In networked MNCs where knowledge and power are distributed, corporate strategy processes benefit from input arising from many different levels of the organization. Recently, the regional (i.e., supra-national) level has been emphasized as an important additional source of knowledge and input, and as a bridge between local subsidiaries and global corporate headquarters. This paper builds theory on the antecedents to regional headquarters' influence on corporate decisions (i.e., organizational, behavioral, and motivational). Based on a survey of regional headquarters in Europe and their relations with MNC headquarters, we provide empirical evidence that a regional headquarters' autonomy and signaling behavior have significant effects on its influence on corporate strategy. Furthermore, we find support for our hypothesis that the regional headquarters' charter moderates such bottom-up influence. (authors' abstract)

Though the traditional resource-based view emphasized on the function of alliance to obtain the valuable resources, it still can¡¦t explain the complex alliance integrations completely. Using transaction cost theory to decrease opportunism can not help to build integration mechanisms of alliance. This study employs knowledge-based view to study how to use knowledge integration mechanisms to establish the internal valuable, rare and imperfectly imitable resources for alliance.These internal advantages can help the organization to acquire partner¡¦s critical resources. Based on knowledge based theory, this study, integrating alliance learning perspective and social integration perspective, built an integrative framework in addition to a sample set of 158 cases to explain how to enable alliance to reach its success. Additionally, by means of structural equation model (SEM), we test this integrated model. From the alliance learning perspective, this study not only considers the IT system, but also argues the importance of alliance learning mechanism and learning empowerment integration. First, the relational capability provides the foundations of the learning capability in alliance. Through the relational capability, the company can directly carry out the operational integration and promote the learning mechanism and empowerment, all which form the social integration mechanism s that facilitate to increase the alliance performance. From the social integration perspective, TMT¡¦s joint commitment is a collective action to bring forth active connection, such as relational capability, social integration mechanism and normative integration. Relational capability that is positively influenced by TMT¡¦s commitment is the valuable resources within alliance networks. Relational capability benefits the social integration mechanism and promotes the normative integration, that both of them will enhance good alliance performance.

La notion de souveraineté est souvent analysée, interprétée et critiquée sous un angle purement individualiste, comme appartenant à l'État. Toutefois, en raison de la pluralité des États qui caractérise le droit international, la souveraineté est une notion nécessairement pluraliste. L'analyse de la structure normative et institutionnelle de l'ordre juridique international montre effectivement que la souveraineté appartient à l'ensemble des États et signifie et assure leur statut privilégié dans cet ordre juridique. Dès lors, la souveraineté devient une qualité pour justifier les privilèges et les exclusivités des États par rapport aux autres entités de la scène internationale: tout dérive des États et tout doit nécessairement et obligatoirement passer par les États. Cependant, il existe un certain nombre de phénomènes qui affectent cette configuration état-centrique de l'ordre juridique international. Il s'agit notamment des phénomènes dits de la mondialisation qui font fi des divisions spatiales fondées sur l'organisation politique des États. Dans ce processus de mondialisation qui rend floues et in effectives les frontières étatiques, le rôle des États se trouve de plus en plus affaibli et remis en question. L'émergence de nouveaux acteurs représentatifs et des normativités alternatives est la manifestationde cette évolution qui va dans le sens d'un dépassement de la conception état-centrique du droit international et, par conséquent, d'une remise en question de la souveraineté des États. / The notion of sovereignty has often been analyzed, interpreted and criticized in purely individualistic terms and deemed to belong to the State. However, due to the plurality of States characterizing the international law, the sovereignty becomes necessarily a pluralistic notion. The analysis of the normative and institutional structure of the international legal order shows, indeed, that the sovereignty belongs to ail States and also means and ensures their prevailing status in this legal order. As a consequence, sovereignty becomes a quality for justifying the privileges and exc\usivities of State in comparison to other entities on the international scene: everything derives from the State and must also necessarily and absolutely be achieved through the State. However, there are a number of phenomena affecting this State-centric configuration of the international legal order. These are the phenomena of the globalization, which flout spatial divisions based on the politicalorganization of the States. The raIe of State has increasingly become weaker and question able in this process of globalization, which renders State borders blurry and ineffective. The emergence of new representative players and alternative normativity reflects this development which is in line with an overrun of the Statecentric concept of the international law and, consequently, calls into question the State sovereignty.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Paulo Mendes Neto.pdf: 1215205 bytes, checksum: ca00f74bb4003bfd46fb1b3888b5cb2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-10 / This work aims to present the principle of the separation of Powers as a base premise to justify the effectuation of social rights by the Judicial Power. This study also objectives to define and justify the social rights as true fundamental rights, in a manner that recognizes, as civil and political rights, an immediate applicability given by the Citizen Constitution of 1988. Established these presuppositions, this work defends the capacity of the Judicial Power to function as a form to give effectiveness to social guarantees, especially, to the right of health, despite recognizing that it does not belong only to that Power ensure such effectiveness. This analysis is made by the decisions of the Brazilian Supreme Court and the philosophical justifications invoked, which will lead to the legitimacy of this Power to act in the defense of fundamental rights. This legitimacy will also be questioned to the National Council of Justice (NCJ), verifying through its constitutional functions until what point this Council should and could act in the effectuation of these rights as a representative of the Judicial Power in a non-legal manner so that there is a much greater uniformity between the budget legislation and the Federal Constitution and consequently, with the effective guarantee of fundamental rights. Finally, it is defended that the structure of the Federal Constitution allows the affirmation that the Brazilian State is turned to the ultimate reason to improve the social reality affected by the lack of recognition of these rights to society and that such a function could perfectly well be of the NCJ / Esse trabalho tem o condão de apresentar o princípio da separação de poderes como premissa base para justificar a efetivação dos direitos sociais pelo Poder Judiciário. Tem, ainda, o objetivo de definir e justificar os direitos sociais como verdadeiros direitos fundamentais, de modo que se lhes reconheça, assim como aos direitos civis e políticos, a aplicabilidade imediata conferida pela Constituição Cidadã de 1988. Estabelecidos esses pressupostos, o estudo defende a capacidade de o Poder Judiciário funcionar como instância para dar efetividade às garantias sociais, especificamente, o direito à saúde, apesar de reconhecer que não incumbe somente àquele Poder assegurar tal efetividade. Essa análise é feita mediante decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal e as fundamentações jusfilosóficas invocadas que levarão à legitimidade deste Poder atuar na defesa de direitos fundamentais. Tal legitimidade será levantada ao Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) verificando diante de seu papel constitucional até que ponto o mesmo deve e pode atuar na efetivação de tais direitos como representante do Judiciário em sede extrajurídica para que haja uma maior uniformidade na legislação orçamentária com a Constituição Federal e, consequentemente, com a garantia efetiva dos direitos fundamentais. Por fim, defende-se que e a estruturação da Constituição Federal permite afirmar que o Estado Brasileiro está voltado à razão última de melhorar a realidade social afetada pela falta de reconhecimento desses direitos à coletividade e que tal função pode, perfeitamente, ser do CNJ

L’Union européenne est associée à l’activité de toutes les institutions qui encadrent l’économie internationale, qu’il s’agisse d’organisations internationales ou d’autres organismes multilatéraux. L’inclusion de l’Union dans ces communautés juridiques présente des avantages mutuels. L’Union, désireuse d’émerger comme acteur sur la scène internationale, peut promouvoir ses valeurs et ses intérêts. En même temps, intégrée aux espaces normatifs des institutions économiques internationales, elle contribue à la mise en œuvre de l’activité de celles-ci. Toutefois, cette intégration soulève aussi des difficultés. L’Union est soucieuse de préserver la maîtrise de sa propre organisation et une marge d’appréciation dans la régulation des phénomènes économiques. Les institutions économiques internationales, quant à elles, sont a priori peu habituées au fonctionnement de l’Union, notamment en ce qui concerne l’articulation de ses compétences avec celles de ses Etats membres. La participation de l’Union européenne aux institutions économiques internationales est un processus d’interaction institutionnelle permanente qui vise le dépassement de ces difficultés et l’adaptation réciproque. Projetant vers l’extérieur ses politiques publiques, qui constituent à leur tour la mise en œuvre de politiques des institutions économiques internationales, l’Union favorise la continuité des niveaux de la gouvernance économique mondiale. Ainsi, l’Union influence et est influencée par la libéralisation et la régulation multilatérales de tous les phénomènes économiques internationaux : le commerce, l’investissement, la finance et la coopération au développement. / The European Union is involved in the activity of all institutions that shape and supervise the world economy, be they international organizations or other multilateral fora. The Union’s inclusion in these legal communities is mutually beneficial. On the one hand, the Union is eager to assert itself as an actor on the international scene and can promote its values and interests. On the other hand, the Union helps to implement norms produced by host institutions and to achieve their goals, as it is integrated in their legal order or network. However, this integration also gives rise to some problems. The Union tries to protect its own organization and margin of appreciation in regulating economic phenomena. Moreover, in principle host institutions are not accustomed to its functioning, especially as far as relations with member states are concerned. The European Union’s participation in international economic institutions is a process of continuous institutional interaction which aims at overcoming these problems through reciprocal adaptation. As the Union promotes its public policies within international economic institutions, which shape in turn the Union’s policies, this process boosts the coherence between levels of economic governance. Thus, the Union influences and is influenced by multilateral liberalization and regulation of all economic phenomena: trade, investment, finance, and development cooperation.