Le phénomène de l'alternance codique a été connu et étudié depuis le début du XXe siècle. L'intérêt psycholinguistique à l'alternance codique orale a été suivi par des perspectives socio-pragmatiques dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle ; puis vers la fin du siècle, l'attention des chercheurs a été attirée sur l'alternance codique écrite. Même si l'alternance codique a été bien étudié depuis, il y a encore quelques lacunes. Par exemple, l'intersection de l'écriture bilingue et la critique génétique présente une source de données naturalistes bilingues écrites qui restent fortement peu étudiées. Cette thèse tente de combler cette lacune en fournissant une analyse qualitative et quantitative des brouillons d'examen des apprenants de langue seconde. L'approche multimodale englobe la perspective visuelle, pragmatique et linguistique. Les résultats montrent que l'alternance codique représente un outil que les élèves utilisent habilement dans leur écriture personnelle académique. Néanmoins, les objectifs de son utilisation diffèrent non seulement entre les individus mais aussi entre les sociétés / communautés. Cela souligne la valeur sociolinguistique de l'écriture personnelle bilingue. Ce travail démontre également l'alternance codique dans l'écriture personnelle comme un type indépendant de l'alternance codique, qui peut prendre une place égale à côté de l'alternance codique orale, écrite et littéraire et qui mérite d'être étudié en tant que tel. / The phenomenon of code-switching has been known and researched since the beginning of the 20th century. The psycholinguistic interest in spoken code-switching was followed by socio-pragmatic perspectives in the second half of the 20th century; then towards the end of the century, researchers' attention was drawn to code-switching in writing. Even though language alternation has been well studied since, there are still some lacunae. For example, the intersection of bilingual writing and genetic criticism presents a source of naturalistic bilingual written data which remains significantly under-studied. The present thesis attempts to fill this gap by providing a qualitative and quantitative analysis of second-language learners' examination drafts. The multimodal approach encompasses the visual, the pragmatic and the linguistic perspectives. The findings show that code-switching represents a tool which students skillfully use in their academic personal writing. However, the purposes of its use differ not only among individuals but also among societies/communities. This emphasizes the sociolinguistic value of bilingual personal writing. This work also recognizes code-switching in personal writing as an independent type of code-switching, which can be placed in line with the oral, written and literary code-switching and which merits to be studied as such.

L’amélioration de l’efficience alimentaire des animaux peut contribuer à un élevage plus durable par la réduction des ressources utilisées et des rejets associés. Les caractères qui déterminent l’efficience alimentaire des vaches laitières restent mal identifiés. Le projet se propose donc d’identifier les facteurs biologiques associés à la variabilité interindividuelle de l’efficience alimentaire des vaches laitières. La variation d’efficience alimentaire a été estimée avec l’ingéré résiduel, classiquement défini comme la variabilité résiduelle de l’énergie nette ingérée corrigée pour l’énergie nette du lait, l’entretien et les variations de réserves corporelles. Cet ingéré résiduel inclut par définition toutes les erreurs de mesure. Pour réduire ces erreurs, la note d’état corporel, qui classiquement se fait par notation visuelle, a été automatisée et de nombreux autres caractères candidats ont été mesurés fréquemment dans un environnement stable sur quasiment toute la lactation.La variabilité de l’ingéré résiduel ne représentait que 8% de la variabilité de l’ingéré mesuré, dont 58,9% étaient associés à de l’efficience et non de l’erreur. L’étude de la répétabilité de cet ingéré résiduel au cours de la lactation suggère d’éviter les 7 premières quinzaines au profit du milieu de lactation. Parmi tous les caractères mesurés, le comportement alimentaire, la température ruminale, la variation des réserves corporelles et l’activité expliquaient 58,9% de la variabilité de l’ingéré résiduel. Les effets de plusieurs de ces caractères semblent confondus. Leur lien de causalité av / Achieving higher feed efficiency of animals is expected to improve animal production sustainability through reduction of the used resources and of the associated emissions. The traits determining feed efficiency remain poorly understood. The present project aimed therefore at identifying the biological factors associated with feed efficiency differences in lactating dairy cows. Feed efficiency variation was estimated with the traditional residual intake, which was defined as the residual variability of net energy intake which is not explained by net energy required for lactation, maintenance and body reserves change. This residual intake includes by definition all measurement errors. To reduce these errors, body condition score, which is commonly measured visually, has been automated and several other candidate traits were measured frequently in a steady environment for almost whole lactation.Residual intake variability represented only 8% of intake variability in our study, among which only 58.9% were found to be associated with feed efficiency variability and not to errors. The repeatability analysis of the residual intake throughout the lactation suggested to avoid the 7 first lactation fortnights, and rather to focus on lactation middle. Among all measured traits, feeding behaviour, rumen temperature, body reserves change and activity explained 58.9% of residual intake variability. Many of these traits seemed confounded with others, which claimed for the need for further work to properly define their causal relationship with feed efficiency, especially focussing on di

Syftet med detta arbete är att studera min läroprocess när jag övar på notläsning a prima vista på elbas samt att undersöka hur mina val för lärandesituationens design påverkar mitt lärande. Under en fyraveckorsperiod har jag övat a vista-läsning 3-4 gånger per vecka vilket dokumenterats genom videofilmning och loggbok. Arbetet tar utgångspunkt i ett designteoretiskt perspektiv på lärande. Resultatet visar en progression i min förmåga att läsa a prima vista samt hur olika resurser påverkat lärandet. I diskussionsdelen problematiseras resultaten i förhållande till tidigare forskning inom området samt vilka förutsättningar det valda materialet och studiens metod innebär för mitt lärande. / The purpose of this work is to study my learning process when practicing sight-reading on the electric bass and to examine how my choices on the design of the learning situation affect my learning. During a four-week period I’ve been practicing sight-reading 3-4 times per week which has been documented using video recording and a logbook. The study is based on a design theoretical perspective on learning. The results show a progression in my ability to sight-read and also how various resources affect my learning. In the last chapter I problematize the results in relation to previous research in this field of study and what preconditions the chosen material and the study’s method mean for my learning.

This paper investigates students’ attitudes towards using gestures and speech-to- text (GaST) to take notes while watching recorded lectures. A literature review regarding video based learning, an expert interview, and a background survey regarding students’ note taking habits led to the creation of the prototype AnnotEasy, a tool that allows students to use GaST to take notes. AnnotEasy was tested in three iterations against 18 students, and was updated after each iteration.  The students watched a five minute long lecture and took notes by using AnnotEasy. The participants’ perceived ease of use (PEU) and perceived usefulness (PU) was evaluated based on the TAM. Their general attitudes were evaluated in semi structured interviews.  The result showed that the students had a high PEU and PU of AnnotEasy. They were mainly positive towards taking notes by using GaST. Further, the result suggests that AnnotEasy could facilitate the process of structuring a lecture’s content. Lastly, even though students had positive attitudes towards using speech to create notes, observations showed that this was problematic when the users attempted to create longer notes. This indicates that speech could be more beneficial for taking shorter notes.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar las atribuciones causales y las creencias de un grupo de docentes de dos escuelas urbanas de la Provincia Daniel Alcides Carrión en Pasco (Perú) sobre los factores que influyen en sus resultados en el Concurso de Ascenso de Escala Magisterial. Este estudio se realizó tomando en cuenta un enfoque cualitativo con una aproximación fenomenológica, en conjunto con algunas herramientas de la teoría fundamentada. En base a dicha metodología, se llevaron a cabo cinco entrevistas semiestructuradas. Luego del análisis, se identificó que, por un lado, los entrevistados atribuyeron sus dificultades en la Prueba Única Nacional a la formación superior insuficiente que recibieron. Por otro lado, desde sus creencias, algunos docentes plantearon que una sola evaluación de opción múltiple podía resultar insuficiente para determinar el ascenso y, en algunos casos, creen que factores externos como la suerte o prácticas deshonestas explican los resultados del proceso de evaluación. / The purpose of this research was to explore the causal attributions and beliefs of a group of teachers from two urban schools in the Daniel Alcides Carrión Province in Pasco (Peru) about the factors that influence their results in the Promotion Assessment of Magisterial Scale This study was conducted considering a qualitative approach with a phenomenological approach, in conjunction with some tools of grounded theory. Based on this methodology, five semi-structured interviews were conducted. After the analysis, it was identified that, on the one hand, the interviewees attributed their difficulties in the National Test to the insufficient higher education they received. On the other hand, from their beliefs, some teachers suggested that a single multiple-choice evaluation could be insufficient to determine promotion and, in some cases, they believe that external factors such as luck or dishonest practices explain the results of the evaluation process. / Trabajo de investigación

Student behavior problems in school and classroom settings are of great concern to parents, teachers, and school administrators. These behaviors range from talking out and noncompliance to more serious behaviors such as violence and vandalism. Effectively managing student behavior problems lays the foundation for creating a safe school environment and is a critical concern for all teachers. A school wide positive behavior intervention and support system (PBIS) is an effective and proactive way to prevent misbehavior. All teachers and staff teach and reinforce a specified set of positive behaviors. These positive behaviors are expected of each student. This study analyzed teachers' perceptions of one aspect of a school-wide PBIS, a written praise note system associated with four identified social skills. The participating elementary school served 655 students in 1st through 6th grade. At the request of the school, Kindergarten students and teachers were not included. During the 2012-2013 school year, the number and type of praise notes were analyzed on several levels: (a) all students, (b) students categorized by grade level, and (c) students who received one or more office disciplinary referrals (ODRs). When analyzing the praise notes written by teachers, on average—across the school year—each student received an average of approximately 12 praise notes. During that same time frame, on average, each of the students who received an ODR received 7 praise notes. Based on this data, in comparison to the general student body, students who were identified as exhibiting problematic behaviors tended to receive fewer written praise notes from teachers. Focus groups were conducted with the participating teachers to determine their perceptions of the feasibility and effectiveness of their school's written praise note system, as part of a PBIS system. Overall, teachers perceived the participating school's praise note system as effective in preventing the majority of classroom behavior problems. The majority of teachers expressed their support for both the feasibility and effectiveness of awarding praise notes and reported fitting praise notes in with their daily classroom routines. This research implies that teachers are able to use a written praise notes systems to meet the general behavior needs of most students (Tier 1). However, based on focus group discussions, a few teachers also reported having challenges when attempting to implement the praise notes with fidelity. The majority of teachers identified the need for additional individualized strategies to address the needs of students with more severe behavioral challenges. Implications of this research indicate the need to consider additional options to reinforce desired behaviors of children with more extreme behavioral challenges.

В данной магистерской диссертации исследуется категориальная специфика жанра (текстотипа) новостной заметки. Рассматриваются особенности выражения темы, хронотопа и тональности в новостных заметках на сайте агентства URA.Ru за декабрь 2017 г. Описано типологическое функционирование данных категорий; доказано, что набор категорий «тема + хронотоп + тональность» может быть признан необходимым и достаточным для описания новостной заметки как жанра публицистического функционального стиля. Полученные результаты анализа проявлений названных текстовых категорий ассоциированы со всем объемом сплошной выборки и транспонированы на весь жанр новостной заметки как текстотип. / This master degree thesis studies the categorical specifics of the news notes texts. The features of topical, chronotopical, and tonal representations in the news notes texts published on the URA.Ru website during December 2017 are considered. The typical functionality of the categories given is characterized, the set of such categories as theme, chronotope, and tonality being recognized as essential and sufficient to describe a news note as a genre of the newspaper style. The analysis results of the verbal representations of the text categories given were then associated with the entire continuous sampling, and transposed to the whole text type of the news notes.

In his Southern Harmony collection, William Duckworth extracts existing material from shape-note hymns found in William Walker's 1835 publication A Southern Harmony and Musical Companion. He then applies minimalist and postminimalist processes to this material to create innovation choral compositions. This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the methods used to construct all twenty works in Duckworth's collection by tracing the extracted source material through the fabric of the new compositions. This study provides substantial evidence of Duckworth's place as a pioneer of the postminimalist genre. It also provides a discussion on the vocal implications of utilizing shape-note hymns as source material as traditional performances of the genre are typically associated with a unique vocal style.

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本文研究最近在市面上常見的結構型債券，利用Martingale評價方法以及數值方法求出結構型商品的理論價格以及利用情境分析來推估期末可能的報酬，提供投資人與券商對於結構型商品特性與風險的了解，並且提供發行商避險的參考。然而結構型商品的複雜程度往往是來自於隱含的新奇選擇權，本文亦分析商品內含的新奇選擇權，使得投資人更了解結構型商品的組成，發行商也可藉以由組成的概念進而設計新的結構型商品。