experience. Seven factors or characteristics, and by extension, design requirements, that should be incorporated in a comprehensive CBR tool were extracted from theory. These requirements were consistent with five theory-, research-based facilitators of learning from concrete experience. Subsequent application of the Dick, Carey, and Carey model to these design requirements generated twenty-nine specifications for design of the tool. This research study was carried out using developmental research methodology and a standard development model. The design process included front-end analysis, creating a prototype of the tool, and evaluating the prototype. / Ph. D.

I denna rapport undersöks olika system för hanteringen av forskning och utvecklingsprojekt som Stockholms stad kan använda som en gemensam plattform med syfte att sprida information och kunskap gällande projekt. Målet med rapporten var att hitta en anpassad kravspecifikation som summerade de tre kontorens gemensamma arbetsprocesser. Kravspecifikationen var ett hjälpmedel för att finna och utvärdera olika system som främjar hanteringen av Stockholms stads forskning och utvecklingsprojekt. En kravspecifikation har tagits fram i syfte att informera Stockholms stad om hur ett generellt arbetssätt ser ut bland de olika forskning och utvecklingskontoren. Genom informationsspridning internt pa kontoren kan effektiviteten öka då målkonikter kan undvikas och ett samarbete kan leda till ett bättre resultat. Att lagra informationen kopplade till ett projekt i en relationsdatabas visade sig passa kontoren bäst och skulle kunna möjliggöra vidare anpassning. Ytterligare en aspekt med systemen som utvärderades i rapporten var att de skulle kunna förbättra Stockholms stads kunskapsöverföring. Det kan medföra att innovativa och hållbara ideer sprids i större utsträckning än med kontorens nuvarande hantering av forskning- och utvecklingsprojekt. Resultatet av rapporten var två rekommendationer som togs fram utifrån utvärderingen av de utvalda systemen. Den kortsiktiga lösningen var att använda Excel med delad arbetsbok och den långsiktiga lösningen var att använda SharePoint Server som en gemensam kommunikationsplattform. / The purpose of this report is to find and evaluate different systems that can be used as a central platform for publishing information and knowledge about Stockholms stad's various projects spanning several agencies. The goal of this report was to present a requirement specification which summarize the three chosen agencies common work pattern. The requirement specification was used to find and evaluate the different systems that improves Stockholm's stads management of research and development projects. A requirement specification has been defined to help Stockholms stad to acknowledge a common work pattern for the three agencies presentation of project information. By increasing the dissemination of information internally, the efficiency will increase when goal conflicts are avoided and a formal cooperation can lead to better work results. A relational database was proven to be the best option for the agencies and could allow further development and adjustments to the agencies. One advantage with the systems evaluated in this report is that they could help Stockholms stad's transferal of knowledge. This could result in a wider spread of innovative and sustainable ideas than Stockholms stad's current system for managing research and development projects. The final recommendation from the evaluation of the selected systems gave Stockholms stad two possible solutions. The short-term solution was to use Excel with a shared workbook and the long-term solution was to use SharePoint Server as a common platform for communication.

As NoSQL databases become increasingly used, more methodologies emerge for migrating from relational databases to NoSQL databases. Meanwhile, there is a lack of methodologies that assist in migration in the opposite direction, from NoSQL to relational. As software is being iterated upon, use cases may change. A system which was originally developed with a NoSQL database may accrue needs which require Atomic, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability (ACID) features that NoSQL systems lack, such as consistency across nodes or consistency across re-used domain objects. Shifting requirements could result in the system being changed to utilize a relational database. While there are some tools available to transfer data between an existing document database and existing relational database, there has been no work for automatically generating the relational database based upon the data already in the NoSQL system. Not taking the existing data into account can lead to inconsistencies during data migration. This thesis describes a methodology to automatically generate a relational database schema from the implicit schema of a document database. This thesis also includes details of how the methodology is implemented, and what could be enhanced in future works.

Investigou-se neste trabalho a proposta de um Modelo Lógico Gráfico para suporte à fase do Projeto Lógico em BDORs. O Modelo Lógico Gráfico proposto é uma extensão da UML para o Diagrama de Classes. A extensão deu-se por meio da elaboração de um Perfil UML, o qual foi disponibilizado em XMI para ser empregado em ferramentas CASE de diferentes fabricantes. Desenvolveu-se dois módulos para a ferramenta CASE ArgoUML. Esses módulos têm por finalidade a automação do desenvolvimento em BDORs, onde, a partir de um esquema gráfico, projetado utilizando-se o Modelo Lógico Gráfico proposto, gera-se código no padrão da SQL:2003 e no dialeto SQL utilizado pelo Oracle 11g. Foi proposta uma arquitetura baseada na ANSI/SPARC e na MDA para o projeto em BDORs que relaciona as fases do Projeto com as tecnologias empregadas para suportá-las. Por meio dessa arquitetura, destacam-se os pontos onde houve contribuição deste trabalho e os pontos que serão alvos de futuras pesquisas. Esta dissertação difunde os recursos existentes em BDORs e facilita a elaboração do Projeto Lógico em BDORs ao disponibilizar o modelo gráfico proposto e ao automatizar seu desenvolvimento na ferramenta CASE ArgoUML. / A Logical Graphic Model was proposed to support the Logical Design phase in ORDB. The Logical Graphic Model proposed is an extension of the UML Class Diagram. The extension was obtained by the elaboration of a UML Profile, which was released in XMI to be used in CASE tools from different manufacturers. Two modules were developed for ArgoUML CASE tool. These modules were designed to automate the development in ORDB, where, from a logical graphic, projected using the proposed Logical Graphic Model, creates the code standard SQL: 2003 and the SQL dialect used by Oracle 11g. An architecture based on the ANSI / SPARC and MDA for the project in ORDBs was proposed. This architecture associates the Project phases with the technologies used to support them. Through this architecture, the contributions of this paper and the subjects that will be target for future researches are highlighted. This dissertation diffuses the existing resources in ORDBs and facilitates the development of the Logical Design in ORDB, by disposing the proposed graphic model and automating its development in the ArgoUML CASE tool.

M. Tech. (Information Technology, Department of Information and Communications Technology, Faculty of Applied an Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technolog / One of the main research topics in Semantic Web is the semantic extraction of knowledge stored in relational databases through ontologies. This is because ontologies are core components of the Semantic Web. Therefore, several tools, algorithms and frameworks are being developed to enable the automatic conversion of relational databases into ontologies. Ontologies produced with these tools, algorithms and frameworks needs to be valid and competent for them to be useful in Semantic Web applications within the target knowledge domains. However, the main challenges are that many existing automatic ontology construction tools, algorithms, and frameworks fail to address the issue of ontology verification and ontology competency evaluation. This study investigates possible solutions to these challenges. The study began with a literature review in the semantic web field. The review let to the conceptualisation of a framework for semantic knowledge extraction to deal with the abovementioned challenges. The proposed framework had to be evaluated in a real life knowledge domain. Therefore, a knowledge domain was chosen as a case study. The data was collected and the business rules of the domain analysed to develop a relational data model. The data model was further implemented into a test relational database using Oracle RDBMS. Thereafter, Protégé plugins were applied to automatically construct ontologies from the relational database. The resulting ontologies are further validated to match their structures against existing conceptual database-to-ontology mapping principles. The matching results show the performance and accuracy of Protégé plugins in automatically converting relational databases into ontologies. Finally, the study evaluated the resulting ontologies against the requirements of the knowledge domain. The requirements of the domain are modelled with competency questions (CQs) and mapped to the ontology using SPARQL queries design, execution and analysis against users’ views of CQs answers. Experiments show that, although users have different views of the answers to CQs, the execution of the SPARQL translations of CQs against the ontology does produce outputs instances that satisfy users’ expectations. This indicates that Protégé plugins generated ontology from relational database embodies domain and semantic features to be useful in Semantic Web applications.

Investigou-se neste trabalho a proposta de um Modelo Lógico Gráfico para suporte à fase do Projeto Lógico em BDORs. O Modelo Lógico Gráfico proposto é uma extensão da UML para o Diagrama de Classes. A extensão deu-se por meio da elaboração de um Perfil UML, o qual foi disponibilizado em XMI para ser empregado em ferramentas CASE de diferentes fabricantes. Desenvolveu-se dois módulos para a ferramenta CASE ArgoUML. Esses módulos têm por finalidade a automação do desenvolvimento em BDORs, onde, a partir de um esquema gráfico, projetado utilizando-se o Modelo Lógico Gráfico proposto, gera-se código no padrão da SQL:2003 e no dialeto SQL utilizado pelo Oracle 11g. Foi proposta uma arquitetura baseada na ANSI/SPARC e na MDA para o projeto em BDORs que relaciona as fases do Projeto com as tecnologias empregadas para suportá-las. Por meio dessa arquitetura, destacam-se os pontos onde houve contribuição deste trabalho e os pontos que serão alvos de futuras pesquisas. Esta dissertação difunde os recursos existentes em BDORs e facilita a elaboração do Projeto Lógico em BDORs ao disponibilizar o modelo gráfico proposto e ao automatizar seu desenvolvimento na ferramenta CASE ArgoUML. / A Logical Graphic Model was proposed to support the Logical Design phase in ORDB. The Logical Graphic Model proposed is an extension of the UML Class Diagram. The extension was obtained by the elaboration of a UML Profile, which was released in XMI to be used in CASE tools from different manufacturers. Two modules were developed for ArgoUML CASE tool. These modules were designed to automate the development in ORDB, where, from a logical graphic, projected using the proposed Logical Graphic Model, creates the code standard SQL: 2003 and the SQL dialect used by Oracle 11g. An architecture based on the ANSI / SPARC and MDA for the project in ORDBs was proposed. This architecture associates the Project phases with the technologies used to support them. Through this architecture, the contributions of this paper and the subjects that will be target for future researches are highlighted. This dissertation diffuses the existing resources in ORDBs and facilitates the development of the Logical Design in ORDB, by disposing the proposed graphic model and automating its development in the ArgoUML CASE tool.

O adenocarcinoma pancreático (PDAC) é uma neoplasia de difícil diagnóstico precoce e cujo tratamento não tem apresentado avanços expressivos desde a última década. As tecnologias de sequenciamento de nova geração (next generation sequencing - NGS) podem trazer importantes avanços para a busca de novos marcadores para diagnóstico de PDACs, podendo também contribuir para o desenvolvimento de terapias individualizadas. Bancos de dados são ferramentas poderosas para integração, padronização e armazenamento de grandes volumes de informação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi modelar e implementar um banco de dados relacional (CaRDIGAn - Cancer Relational Database for Integration and Genomic Analysis) que integra dados disponíveis publicamente, provenientes de experimentos de NGS de amostras de diferentes tipos histopatológicos de PDAC, com dados gerados por nosso grupo no IQ-USP, facilitando a comparação entre os mesmos. A funcionalidade do CaRDIGAn foi demonstrada através da recuperação de dados clínicos e dados de expressão gênica de pacientes a partir de listas de genes candidatos, associados com mutação no oncogene KRAS ou diferencialmente expressos em tumores identificados em dados de RNAseq gerados em nosso grupo. Os dados recuperados foram utilizados para a análise de curvas de sobrevida que resultou na identificação de 11 genes com potencial prognóstico no câncer de pâncreas, ilustrando o potencial da ferramenta para facilitar a análise, organização e priorização de novos alvos biomarcadores para o diagnóstico molecular do PDAC. / Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a type of cancer difficult to diagnose early on and treatment has not improved over the last decade. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology may contribute to discover new biomarkers, develop diagnose strategies and personalised therapy applications. Databases are powerfull tools for data integration, normalization and storage of large data volumes. The main objective of this study was the design and implementation of a relational database to integrate publicly available data of NGS experiments of PDAC pacients with data generated in by our group at IQ-USP, alowing comparisson between both data sources. The database was called CaRDIGAn (Cancer Relational Database for Integration and Genomic Analysis) and its funcionalities were tested by retrieving clinical and expression data of public data of genes differencially expressed genes in our samples or genes associated with KRAS mutation. The output of those queries were used to fit survival curves of patients, which led to the identification of 11 genes potencially usefull for PDAC prognosis. Thus, CaRDIGAn is a tool for data storage and analysis, with promissing applications to identification and priorization of new biomarkers for molecular diagnosis in PDAC.

Η eXtensible Markup Language (XML) είναι εμφανώς το επικρατέστερο πρότυπο για αναπαράσταση δεδομένων στον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό. Αποτελεί μια γλώσσα περιγραφής δεδομένων, κατανοητή τόσο από τον άνθρωπο, όσο και από τη μηχανή. Η χρήση της σε αρχικό στάδιο περιορίστηκε στην ανταλλαγή δεδομένων, αλλά λόγω της εκφραστικότητάς της (σε αντίθεση με το σχεσιακό μοντέλο) μπορεί να αποτελέσει ένα αποτελεσματικό \"όχημα\" μεταφοράς και αποθήκευσης πληροφορίας. Οι σύγχρονες εφαρμογές κάνουν χρήση της τεχνολογίας XML εξυπηρετώντας ανάγκες διαλειτουργικότητας και επικοινωνίας. Ωστόσο, θεωρείται βέβαιο ότι η χρήση της σε επίπεδο υποδομής θα ενδυναμώσει περαιτέρω τις σύγχρονες εφαρμογές. Σε επίπεδο υποδομής, μια βάση δεδομένων που διαχειρίζεται την γλώσσα XML είναι σε θέση να πολλαπλασιάσει την αποδοτικότητά της, εφόσον η βάση δεδομένων μετατρέπεται σε βάση πληροφορίας. Έτσι, όσο οι εφαρμογές γίνονται πιο σύνθετες και απαιτητικές, η ενδυνάμωση των βάσεων δεδομένων με τεχνολογίες που φέρουν/εξυπηρετούν τη σημασιολογία των προβλημάτων υπόσχεται αποτελεσματικότερη αντιμετώπιση στο παραπάνω μέτωπο. Αλλά ποιος είναι ο καλύτερος τρόπος αποδοτικού χειρισμού των XML εγγράφων (XML documents); Με μια πρώτη ματιά η απάντηση είναι προφανής. Εφόσον ένα XML έγγραφο αποτελεί παράδειγμα μιας σχετικά νέας τεχνολογίας, γιατί να μη χρησιμοποιηθούν ειδικά συστήματα για το χειρισμό της; Αυτό είναι πράγματι μια βιώσιμη προσέγγιση και υπάρχει σημαντική δραστηριότητα στην κοινότητα των βάσεων δεδομένων που εστιάζει στην εκμετάλλευση αυτής της προσέγγισης. Μάλιστα, για το σκοπό αυτό, έχουν δημιουργηθεί ειδικά συστήματα βάσεων δεδομένων, οι επονομαζόμενες \"Εγγενείς XML Βάσεις Δεδομένων\" (Native XML Databases). Όμως, το μειονέκτημα της χρήσης τέτοιων συστημάτων είναι ότι αυτή η προσέγγιση δεν αξιοποιεί την πολυετή ερευνητική δραστηριότητα που επενδύθηκε για την τεχνολογία των σχεσιακών βάσεων δεδομένων. Είναι πράγματι γεγονός ότι δεν αρκεί η σχεσιακή τεχνολογία και επιβάλλεται η ανάγκη για νέες τεχνικές; Ή μήπως με την κατάλληλη αξιοποίηση των υπαρχόντων συστημάτων μπορεί να επιτευχθεί ποιοτική ενσωμάτωση της XML; Σε αυτήν την εργασία γίνεται μια μελέτη που αφορά στην πιθανή χρησιμοποίηση των σχεσιακών συστημάτων βάσεων δεδομένων για το χειρισμό των XML εγγράφων. Αφού αναλυθούν θεωρητικά οι τρόποι με τους οποίους γίνεται αυτό, στη συνέχεια εκτιμάται πειραματικά η απόδοση σε δύο από τα πιο δημοφιλή σχεσιακά συστήματα βάσεων δεδομένων. Σκοπός είναι η χάραξη ενός πλαισίου αναφοράς για την αποτίμηση και την αξιολόγηση των σχεσιακών βάσεων δεδομένων που υποστηρίζουν XML (XML-enabled RDBMSs). / The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is obviously the prevailing model for data representation in the World Wide Web (WWW). It is a data description language comprehensible by both humans and computers. Its usage in an initial stage was limited to the exchange of data, but it can constitute an effective \"vehicle\" for transporting, handling and storing of information, due to its expressiveness (contrary to the relational model). Contemporary applications make heavy use of the XML technology in order to support communication and interoperability . However, supporting XML at the infrastructure level would reduce application development time, would make applications almost automatically complient to standards and would make them less error prone. In terms of infrastructure, a database able to handle XML properly would be beneficial to a wide range of applications thus multiplying its efficiency. In this way, as long as the applications become more complex and demanding, the strengthening of databases with technologies that serve the nature of problems, promises more effective confrontation with this topic. But how can XML documents be supported at the infrastructure level? At a first glance, the question is rhetorical. Since XML constitutes a relatively new technology, new XML-aware infrastructures can be built from scratch. This is indeed a viable approach and there is a considerable activity in the research community of databases, which focuses on the exploitation of this approach. In particular, this is the reason why special database systems have been created, called \"Native XML Databases\". However, the disadvantage of using such systems is that this approach does not build on existing knowledge currently present in the relational database field. The research question would be whether relational technology is able to support correctly XML data. In this thesis, we present a study concerned with the question whether relational database management systems (RDBMSs) provide suitable ground for handling XML documents. Having theoretically analyzed the ways with which RDBMSs handle XML, the performance in two of the most popular relational database management systems is then experimentally assessed. The aim is to draw a frame of report on the assessment and the evaluation of relational database management systems that support XML (XML-enabled RDBMSs).