H.P. Blavatsky’s (1831-1891) Theosophy has been defined as central to the history of modern Western spirituality and esotericism, yet to this date no major study has mapped and analysed the major themes of Blavatsky’s writings, how Blavatsky used the concept ‘Theosophy’ or to what extent she was engaged with the intellectual contexts of her time. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to fill this gap. The proposed theoretical framework is based on the centrality of language in the production of intellectual products, such as texts—but contrary to the dominant focus on strategies, rhetoric and power this thesis will focus on the construction of meaning coupled with a set of methodological tools based on contextual analysis, intellectual history and intertextuality. In addition to an overview of Blavatsky research this thesis will map and analyse Blavatsky’s use of the concept ‘Theosophy’ as well as Blavatsky’s primary discourses, identified as: (1) discourse for ancient knowledge, (2) discourse against Christian dogmatism, (3) discourse against the modern natural sciences and materialism, (4) discourse against modern spiritualism, (5) discourse for system and (7) discourse for universal brotherhood. In mapping and analysing Blavatsky’s discourses, it was found that her construction of meaning was significantly interconnected with broader intellectual contexts, such as ‘modern historical consciousness’, ‘critical enlightenment ideas’, studies in religion, studies in mythology, the modern sciences, spiritualism, systemic philosophy, reform movements and practical ethics. It, for example, becomes clear that Blavatsky’s search for an ancient ‘Wisdom Religion’ was actually a part of a common intellectual occupation during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and that her critique of the Christian dogmas was equally a common intellectual trend. To read Blavatsky’s discourses as the idiosyncratic strategies of an esotericist, isolated from their larger contexts or only engaged with them in order to legitimise minority views would therefore largely fail to account for the result of this thesis: that in historical actuality, they were a part of the larger cultural web of meaning.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:49:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hepatite_B_Oculta_2012.pdf: 1487094 bytes, checksum: 098e451e5a2e2af112aa8508df956a77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Occult hepatitis B (OHB) is defined as the presence of low levels of HBV DNA in the liver or serum of individuals testing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative. In most cases of OHB, sera are positive for hepatitis B core antibody. The literature contains quite a few studies on the prevalence of OHB in Brazil, as well as in the worldwide population. Such reports, often controversial, demonstrate that the OHB prevalence varies among healthy individuals or patients with diseases unrelated to the liver and patients with chronic liver disease. Despite efforts, it is necessary a better understanding of: the reasons for the persistence of low levels of HBV-DNA in the absence of detectable HBsAg, the potential risk of OHB transmission and its role in the progression and aggravation of some liver diseases. Therefore, it is interesting to know the prevalence of OHB indifferent population samples which allows de monitoring of carriers of the occult infection, followed prospectively in order to try to surprise the possible effects of the presence of low levels of HBV-DNA in these individuals. In this study we investigated the presence of Occult Hepatitis B in peripheral blood obtained from 520 healthy donors of Vitoria, Espirito Santo, with the aim of guiding policies to include or not the sensitive HBV-DNA nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT) screening in blood donations with a detection limit of 54UI/mL. In order to enable the molecular detection we had also developed a method that screens plasma samples in pools which is capable of detecting the presence of HBV in the ratio of 1:40.Through the technique of nested-PCR we found that 0,2% (1/520) had occult HBV in serum samples. Despite the low prevalence of OHB detected in the study, a considerable number of patients with occult HBV infection may not have been detected if the blood units were only tested for serological markers of HBV infection. So it is important to know the prevalence of OHB in one or more additional population groups, in order to follow up carriers of occult infection prospectively to determine possible effects of the presence of HBV-DNA in low concentrations in these individuals / A Hepatite B Oculta (HBO) é definida pela presença do DNA do VHB com carga viral geralmente baixa (<200UI/mL), no fígado ou soro de pessoas com antígeno de superfície (HBsAg) indetectável. Na maioria dos casos de HBO há positividade para o anticorpo contra o antígeno core da Hepatite B (anti-HBc). Na literatura constam poucos estudos sobre a prevalência da HBO no Brasil, bem como na população mundial. Existem relatos, muitas vezes controversos, que reportam frequências variáveis da HBO em indivíduos sem doença ou portadores de doença não relacionada com o fígado e em hepatopatas crônicos. Apesar dos esforços, faz-se necessário ainda uma melhor compreensão das razões para a persistência da baixa viremia do VHB na ausência de HBsAg detectável, do potencial risco de transmissão da HBO e do seu papel na progressão e agravamento de algumas hepatopatias. No estudo investigou-se a presença de HBO em 520 doadores de sangue de Vitória, Espírito Santo, com o objetivo de nortear políticas para incluir ou não a triagem molecular NAT (Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique ) de bolsas de sangue. Para viabilizar a detecção molecular desenvolveu-se também uma metodologia de extração em pool de amostrascapaz de detectar a presença do VHB na proporção de 1:40 com limite de detecção de 54UI/mL. Através da técnica de nested-PCR detectou-se a presença do VHB oculto em 0,2% (1/520) das amostras. Apesar da baixa prevalência de HBO detectada no estudo, um número considerável de portadores da infecção oculta podem não estar sendo detectados, se apenas a pesquisa de marcadores sorológicos da presença do VHB esta sendo realizada nas bolsas de sangue. Sendo assim é importante conhecer a prevalência da HBO em diferentes amostras da população para que se possa ter em mãos portadores da infecção oculta acompanhados prospectivamente a fim de tentar surpreender possíveis efeitos da presença do DNA do VHB em baixas concentrações nesses indivíduos

My research on Victor Brauner’s work in the first two decades of his affiliation with the Surrealist group in Paris re-establishes the role played by the Romanian Jewish artist in the definition of automatic Surrealist procedures of painting and mixed-technique objects that relied upon a new and unconventional understanding of the occult. In the three chapters of this study of Victor Brauner’s work in the 1930s and early 1940s, I analyse key notions, such as the fantastic, animal magnetism, and the occult practices of art making in a Surrealist context. The fantastic is discussed in the first chapter of the thesis from a literary perspective with political connotations in Surrealism, which resulted from a debate engaged in nineteenth-century French literature on the issue of the marvellous versus the fantastic. Due to the Surrealists’ interest in the fantastic a new category emerged, the fantastic art, which is examined in this first chapter in connection with Brauner’s artworks in the 1930s. The incursion into the fantastic, with focus on the premonition of the painter’s left eye loss in his artworks of the 1930s is completed with an approach to spiritualism that had a revival at the time. The second chapter of the thesis investigates the doctrine of animal magnetism and the state of magnetic somnambulism in eighteenth-century scholarship and shows how this experimentation had influenced the development of a new branch of the science, metapsychics or psychical research at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth one. I take into account and demonstrate that these outdated and modern domains of enquiry into the unknown and beyond reality were appealing to Surrealists, in particular to Brauner, due to their research into unconscious processes of the mind. I argue that through the attainment of a condition similar to the one of the somnambulist in sessions of magnetic sleep, the Surrealists aimed to generate automatic procedures of painting and object making. In the third chapter of the thesis I discuss Victor Brauner’s technique of drawing with a candle, or le cirage, as an automatic procedure of art developed in connection with the occult. This final part of the thesis makes also manifest the association of Brauner’s artworks in the early 1940s with practices of the occult in the near and centuries before past.

No description available.

Introduction: L’inflammation chronique et l’hypercoagulabilité associées au cancer favorisent la survenue de thromboembolie. L’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) ischémique peut être le premier signe d’un cancer actif non diagnostiqué (ou occulte). La fréquence et les prédicteurs de cancer occulte en AVC ischémique demeurent cependant débattus. Nous avons d’abord effectué une revue systématique de la littérature afin de résumer les connaissances sur la fréquence et les prédicteurs de cancer en AVC ischémique. Nous avons ensuite effectué une étude de cohorte rétrospective appariée pour comparer le risque de cancer chez les individus ayant subi un AVC ischémique ou un accident ischémique transitoire (AIT) à celui d’individus sans AVC/AIT à travers des données de l’Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement. Méthodes: Dans notre revue systématique, nous avons interrogé sept bases de données à la recherche d’articles publiés entre janvier 1980 et septembre 2019 rapportant des tumeurs malignes et des néoplasies myéloprolifératives diagnostiquées après un AVC ischémique (protocole PROSPERO: CRD42019132455). Dans notre cohorte appariée, nous avons utilisé les données de la cohorte globale (n=30 097) de l’Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement, une grande cohorte populationnelle d’individus âgés de 45 à 85 ans au recrutement (2011 à 2015). Nous avons construit une cohorte rétrospective par appariement individuel exact sur l’âge (ratio 1:4) et avons utilisé des modèles à risques proportionnels de Cox pour estimer les rapports de risques instantanés de nouveau diagnostic de cancer avec et sans AVC/AIT préalable. Résultats: Pour notre revue systématique, nous avons dépisté 15 400 entrées et inclus 51 articles. L’incidence cumulée combinée de cancer dans la première année suivant un AVC ischémique était de 13,6 par millier (intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC 95%]: 5,6 à 24,8), plus élevée pour les études d’AVC cryptogénique (62,0 par millier; IC 95%: 13,6 à 139,3 vs 9,6 par millier; IC 95%: 4,0 à 17,3; p-value=0,02) et pour celles rapportant des tests de dépistage du cancer (39,2 par millier; IC 95%: 16,4 à 70,6 vs 7,2 par millier; IC 95%: 2,5 à 14,1; p-value=0,003). L’incidence de cancer après un AVC était généralement supérieure par rapport aux individus sans AVC et la plupart des cancers étaient diagnostiqués dans les premiers mois suivants l’AVC. Nous avons identifié plusieurs prédicteurs de cancer occulte, dont l’âge avancé, le tabagisme, l’infarctus de plusieurs territoires vasculaires cérébraux ainsi que l’élévation des d-dimères et de la protéine C-réactive. Pour notre étude de cohorte, nous avons respectivement inclus 920 et 3 680 individus dans les groupes avec et sans AVC/AIT. Nous avons observé une incidence supérieure de cancer dans la première année suivant l’AVC/AIT qui diminuait par la suite. Le risque instantané de nouveau diagnostic de cancer dans la première année suivant un AVC/AIT était significativement augmenté (rapport de risques instantanés=2,36; IC 95%: 1,21 à 4,61; p-value=0,012) par rapport aux individus appariés pour l’âge après ajustements. Les principaux types de cancer dans la première année étaient le cancer de la prostate (n=8, 57,1%) et le mélanome (n=2, 14,3%). Conclusion: Nous avons observé dans notre revue systématique et notre étude de cohorte une incidence de nouveau diagnostic de cancer suivant un AVC ischémique globalement faible, mais supérieure à celle d’individus sans AVC. La fréquence de nouveau diagnostic de cancer après un AVC était également supérieure en AVC cryptogénique et après un dépistage. Plusieurs prédicteurs peuvent être utilisés pour augmenter la probabilité prétest de cancer occulte en AVC ischémique. Toutefois, l’incidence de cancer post-AVC que nous rapportons est probablement sous-estimée en raison de limites méthodologiques des études méta-analysées. Des études prospectives de plus grande taille avec documentation systématique des diagnostics de cancer post-AVC sont nécessaires pour produire des estimations plus valides et précises qui pourront guider l’élaboration d’études randomisées et contrôlées de détection précoce de cancer en AVC ischémique. / Introduction: Cancer promotes thromboembolism through inflammation and hypercoagulability, and an ischemic stroke may be the first sign of an undiagnosed (occult) malignancy. The frequency and predictors of occult cancer in people with acute ischemic stroke, however, remains unclear. We first sought to summarize the existing published data regarding the frequency and predictors of cancer after an ischemic stroke in a systematic review. We also conducted a retrospective matched cohort study to compare the incidence of cancer in people who experienced an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) to that of people without stroke, using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Methods: For our systematic review, we searched seven databases from January 1980 to September 2019 for articles reporting malignant tumors and myeloproliferative neoplasms diagnosed after an ischemic stroke (PROSPERO protocol: CRD42019132455). For our matched cohort study, we used data from the comprehensive sub-group (n=30,097) of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a large population-based cohort of individuals aged 45-85 years when recruited (2011-2015). We built a retrospective cohort with individual exact matching for age (1:4 ratio). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios of new cancer diagnosis with and without a prior stroke/TIA. Results: For our systematic review, we screened 15,400 records and included 51 articles. The pooled cumulative incidence of cancer within one year after an ischemic stroke was 13.6 per thousand (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6 to 24.8), higher in studies focusing on cryptogenic stroke (62.0 per thousand; 95% CI, 13.6 to 139.3 vs 9.6 per thousand; 95% CI, 4.0 to 17.3; p- value=0.02) and those reporting cancer screening (39.2 per thousand; 95% CI, 16.4 to 70.6 vs 7.2 per thousand; 95% CI, 2.5 to 14.1; p-value=0.003). The incidence of cancer after stroke was higher overall compared to people without stroke. Most cases were diagnosed within the first few months after stroke. Several predictors of cancer were identified, namely older age, smoking, involvement of multiple vascular territories, as well as elevated C-reactive protein and d-dimers. For our cohort study, we respectively included 920 and 3,680 individuals in the stroke and non- stroke groups. We observed a higher incidence of cancer in the first year after stroke/TIA that declined afterwards. The hazard of new cancer diagnosis in the first year after stroke/TIA was significantly increased (hazard ratio=2.36; 95% CI, 1.21 to 4.61; p-value=0.012) as compared to age-matched non-stroke participants after adjustments. The most frequent primary cancers in the first year after stroke/TIA were prostate (n=8, 57.1%) and melanoma (n=2, 14.3%). Conclusion: We observed in both studies of our research project that the frequency of incident cancer after an ischemic stroke is low overall, but higher as compared to people without stroke. The frequency of new cancer diagnosis after stroke is also higher in cryptogenic stroke and after cancer screening. Several predictors may increase the yield of cancer screening after an ischemic stroke. The pooled incidence of post-stroke cancer is likely underestimated due to methodological issues in most studies of our review. Larger prospective studies with systematic ascertainment of cancer after stroke are needed to produce more valid and precise estimates of post-stroke cancer risk and guide randomized controlled studies of cancer screening in people with acute ischemic stroke.

Text in Afrikaans / Satanisme het ‘n destruktiewe effek op die ontwikkeling en welsyn van die adolessent en beïnvloed alle vlakke van sy of haar ontwikkeling. Sataniste gebruik verskeie wyses om adolessente te lok, onder andere ‘n fokus op individue se behoeftes aan lewensmiddele soos geld en aanvaarding, Tydens hierdie studie is die gebrek aan riglyne vir spelterapeute in die hantering van adolessente wat in Satanisme betrokke is, as navorsingsprobleem geïdentifiseer. In die lig van die navorsingsprobleem is die doel van die studie geformuleer, naamlik om riglyne te formuleer waarvolgens spelterapeute die probleem van adolessente wat by Satanisme betrokke is te hanteer. Ten einde die doel te bereik, het die navorser inliging ingesamel aan die hand van kwalitatiewe prosesse, gebaseer op die basis van bewys gebondenheid Satanism has a destructive effect on the development and wellbeing of the adolescent and is known to influence all levels of his or her development. Satanists use a variety of forms of entrapment and their focus on the individual’s need of worldly goods, wealth and acceptance makes the adolescent easy prey. During this study the lack of guidelines, for play therapists who became involved in the handling of adolescents entrapped in Satanism, was identified as the research problem. Bearing in mind the research problem, the aim of this study had thus been formulated, namely to formulate guidelines according to which play therapists will be enabled to address the problem of adolescents entrapped in Satanism. To fulfill this aim, the researcher had gathered information by means of qualitative processes, based on evidence. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

This study examined the alleged prevalence of Satanism in Zambia, with a particular reference to the Kabwe District during the period 2010-2013. The overall objective was to ascertain the claims and speculations on the alleged prevalence of Satanism in the district of Kabwe. The claims about the alleged prevalence of Satanism and the satanic scare were found by this study to be a reality in Kabwe, with eighty-eight per cent (88%) of the respondents acknowledging the alleged prevalence of the phenomenon. People’s knowledge of Satanism was mainly through rumours, messages from Churches and the electronic media. Studies on rumours (by Stephen Ellis, Gerrie Ter Haar and Jeffrey Victor) have shown that rumours can be investigated in the search for facts, especially rumours that offer plausible explanations for people’s shared anxieties. The above mentioned scholars argue that with efforts at corroboration, such as by interviewing key informants, the researcher can seek credibility on prevailing rumours by verifying or dismissing mere rumours from true stories. The assertions from scholars above justified the use of rumours as a methodological tool in this study. From sources of information the study relied on, claims about the alleged prevalence of Satanism in the district were investigated. The study refuted the satanic claims in a number of cases that were analysed, because they were mostly based on ‘pious legends’ hence lacked objective evidence. From the few incidents that suggested the prevalence of Satanism, there were still two basic problems faced in assessing their credibility: the first being the difficulty in determining the reliability of the confessions from informants who in this case either claimed they were ex-Satanists or served on behalf of Satanists. The second problem consisted in what seemed to be the inconsistency in the explanations of motives behind human killings found in the ritual murders. Some explanations did not suggest satanic motives. One example of refuted claims concerned the two locations within Kabwe district which were highly rumoured to be sites for Satanists, which were found by this study to be Freemasonry Lodges, contrary to what was rumoured.From the findings of this study, it was believed that people joined Satanism either because of the greedy for riches or to avoid poverty. It was also believed that other peoples joined Satanism unconsciously through luring methods used by Satanists. The study also found the satanic scare to have effects on the lives of people in the district. For example, it caused some people to become more committed Christians in their defence against the alleged satanic forces. Because people had associated riches to Satanism, certain individuals avoided getting rich for fear of being labelled ‘Satanists’. / Religious Studies & Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

xiv, 234 p. : ill. / The twentieth-century project of American rhetorician Kenneth Burke, grounded in a magic-based theory of language, reveals a path to the origins of what I am going to call occult invention. The occult, which I define as a symbol set of natural terms derived from supernatural terms, employs a method of heuresis based on a metaphor-like process I call analogic extension. Traditional invention fell from use shortly after the Liberal Arts reforms of Peter Ramus, around 1550. Occult invention emerged nearly simultaneously, when Early Modern British authors began using occult symbols as tropes in what I refer to as the Occult Mode. I use six of these authors--George Chapman, William Shakespeare, John Donne, Abraham Cowley, John Dryden, and Jonathan Swift--as examples of how occult invention arises. In appropriating occult symbolism, authors in the Occult Mode began using the invention methods of the occult arts of magic, alchemy, astrology, and cabala to derive new meanings, transform language, develop characters and plots, and reorient social perspectives. As we learn in tracking Burke's project, occult invention combines the principles of Aristotle's rhetoric and metaphysics with the techniques and principles of the occult arts. Occult invention fell from use around the end of the eighteenth century, but its rhetorical influence reemerged through the work of Burke. In this study I seek to contextualize and explicate some of the literary sources and rhetorical implications of occult invention as an emergent field for further research. / Committee in charge: Dianne Dugaw， Co-Chairperson； John T. Gage， Co-Chairperson； Kenneth Calhoon， Member； Steven Shankman， Member； Jeffrey Librett，Outside Member

Text in Afrikaans / Satanisme het ‘n destruktiewe effek op die ontwikkeling en welsyn van die adolessent en beïnvloed alle vlakke van sy of haar ontwikkeling. Sataniste gebruik verskeie wyses om adolessente te lok, onder andere ‘n fokus op individue se behoeftes aan lewensmiddele soos geld en aanvaarding, Tydens hierdie studie is die gebrek aan riglyne vir spelterapeute in die hantering van adolessente wat in Satanisme betrokke is, as navorsingsprobleem geïdentifiseer. In die lig van die navorsingsprobleem is die doel van die studie geformuleer, naamlik om riglyne te formuleer waarvolgens spelterapeute die probleem van adolessente wat by Satanisme betrokke is te hanteer. Ten einde die doel te bereik, het die navorser inliging ingesamel aan die hand van kwalitatiewe prosesse, gebaseer op die basis van bewys gebondenheid Satanism has a destructive effect on the development and wellbeing of the adolescent and is known to influence all levels of his or her development. Satanists use a variety of forms of entrapment and their focus on the individual’s need of worldly goods, wealth and acceptance makes the adolescent easy prey. During this study the lack of guidelines, for play therapists who became involved in the handling of adolescents entrapped in Satanism, was identified as the research problem. Bearing in mind the research problem, the aim of this study had thus been formulated, namely to formulate guidelines according to which play therapists will be enabled to address the problem of adolescents entrapped in Satanism. To fulfill this aim, the researcher had gathered information by means of qualitative processes, based on evidence. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

This study examined the alleged prevalence of Satanism in Zambia, with a particular reference to the Kabwe District during the period 2010-2013. The overall objective was to ascertain the claims and speculations on the alleged prevalence of Satanism in the district of Kabwe. The claims about the alleged prevalence of Satanism and the satanic scare were found by this study to be a reality in Kabwe, with eighty-eight per cent (88%) of the respondents acknowledging the alleged prevalence of the phenomenon. People’s knowledge of Satanism was mainly through rumours, messages from Churches and the electronic media. Studies on rumours (by Stephen Ellis, Gerrie Ter Haar and Jeffrey Victor) have shown that rumours can be investigated in the search for facts, especially rumours that offer plausible explanations for people’s shared anxieties. The above mentioned scholars argue that with efforts at corroboration, such as by interviewing key informants, the researcher can seek credibility on prevailing rumours by verifying or dismissing mere rumours from true stories. The assertions from scholars above justified the use of rumours as a methodological tool in this study. From sources of information the study relied on, claims about the alleged prevalence of Satanism in the district were investigated. The study refuted the satanic claims in a number of cases that were analysed, because they were mostly based on ‘pious legends’ hence lacked objective evidence. From the few incidents that suggested the prevalence of Satanism, there were still two basic problems faced in assessing their credibility: the first being the difficulty in determining the reliability of the confessions from informants who in this case either claimed they were ex-Satanists or served on behalf of Satanists. The second problem consisted in what seemed to be the inconsistency in the explanations of motives behind human killings found in the ritual murders. Some explanations did not suggest satanic motives. One example of refuted claims concerned the two locations within Kabwe district which were highly rumoured to be sites for Satanists, which were found by this study to be Freemasonry Lodges, contrary to what was rumoured.From the findings of this study, it was believed that people joined Satanism either because of the greedy for riches or to avoid poverty. It was also believed that other peoples joined Satanism unconsciously through luring methods used by Satanists. The study also found the satanic scare to have effects on the lives of people in the district. For example, it caused some people to become more committed Christians in their defence against the alleged satanic forces. Because people had associated riches to Satanism, certain individuals avoided getting rich for fear of being labelled ‘Satanists’. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)