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Estudos sugerem que a suplementação de creatina pode atenuar a resistência à insulina, embora sejam escassas evidências que atestem a segurança desse suplemento. Diante disso, esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar a eficácia e segurança da suplementação de creatina em diabéticos do tipo 2. Foi conduzido um estudo clínico, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo. Ao longo de três meses, os pacientes foram submetidos a treinamento físico e suplementação de creatina (CR) ou placebo (PL). No período basal e após a intervenção, os indivíduos realizaram avaliações de controle glicêmico, perfil lipídico, capacidade física, composição corporal e efeitos adversos. Além disso, os voluntários foram submetidos à biópsias musculares, para análises da expressão proteica e translocação de GLUT-4, e espectrometria de fósforo para determinação dos conteúdos intramusculares de fosforilcreatina. Após a intervenção, as concentrações intramusculares de fosforilcreatina foram maiores no grupo CR (diferença estimada entre as médias: 23,6 mmol/Kg músculo úmido; p = 0,03). Esse grupo também apresentou menores concentrações de hemoglobina glicada quando comparado ao grupo PL (diferença estimada entre as médias: -1,1%; p = 0,004). Os testes de tolerância oral à refeição demonstraram menores valores de glicemia de jejum e pós-prandial (momentos 30 e 60 minutos) no grupo CR versus PL. A expressão proteica de GLUT-4 não foi diferente entre os grupos, porém o aumento na translocação dessa proteína foi significantemente superior no grupo CR (p = 0,03). Não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos para a insulinemia, perfil lipídico, concentrações séricas de peptídeo C, composição corporal, condicionamento aeróbio, força e função musculares. A suplementação de creatina não provocou deterioração nas funções renal e hepática. Os demais efeitos adversos relatados também não foram diferentes entres os grupos. Desta forma, concluímos que a suplementação de creatina aliada ao treinamento físico é uma estratégia terapêutica segura e efetiva em melhorar o controle glicêmico em diabéticos do tipo 2. Número de registro no domínio Clinicaltrials.com: NCT00992043 / Some studies have suggested that creatine supplementation may attenuate insulin resistance, but whether this supplement is safe remains uncertain. In light of this, the aim of this trial was to investigate the efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation combined with exercise training in patients with type II diabetes. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted. The patients were submitted to exercise training and received either creatine (CR) or placebo (PL) for 12 weeks. At baseline and after the intervention, glycemic control, lipid profile, physical capacity, body composition, and adverse effects were assessed. Moreover, muscular biopsies were performed to determine the muscle GLUT-4 content and the GLUT-4 translocation, and muscle phosphorylcreatine was assessed by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After the intervention, muscle phosphorylcreatine content was higher in the CR group (estimated difference of means: 23.6 mmol/Kg wet muscle; p = 0.03). The CR group also presented decreased glycosylated hemoglobin when compared to the PL group (estimated difference of means: -1.1%; p = 0.004). The oral meal tolerance tests revealed reduced fasting and postprandial glycemia (30 and 60 minutes) in the CR versus the PL group. The muscle GLUT-4 content was similar between groups, but the increase in GLUT-4 translocation was significantly superior in the CR group when compared to the PL group (p = 0.03). In addition, No significant differences between groups were observed for insulinemia, lipid profile, serum peptide C concentration, body composition, aerobic conditioning, strength, and muscle function. Cr supplementation provokes no deleterious effects on kidney and liver functions. The reported adverse effects were similar between groups. Thus, we concluded that creatine supplementation is safe and capable of improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00992043

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A regular practice of physical activity and an adoption of a diet that supply the individual's metabolic needs are essential for good physical performance. The usage of natural products for this purpose is already described in the literature, mainly by the antioxidant effect. Erythroxylum mucronatum (EM) belongs to the family Erythroxylaceae, known for high concentrations of flavonoids and alkaloids, compounds that are characterized as antioxidants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation based on the ethanolic extract of EM (EEM) in the improvement of the physical performance of rats submitted to strength training. 40 Wistar rats (250-300g), divided into 4 groups: Control Group (GC), Trained (GT), Trained + EEM 50mg / kg (GTEM50), Trained + EEM 150 mg / kg . The trained animals were submitted to strength training for 4 weeks, 5x per week, with a volume of 3 sets with 10 repetitions and intensity 60% of a maximal repetition (1RM), the GC underwent a fictitious training. The body weight was monitored weekly and every 15 days the animals passed through rota-rod, grip strength and 1RM tests. At the end of the 4 weeks of training, the perigonadal and retroperitoneal fat, plantar muscles (MP) and blood were collected. After weighing, the MP was used to evaluate a lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Blood were used to measure the levels of alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase enzymes, biochemical markers of liver damage and concentration of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. Finally, it was carried out the test of muscular resistance and measurements of glycemia (fast, pre, post and 15 ppp-test) and lactate (pre, post and 15 'post-test). Initially, it was identified the total phenolic compounds content (213,29 ± 5,58mg) and total flavonoids (355,73 ± 7,74mg) of the EEM. After 4 weeks of training, the GTEM150 had lower body weight when compared to the GC, in addition, GTEM50 and 150 presented lower amount of fat when compared to GC and GT. All groups presented higher weight of MP when compared to GC. On rota-rod, the GTEM150 showed better performance on the thirtieth day when compared to the GC. In grip strength test, the GTEM50 and 150 groups showed a better performance on the fifteenth day when compared to the GC and on the thirtieth day all the groups were superior to the GC, in addition, the GTEM150 was superior to GT and GTEM50 in the same day. In the 1RM, on the fifteenth day all groups obtained superior results to the GC and on the thirtieth day the GTEM150 was superior to the GT and GTEM50. Regarding the muscular endurance test, it observed that all groups were superior than GC, however, GTEM150 was also better than GT and GTEM50. In addition, the GTEM150 presented lower hypoglycemic response during- and hyperglycemic after- the test. All trained groups had a lower post-test lactate concentration when compared to GC and 15 'post-test the GTEM50 recovered faster than GC and GTEM150 than all groups. In the PM, a lower lipid peroxidation was observed in all groups compared to GC and GTEM150 compared to the others. All groups had increased SOD activity when compared to GC, and GTEM150 an increased activity when compared to GT and GTEM50. In addition, GTEM150 presented lower concentration of CK and LDH in the plasma when compared to all the other groups. Finally, there was no difference in ALT and AST concentration levels. In summary, our results point to an improvement on physical performance in animals supplemented with MEE at a dose of 150 mg / kg. / A prática regular de atividade físicas e a adoção de uma dieta que supra todas as necessidades metabólicas do indivíduo, são fatores chave para um bom desempenho físico. A utilização de produtos naturais para este fim já é descrita na literatura, principalmente pelo efeito antioxidante destas substâncias. A Erythroxylum mucronatum (EM) pertence à família Erythroxylaceae, conhecida pelas grandes concentrações de flavonoides e alcaloides, compostos estes caracterizados como antioxidantes. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação a base do extrato etanólico de EM (EEM) na melhoraria do desempenho físico de ratos submetidos ao treinamento de força. Para tal, foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar (250-300g), divididos em 4 grupos: Grupo Controle (GC), Treinado (GT), Treinado + EEM 50mg/kg (GTEM50), Treinado + EEM 150 mg/kg (GTEM150). Os animais treinados foram submetidos ao treinamento de força por 4 semanas, 5x por semana, com volume de 3 séries com 10 repetições e intensidade 60% de uma repetição máxima (1RM), o GC passou por um treinamento fictício. O peso corporal foi acompanhado semanalmente e a cada 15 dias os animais passavam por testes no rota-rod, grip strength e 1RM. Ao término das 4 semanas de treinamento, a gordura perigonadal, retroperitoneal, os músculos plantares (MP) e sangue foram coletados. Após pesado, o MP foi utilizado para avaliar a peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) e a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD). O sangue foi utilizado para aferição dos níveis das enzimas alanina (ALT) e aspartato (AST) aminotransferase, marcadoras bioquímicas de danos hepáticos e concentração das enzimas creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Por fim, foi realizado o teste de resistência muscular e medidas de glicemia (jejum, pré, pós e 15’pós-teste) e lactato (pré, pós e 15’ pós-teste). Inicialmente, identificamos o teor de compostos fenólicos totais (213,29±5,58mg) e de flavonoides totais (355,73±7,74mg) do EEM. Após 4 semanas de treinamento, o GTEM150 possuía menor peso corporal quando comparado ao GC, além disso, os GTEM50 e 150 apresentaram menor quantidade gordura quando comparados ao GC e GT. Todos os grupos apresentaram maior peso do MP quando comparados ao GC. No rota-rod, o GTEM150 apresentou melhor desempenho no trigésimo dia quando comparado ao GC. No grip strength os grupos GTEM50 e 150 apresentaram uma melhor performance já no décimo quinto dia quando comparados ao GC e no trigésimo dias todos os grupos foram superiores ao GC, além disso, o GTEM150 esteve superior que o GT e GTEM50 neste mesmo dia. No 1RM, no décimo quinto dia todos os grupos obtiveram resultados superiores ao GC e no trigésimo dia o GTEM150 foi superior ao GT e GTEM50. Em relação ao teste de resistência muscular, observamos que todos os grupos foram superiores ao GC, entretanto, o GTEM150 foi também melhor que o GT e GTEM50. Além disso, o GTEM150 apresentou menor resposta hipoglicêmica durante e hiperglicêmica após o teste. Todos os grupos treinados apresentaram uma menor concentração de lactato pós-teste quando comparado ao GC e 15’ pós-teste o GTEM50 se recuperou mais rápido que o GC e o GTEM150 que todos os grupos. No MP foi observado uma menor peroxidação lipídica em todos os grupos comparados ao GC e no GTEM150 comparado aos demais. Todos os grupos tiveram atividade da SOD aumentada quando comparado ao GC e o GTEM150 obteve maior atividade quando comparado ao GT e GTEM50. Ademais, GTEM150 apresentou menor concentração de CK e LDH no plasma quando comparado a todos os demais grupos. Por fim, não houve diferença nos níveis de concentração de ALT e AST. Em suma, nossos resultados apontam uma melhora do desempenho físico nos animais suplementados com EEM na dose de 150 mg/kg. / Aracaju, SE

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of Swedish female millennials attitudes towards sports supplements. As well as how packaging design influences their willingness to purchase within this product category. Based on this, two main research questions were formulated: (1) What are millennial women's attitudes towards sports supplements? And (2) How does packaging design influence female millennials willingness to purchase sports supplements?  In order to answer these questions, a qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 26 Swedish millennial females. The empirical findings from these interviews were then transcribed and analyzed in relation to the theories found in the literature review. The conclusions of this thesis shows that female millennials have positive attitudes towards sports supplements, however it was found that a positive attitude is not sufficient to generate a purchase. Additionally, it was concluded that packaging design influences this population greatly. Although the researched population were not aware of how much they in fact were influenced and a conflict between conscious influence and unconscious influence was identified.

Title: Nutritional supplements as permitted doping Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to find out for what specific reasons users of additional resources are willing to invest their money in the purchase of supplements, and also what is the decisive factor in choosing a particular type of product. Methods: To find out the knowledge of people sports at a professional or amateur level in the field of nutritional supplements, the method of questionnaire sociological survey was used. This method was used in order to determine the awareness of athletes about this topic, their possible influence by advertising or product prices, and also to ensure the complete anonymity of respondents. Results: This thesis describes the topic of nutritional supplements among athletes across all possible sports. We have found that the sports population has a very good overview of nutritional supplements, but at the same time it does not give as much of the right balance of their food. Keywords: sport, management, marketing, nutritional supplements, doping, prohibited substances

Bakgrund   I samhällen där andelen äldre människor ökar i förhållande till andra åldersgrupper, blir det åldersrelaterade sjukdomstillståndet sarkopeni mer och mer aktuellt. Definitionen av sarkopeni innehåller oftast en ökad förlust av muskelmassa och tillståndet har ett tydligt samband med fysiska handikapp, skörhet, längre vårdtider, ökad fallrisk, frakturer, lägre livskvalitet, dödlighet och därmed lidande. Behandling och prevention av sarkopeni innehåller nutritionsrelaterade åtgärder, ofta i form av kosttillskott. För att kunna utföra omvårdnadsåtgärder på ett säkert sätt tillsammans med patienten, är det viktigt att vårdpersonalen har god kunskap som är evidensbaserad. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva effekter av kosttillskott på äldre patienter med sarkopeni. Metod Designen som valdes var en litteraturöversikt. Sexton artiklar hittades genom databassökning och analyserades för att hitta likheter och olikheter mellan dem. Ett resultat sammanställdes genom en integrerad analys. Resultat  Effekterna av kosttillskott på äldre patienter med sarkopeni som hittades kunde delas in i nio olika kategorier: förändring i muskelmassa, kroppsvikt, fysisk kapacitet, fettmassa, fettfri massa, nutritionsstatus, biokemiska parametrar, förekomsten av sarkopeni, samt aktiviteter i det dagliga livet (ADL) och livskvalitet.  Slutsats Effektparametrarna som studerades visade sig ha samband med fenomen som livskvalitet, ADL, fallrisk, vårdtider och dödlighet. Kosttillskottens förmåga att positivt påverka dessa fenomen, kan på det viset spela en betydande roll i lindrande och prevention av lidande bland äldre människor med sarkopeni. / Background Age-related conditions such as sarcopenia are becoming more common in societies where age-distribution is increasingly tilting towards older generations. Sarcopenia, involving increased loss of muscle mass, is significantly associated with physical handicap, frailty, need of medical care, falls, fractures, decreasing quality of life, mortality and suffering. Amongst the methods for treating and preventing sarcopenia are nutrition related interventions such as nutritional supplementation. For nursing and health care to be safe and satisfactory, medical personnel needs to have evidence based knowledge on the applied methods and interventions. Aim The aim was to describe effects of nutritional supplements on elderly patients with sarcopenia. Method The design chosen for this study was a literature review of scientific articles. Sixteen articles were found using databases and analysed with the aim to find similarities and differences. Results The found effects of nutritional supplements on elderly with sarcopenia could be categorized as change in muscle mass, physical capacity, body weight, fat mass, lean body mass, nutritional status, biochemical parameters, the prevalence of sarcopenia as well as activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life.  Conclusions  The effect parameters defined in the result of this study were shown to be associated with quality of life, ADL, risk for falls, extended need of medical care and mortality. The positive effects of nutritional supplements on these phenomena can therefore play an important role in easing and preventing suffering amongst elderly patients with sarcopenia.

Title: Nutritional supplements as permitted doping Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to find out for what specific reasons users of additional resources are willing to invest their money in the purchase of supplements, and also what is the decisive factor in choosing a particular type of product. Methods: To find out the knowledge of people sports at a professional or amateur level in the field of nutritional supplements, the method of questionnaire sociological survey was used. This method was used in order to determine the awareness of athletes about this topic, their possible influence by advertising or product prices, and also to ensure the complete anonymity of respondents. Results: This thesis describes the topic of nutritional supplements among athletes across all possible sports. We have found that the sports population has a very good overview of nutritional supplements, but at the same time it does not give as much of the right balance of their food. Keywords: sport, management, marketing, nutritional supplements, doping, prohibited substances

No description available.

M. Tech. (Hospitality and Tourism, Faculty of Human Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / The primary objective of this study was to formulate a multi-mix, which could supply at least one-third of the daily requirements of primary school children, aged six to 13 years. The secondary objective was to ensure the adherence to the criteria of multi-mix formulation, which included affordability, convenient, palatability, culturally acceptable and cost effective, whilst providing high nutritional value for the specified target group. The nutritional criteria included the Index Nutrient Quality (INQ) and Energy Density (ED) requirements, for a specific target group. This study was conducted in Eatonside, an informal settlement situated in Gauteng. A situational analysis previously conducted in Eatonside (Napier 2003) showed that the children between the ages of six and 13 years, were 17% underweight (weight-for-age -2SD from the reference NCHS median), 12,7% were wasted (BMI-for-age -2SD) and 18% stunted (height-for-age -2SD). With the nutritional requirements of children and the most consumed food list, the multi-mix formulation began. Foods from the Top 20 list (Napier 2003), were combined with the ingredients most common within the households, and vegetable gardens already established . Estimated nutritional values were calculated using the food composition tables of South Africa. The ingredients were prepared and chemically analysed to determine the experimental nutritional value and to assess if the nutritional objectives were being achieved. The multi-mix was then combined with other commonly consumed ingredients to form recipes and sensory evaluated by professionals and the primary school children to assess the acceptability of the multi-mix and recipes. The multi-mix and recipe products were then sent for shelf life testing to assess its storage time at room temperature. The results from the nutritional analyses showed nutrient values to be above 30 percent of the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). The INQ of the targeted nutrients was above 1,0 and the ED at 3,7kcal/g, which was within the 3,6-4,5 kcal/g requirements. The sensory evaluation for the multi-mix recipes had proved favourable response to snack items with preference for sweet products. The final evaluation session resulted in scores of 83.9 percent preference to the biscuit with the sweet muffin scoring 94.5 percent liking, whilst the savoury muffin at 73.1 percent. The average scores for all three recipes were above 80 percent. The multi-mix had a shelf life of minimum one-month, the biscuit, seven days and muffins, only 24 hours, at room temperature. The objectives of cultural acceptability had been achieved through the positive response from the use of ingredients within the community. The multi-mix had been cost effective as the final cost of R1.55, was within the R2.90 spent per person per day, for all three meals (Oidewage-Theron eta/. 2005). Further studies need to be conducted in order to implement the multi-mix into an intervention within the community to assess the effect on nutritional status. This study, aimed to reduce the underlying cause of malnutrition, food insecurity, by improving the nutritional status of children aged six to 13 years with the strengthening of food intake, through the combination of various scant ingredients, a multi-mix, providing maximum nutritional value with small quantities. An advantage of the multi-mix is a lower cost when compared with tablet supplementation on the market and versatility in relation to various recipes. / Vaal University of Technology National Research Foundation

Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to investigate current perceived role of nutritional supplements in adolescent (16-18 years) male rugby players and establish usage practices within Kwazulu Natal (KZN) schools. Methods The nutritional supplementation practices of 68 rugby players from 7 KZN secondary schools were surveyed using an anonymous paper-based questionnaire. The boys were asked to identify from a list (with Other as a selection) which supplement they used, the frequency of use, sources of supplement information and advice they base their choices on, where products were bought from, reasons for use, average monthly spend on buying these supplements, whether dietary changes were made in conjunction with taking a supplement and what was their understanding of the role of supplementation in achieving their performance goals. Results Sixty eight out of 236 invited participants completed the questionnaire. This translated into a response rate of 29%. Fifty four percent of participants admitted to using nutritional supplements, protein and creatine being the most popular products listed (43% and 22% of supplement users, respectively). Thirty five percent of supplement users supplemented daily and 24% supplemented 3-4 times per week. Friends were the most popular source of advice and information regarding nutritional supplements 32% (n=12), with supplement company representatives the next most commonly used source 22% (n=8). Seventy percent (n=26) of supplements are bought from a pharmacy, with an average monthly cost of R250, but ranging from R30 to as much as R1500 per month. Seventy percent (n=26) indicated that they also made dietary changes in addition to taking the nutritional supplement. These dietary changes included making healthier food choices 81% (n=21), increasing intake of protein foods 65% (n=17), planned snacks around exercise 35% (n=9), increasing carbohydrate-rich foods 62% (n=16), increasing fruit and vegetable intake 50% (n=13), and including snacks between meals 35% (n=9). The study participants rated practice sessions and weight training as most important in terms of helping them achieve their goals; diet, rest and supplements were similarly ranked as being between fairly to very important. Twenty two percent admitted that they would consider taking an illegal supplement if it would assist them in achieving their goals. Conclusions This study indicates that at least half of rugby-playing school boys (age 16-18 yrs) are making use of some form of supplementation, with protein and creatine supplementation being the most popular. The data indicate that rugby-playing school boys see their peers as a good source of information, and are willing to spend a large amount of money obtaining it (about R250 per month on average). This is concerning as peer pressure combined with lack of knowledge on nutritional supplement usage (and nutrition) can lead to widespread misuse of supplements, and potential detrimental side-effects in this young study population. However it highlights the value that school-level educational programmes (age and sport specific) can have in improving supplement usage practices and creating sound nutritional practices amongst this population, better equipping them at making informed decisions. In addition, educational programmes should be extended to other influential sources of information such as school coaches, teachers and parents. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om die huidige persepsie oor die waarde van voedingsupplemente en die gebruikspraktyke daarvan in 16 -18 jarige adolessente manlike atlete in Kwazulu Natal (KZN) skole te bepaal. Uitkomste van die studie was om die voorkoms en tipe supplemente wat gebruik word, redes aangevoer vir die gebruik daarvan, kennis oor die rol van supplemente asook die bron van inligting te bepaal. Metodes Die voedingsupplementasie praktyke van 68 rugby spelers uit 7 KZN sekondêre skole is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van n annonieme vraelys (papier basis). Die seuns is gevra om van n lys (die opsie ander was ingesluit) te identifiseer watter supplement hulle gebruik, die frekwensie van gebruik, die bronne van inligting en raadgewing ontvang, waar die produk aangekoop is, redes vir gebruik, gemiddelde maandelikse kostes aangegaan en of dieetveranderinge tesame met die supplementasie aangegaan is. Kennis rondom die rol van supplementasie in prestasie doelwitte is getoets. Resultate: Agt-en-sestig uit n totaal van 236 deelnemers wat uitgenooi is om deel te neem aan die studie, het die vraelys voltooi. Dus het 29% van die studie-deelnemers het dus op die vraelys gereageer. Vier en vyftig persent van die deelnemers het erken dat hulle supplemente gebruik waarvan kreatien en proteïen gelys is as die mees gewildste produkte (onderskeidelik 43% en 22%). Vyf en dertig persent het daagliks supplemente gebruik en 24% het 3-4 keer per week supplemente gebruik. Vriende was die mees gewildste bron van raad en inligting (32%), gevolg deur supplement maatskappy verteenwoordigers (22%). Sewentig persent van supplemente word gekoop by n apteek en n gemiddelde maandelikse bedrag van R250 word gespandeer, maar dit wissel van R30 tot soveel as R1 500 per maand. Sewentig persent het erken dat hulle dieet veranderinge in hul dieet tesame met die supplementasie aanbring. Hierdie veranderinge het die volgende ingesluit: die keuse van gesonder voedselsoorte (81%); n verhoogde inname van proteïenryke voedselsoorte (65%); beplanning van peuselhappies rondom oefening (65%); verhoogde inname van koolhidraatryke voedsel (62%); meer vrugte en groente (50%) en die neem van peuselhappies tussen maaltye (35%). Die deelnemers het oefening met gewigte en oefensessies as die mees belangrike faktore geag om hul doelwitte te bereik. Dieet, rus en supplemente is daarnaas gelyk geag as redelik belangrik en 22% het erken dat hulle n verbode middel sal gebruik indien dit hulle sal help om hulle doelwitte te bereik. Gevolgtrekkings Die studie wys dat ten minste die helfte van skoolseuns wat rugby speel (16-18 jr) een of ander vorm van supplementasie gebruik, waarvan proteïen en kreatien die mees gewildste is. Die data dui daarop dat skoolseuns wat rugby speel hul tydgenote ag as n goeie bron van inligting oor supplement gebruik en dat hulle bereid is om groot bedrae geld te spandeer om die supplemente te bekom (gemiddeld R250,00 per maand). Dit is kommerwekkend aangesien groepsdruk tesame met n gebrek aan kennis oor supplementasie (en voeding) kan lei tot algemene misbruik van supplemente en moontlike newe effekte in hierdie jong studie populasie. Dit beklemtoon egter ook die waarde wat skool gebasseerde opvoedingsprogramme kan hê om die bewustheid en kennis oor supplement gebruik in hierdie populasie te verbeter om hul in staat te stel om ingeligte besluite te neem. Dit moet ouderdom -en sportspesifieke voedingsonderrig insluit. Opvoedingsprogramme moet ook uitgebrei word na ander partye wat invloedryke bronne van inligting is soos skool afrigters, onderwysers en ouers.