臺灣西南沿海地區由於超抽地下水，地層下陷情形日益嚴重，究其原因乃地下水資源在國內仍處於「自由財」的狀態，用水兔費，使用自然缺乏效率，因而建立使用者付費制度，以確實維護地下水財產權，為當務之急。惟地下水資源具公共財的無排他性，在國內又無交易市場，其價值估算困難。是故，本文之主要目的，係應用非市場估價法中之「條件評價法」，以願付價格的形式估計地下水價值，並探求其影響因素，以做為制定政策之參考。 本文係以「準逐步競價法」為詢價結構設計，可同時獲得「單邊界樣本」、「雙邊界樣本」與「最終出價樣本」三種評價歷程，實證模型則分別以「Probit、Logit模型」、「存活模型」與「OLS模型」進行分析。 本文根據問卷調查的原始資料求出「每公頃土地」之地下水願付價格，最後則以台西地區為例，配合地下水的使用效益，計算出地下水供不同使用時之「使用價值」與「非使用價值」，而本研究對假設性問題的設計，使估計出來的地下水價值，亦可用以表示維護地下水資源對於防止地層下陷之效益。 實證結果顯示，「對水權費的認知與態度」以及「對地層下陷原因的認知」是影響支付意願的重要因素，故政府應加強宣導「使用者付費」理念，並教育用水者「超抽地下水是造成地層下陷的重要因素」，以利水權費制度的實施。

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Allen M. Featherstone / Since 1977, the State of Illinois has used a use-value method of assessing farmland for property taxes. The method establishes farmland value by determining a five year average of net income from the land that is capitalized using a five year average interest rate. Other real estate in Illinois follows a different procedure for assessment. For example, residential property is assessed at one-third of its market value. The differences among the methods of assessment for farmland and other types of real estate, along with recent market increases in farmland values and a strong agriculture economy, have led some to question the current method of farmland assessment. The objective of this thesis is to determine the financial impact to farmers resulting from changing from the current use-value assessment of farmland to market-value assessment. This is accomplished with two sub-objectives: determine the potential change in farmland values that could occur and to determine the impact on net farm income that could occur if property tax policy was changed to market-value assessment. To accomplish the first sub-objective, a model was developed to estimate farmland values in Illinois based on the current use-value assessment property tax policy. This model was then adjusted to estimate farmland values under a market-value assessment property tax policy. The models demonstrated that farmland values could fall 53 percent, or an average of $2,548 per acre, in the year immediately following implementation of a tax policy change. Once farmland values stabilize after implementation of the tax policy change, farmland values would be 30 percent less, or an average of $1,875 per acre less, under market-value assessment than under use-value assessment. A simulation of net farm income over a ten year time frame was then conducted to estimate the potential change in net farm income that could occur from a change to market-value assessment. Like farmland values, the greatest impact to net farm incomes occur in the first year market-value assessment is implemented. Farmland values and the resulting property taxes then stabilize during later years. The simulation of net farm income over a ten year time frame estimates that net farm income would be 8 percent lower per year, or a reduction in net farm incomes of an average of $12,721 per year, under market-value assessment. The analysis also showed the potential for an average of a 2 percent increase in the probability that net farm income would fall below zero over the simulation time frame. The analysis demonstrates that a change from use-value assessment to market-value assessment of farmland could reduce farmland values and net farm incomes. Such a change in policy is not in the best interests of farmers or the agriculture industry in Illinois, as the reduced values and incomes would have wide reaching negative consequences that could reach beyond farmers and farmland owners.

Den här studien utreder om en successiv marknadsanpassning har påbörjats efter reformeringen av hyressättningen på bostadshyresmarknaden 2011. Med hjälp av data från Hyresgästföreningen testas två hypoteser med hjälp av regressionsmetoden difference-in-difference. För det första om det har skett en inflationsjusterad ökning av hyrorna efter reformen som är större än i perioden före. För det andra om hyrorna har ökat mer i attraktiva kommuner än i mindre attraktiva kommuner. Slutligen undersöks om hyresmarknadens parter har ändrat sina attityder efter reformen. Resultaten visar att den årliga genomsnittliga inflationsjusterade hyresförändringen är 0,27 % högre efter reformen. Vidare går det inte att bekräfta att större höjningar har skett i attraktiva kommuner. Hyresmarknadens parter har inte ändrat sina attityder generellt sett men de privata hyresaktörerna har efter reformen tagit en mer aktiv roll i hyresförhandlingarna. / This study investigates if a gradual market adjustment has begun after the reform of the rent levels on the residential rental market 2011. Using data from the Swedish Tenants Association, Hyresgästföreningen, two hypotheses are tested with the regression method difference-in-difference. Firstly, if there has been an inflation-adjusted increase in rents after the reform in comparison to the period before. Secondly, if the rents have increased more in attractive communities than in the less attractive ones. Finally, the key players of the rental market are studied in order to examine If the parties have changed their attitudes after the reform. The results show that the average annual inflation-adjusted rent change is 0.27% higher after the reform. Furthermore, we cannot confirm that larger increases occurred in attractive communities. Rental Market parties have not changed their attitudes in general, but the private landlords have, post reform, taken a more active role in the rent negotiations.

Thanks to the Internet, the consumers have access to a world of information and can easily compare the goods and services of one supplier to the other, and so be a part of the value creating process. Price is still key, but since producers are already pushing their costs to the limit, what Chris Anderson calls the “race to the bottom” they have to compete in other manners, meaning they have to dive deeper than lowest of prices. However these free goods and services must have a value even though they do not have a price tag attached. The respondents found two types of value, social/collective value and individual/emotional value and this also induces that value is relative. People are making choices to consume a good or service he or she has to prioritize these resources among the available time, money and even space, thus this prioritization is made even when the good is free. The price-quality relationship is prevailing, but not in the fields where distribution and replication is free.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MadsonROT_DISSERT.pdf: 2710176 bytes, checksum: 59479473bbac6ecc9da8138e4c255249 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The aim of this study was to test the Ecological Apparency Hypothesis comparing two rural communities in Jo?o C?mara (RN) and Remigio (PB), in the Northeast of Brazil. This hypothesis assumes that plants are perceived, known and used by human populations according to their local availability. The most used species would be the ones that are more available in the forest (apparent), and apparently suffer greater pressure of use. Communities were consulted through semi-structured interviews. In Remigio 42 people were interviewed, and 50 in Jo?o C?mara. The importance of each species was evaluated considering the distinction between citations from current and potential uses. The ethnobotanical information was associated with phytosociological parameters collected by the point-centered quarter method in forested areas, where 50 transects were distributed in each community, and 4,000 individuals sampled in total. Based on the interviews, 58 useful species were recorded, 42 genera and18 families. In the phytosociological study 30 species, 22 genera and 12 families in Jo?o C?mara, In Rem?gio were identified 34 species, 22 genera and nine families.The species were grouped into 11 categories of use. The ecological appearance was confirmed only in the Jo?o C?mara, which best explained the relationship between local availability and use of timber resources. Positive correlations were observed also between the technology category VUpotential and dominance. The point-centered quarter was efficient to test appearance, however, further studies through the point-centered quarter method are recommended / O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar e comparar a Hip?tese da Apar?ncia Ecol?gica em duas comunidades rurais nos munic?pios de Jo?o C?mara (RN) e Rem?gio (PB), Nordeste do Brasil. Essa hip?tese preconiza que as plantas s?o percebidas, conhecidas e utilizadas pelas popula??es humanas de acordo com sua disponibilidade local. As esp?cies mais utilizadas seriam aquelas mais dispon?veis na floresta (s?o mais aparentes), [supondo que sofrem maior press?o de uso]. As comunidades foram consultadas por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram entrevistadas 42 pessoas em Rem?gio e 50 em Jo?o C?mara. A import?ncia de cada esp?cie foi avaliada por meio do Valor de Uso (VU), levando em considera??o a distin??o entre cita??es de usos atuais e potenciais. As informa??es etnobot?nicas foram associadas aos par?metros fitossociol?gicos por meio do m?todo do Ponto Quadrante em ?reas florestais, onde 50 transectos foram distribu?dos em cada comunidade, e 4.000 indiv?duos amostrados no total. Foram identificadas 30 esp?cies, 22 g?neros e 12 fam?lias em Jo?o C?mara, e 34 esp?cies, 22 g?neros e nove fam?lias em Rem?gio. Durante as entrevistas, foram relatados usos para 58 esp?cies, pertencentes a 18 fam?lias e 42 g?neros. As esp?cies foram agrupadas em 11 categorias de uso. A apar?ncia ecol?gica foi confirmada somente em Jo?o C?mara, onde se explicou melhor a rela??o existente entre a disponibilidade local e a utiliza??o dos recursos madeireiros. Correla??es positivas foram observadas para a categoria tecnologia entre o VUpotencial e domin?ncia. Observou-se tamb?m que a utiliza??o do m?todo do ponto quadrante foi eficiente no teste da apar?ncia, contudo sugere-se a realiza??o de novos estudos utilizando esta mesma metodologia

Recent developments in mobile information and communication technologies (ICT), vehicle automation, and the associated debates on the implications for the operation of transport systems and for the appraisal of investment has heightened the importance of understanding how people spend travel time and how productive they are while travelling. To date, however, no approach has been proposed that incorporates the joint modelling of in-travel activity type, activity duration and productivity behaviour. To address this critical gap, we draw on a recently developed PPS framework (Pawlak et al., 2015) to develop a new joint model of activity type choice, duration and productivity. In our framework, we use copulas to provide a flexible link between a discrete choice model of activity type choice, a hazard-based model for activity duration, and a log-linear model of productivity. Our model is readily amenable to estimation, which we demonstrate using data from the 2008 UK Study of Productive Use of Rail Travel-time. We hence show how journey-, respondent-, attitude-, and ICT-related factors are related to expected in-travel time allocation to work and non-work activities, and the associated productivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first framework that both captures the effects of different factors on activity choice, duration and productivity, and models links between these aspects of behaviour. Furthermore, the convenient interpretation of the parameters in the form of semi-elasticities enables the comparison of effects associated with the presence of on-board facilities (e.g., workspace, connectivity) or equipment use, facilitating use of the model outputs in applied contexts.

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The main objective of this thesis is to examine the theory of capitalism and its ontological foundations through the major works of Marx and Deleuze&amp / Guattari. In his monumental book called Capital, Karl Marx develops an account of capitalism based on his understanding of philosophy of which takes its roots from Hegel and Feuerbach. Additionally, English political economy and French socialism serve as reliable grounds for Marx&amp / #8217 / s analysis. In light of the writings of these historical precursors, Marx constitutes a profound critique of capitalist mode of production. On the other hand, Deleuze and Guattari, as the representatives of contemporary French philosophy, develop a different account of capitalism in their influential book called Anti-Oedipus. By relying upon Nietzsche, in Anti-Oedipus, Deleuze and Guattari examine capitalism in a non-dialectical manner. Despite the fact that they reject the major aspects of Marxian mode of thinking, they concentrate on the similar questions shared by Marx. The question of capitalism and its conception as an immanent system which reproduces itself by means of capital appears as the common problem that directs them to think analogously. In this respect, this thesis is an attempt to discover the points of ruptures and the points of continuities in two different account of capitalism.

目前臺灣農村面臨許多的問題，設立「生態村」結合農村社區總體營造與生態旅遊，可以同時兼顧農業生產、農村生活、以及生態保育「三生」的功能，為臺灣的農村社區，指引出一條不一樣的發展途徑。南投縣埔里鎮桃米社區在結合觀光服務業與自然生態資源，轉型成為「桃米生態休閒農業村」之後，為該社區居民保有優美、豐富的生態資源並且帶來了更多的經濟收入。 臺灣生態村的類型，可分為(一)著重建築規劃設計、(二)著重社區整體規劃、(三)兼具建築技術與社區規劃，以及(四)既有農村社區轉型而成之類型，目前許多農村地區「生態村」的經營模式，多以休閒農業及發展生態旅遊為規劃方向，因此較著重於生態保育以及社區整體規劃。未來，生態村除了著重於自然環境資源的保育之外，亦可加強生態建築的規劃，營造一個重視保育、循環與低負荷的社區環境。 環境資源所具有的總價值基本上可分為「使用價值」與「非使用價值」兩種，使用價值是實際使用資源所產生的價值，而非使用價值係目前沒有使用資源所具有的價值。通常在評估環境資源的方法有(一)特徵價格法、(二)旅行成本法、(三)條件評估法，三種評估方法，而評估非使用價值目前僅有條件評估法而供使用，當然條件評估法不可避免地存有缺點，但目前國內外實證研究仍多視條件評估法為可行之方法，因此本研究係採用條件評估法探求桃米生態村之非使用價值。 桃米生態村的轉型經驗，可謂兼具天時、地利、人和，在社區居民、專家團體以及政府的共同努力，將農村社區做一、二、三級產業的垂直整合，透過居民參與，凝聚社區向心力與歸屬感，共同致力於桃米社區的發展，不僅創造了社區三級產業的收入，更可達到生態保育的效果，此實例可供許多農村社區做為社區轉型的參考依據。 在建立非使用價值評估步驟之後，依順序逐步完成問卷調查，本研究同時分析單界二元Probit與Logit模型，以及完整決策Tobit模型，最後採Tobit模型的估計結果，受訪者每戶每年願意支付桃米生態村的「存在價值」為363.98元；「選擇價值」為328.63元；而「遺贈價值」則為548.53元。