Procesos hidrodinámicos determinan, en un alto grado la calidad del agua en embalse, sin embargo dichos procesos han sido tradicionalmente olvidados en la gestión de embalse. En esta tesis se presentan evidencias de los principales procesos hidrodinámicos que ocurren en un embalse Mediterráneo a escala de cuenca a través de campañas experimentales y modelización numérica; y su influencia en la dinámica de poblaciones de fitoplancton. Dichos procesos son principalmente la generación de ondas internas o secas y la intrusión del río. La presencia de viento periódico genera secas forzadas, amplificando los modos cercanos al periodo del viento, de manera que modos verticales altos, considerados como raros en la naturaleza, tienden a dominar en el sistema. / Physical processes determine, to a large degree, the ecological response of a reservoir to inflows, outflows and meteorological forcing. This PhD thesis therefore aims to give an assessment of the main physical mechanisms governing Mediterranean reservoirs. The main basin-scale hydrodynamical processes are the generation of seiches and the gravity currents generated by the river inflow. The periodicity of the wind forcing makes that the reservoir responses as a forced harmonic damped oscillator being the natural modes of oscillation close to the forcing period preferably excited; including high vertical modes considered rare in the nature. The fate of the river inflow nutrients input generates horizontal heterogeneities in the community of phytoplankton.

This paper main objectives are to evaluate the characteristics of tobacco and alcoholic beverage consumption as well as associated psychosocial factors in 466 adolescent freshmen in a private university in Lima.We found life prevalence and current consumption rates are higher for alcohol among male students, being beer the most consumed alcohol beverage than other spirits. The pattern of consumption of these substances is social and recreational. With regard to psychosocial aspects, similarities were found between alcoholic beverages and tobacco consumers and nonconsumers or totally abstemious ones (neither alcohol nor tobacco).Only nine adolescents, out of 466, reported that they had never consumed alcoholic beverages nor tobacco (non-consumers) and eight percent of the sample reported illegal psychoactive substance live prevalence. / Esta investigación tiene como objetivos principales evaluar las características del uso de bebidas alcohólicas y de tabaco, y los factores psicosociales asociados, en adolescentes que cursan el primer año de estudios en una universidad privada en Lima. Los resultados muestran que, entre los varones, la tasa de prevalencia de vida y de uso actual es mayor para el alcohol, siendo la cerveza la más utilizada. El patrón de consumo de las sustancias evaluadas de tipo social y recreativo. En relación a los aspectos psicosociales se encontraron tabaco, y los abstinentes totales o no usuarios de ambas sustancias. De los 466 adolescentes encuestados, sólo nueve reportaron que nunca habían usado bebidas alcohólicas ni tabaco (abstinentes totales o no usuarios) y sólo un ocho por ciento de los encuestados reportó prevalencia de vida de sustancias psicoactivas ilícitas.

Le foie est le principal organe impliqué dans la biotransformation des xénobiotiques. Les cytochromes P450 (CYP) en sont des enzymes dés. Parmi elles, leCYP4A est impliqué dans rhydroxylatlon des acides gras et la biotransformation de médicaments, tels que le bézafibrate (BE2A), un hypolipémiant utilisé enthérapeutique humaine. Cette molécule a été montrée hépatocarcinogène chez les rongeurs mais cet effet n'a pas été rapporté chez l'Homme. H est doncimportant de connaître les mécanismes d'action impliqués dans les effets du BEZA chez l'Homme. Dans une première étude, nous avons étudié l'expression duCYP4A au niveau ARNm et apoprotéine ainsi qu'au niveau de son activité dans des cultures primaires d'népatocytes de rat et d'Homme traitées ou non par duBEZA et de la N-acétylcystéine, molécule précurseur du glutathion. Nous avons mis en évidence d'importantes différences Interespèces et l'influence del'environnement redox des cellules en termes de réponse aux Inducteurs. L'implication des récepteurs nucléaires PPARa, PXR et CAR et des CYP4A/3A/2B aensuite été évaluée pour expliquer les différences inter-espèces observées. D'autre part, nous avons montré pour la première fois que le BEZA diminuel'expression de l'ARNm de OATP2 chez le rat et la biodisponibilité des statines en utilisant un système de biochromatographie original. Enfin, nous avonsmontré que le BEZA, en fonction de l'environnement redox de la cellule, régule des protéines impliquées dans le métabolisme des acides gras et lipides, ainsique des biomarqueurs d'hépatocarcinogenèse chez l'Homme, ce qui pose réellement la question du bien-fondé de l'utilisation de cette molécule enthérapeutique / The liver is the main organ involved in biotransformation of xenobkrtics invotving the cytochrome P450 (CYP). Among thèse enzymes, the CYP4A participate in the <o-hydroxylat!on of fatty acids and the met a bolis m of drugs such as be zafibrate (Beza), a lipld-lo wering molécule used In human therapy. It has been shown hepatocarcinogen In rodent; but no effect was reported in humans. It is thus important to understand thé mechanisms of action of Beza in humans. In a first study, we Investigated the expression of CYP4A at the mRNA, apoprotein and activity leveis In primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes treated or not wlth Beza and/or N- acetylcysteine, a glutathtone precursor. We hâve highlighted Important différences between spedes and the Influence of ce» redox envlronment in terms of response to inducers. The involvement of nudear receptors PPARa, PXR and CAR and of CYP4A/3A/2B was then evaluated to explain the différences observed between species. On the other hand, we showed for the flrst time that Beza decreases the expression of rat OATP2 mRNA and the bioavailability of statins by uslng an original biochromatography System. Flnally, we showed that Beza, dependlng on the cellular redox envlronment modulâtes proteins involved In the metabolism of fatty acids and liplds, and also some biomarkers of hepatocarcinogenesis In humans, which raises the reai question a bout the appropr iateness of using t h is drug in human therapy.

The 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones were prepared in a single-pot operation by condensing 6,8-dibromoanthranilamide and aryl aldehydes in the presence of molecular iodine in ethanol. Treatment of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones with thionylchloride in the presence of dimethylformamide afforded the corresponding 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines with terminal alkynes at room temperature afforded series of 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(alkynyl)quinazolines. Further transformation of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with arylboronic acids occurred without selectivity to afford the corresponding 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines. The compounds were characterized using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C) and IR spectroscopic techniques as well as mass spectrometry. The absorption and emission properties of 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines were determined in solution. / Chemistry / M.Sc. (Chemistry)

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterised by a reduction of dopamine concentration in the striatum due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Currently, first line treatment of PD includes the use of dopamine precursors, dopamine agonists and inhibitors of enzymatic degradation of dopamine, in an effort to restore dopamine levels and/or its effects. However, all these therapeutic strategies are only symptomatic and unfortunately do not slow, stop or reverse the progression of PD. From the discovery of adenosine A2A receptor-dopamine D2 receptor heteromers and the antagonistic interaction between these receptors, the basis of a new therapeutic approach towards the treatment of PD emerged. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists have been shown to decrease the motor symptoms associated with PD, and are also potentially neuroprotective. The possibility thus exists that the administration of an adenosine A2A antagonist may prevent further neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the antagonism of adenosine A1 receptors has the potential of treating cognitive deficits such as those associated with Alzheimer's disease and PD. Therefore, dual antagonism of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors would be of great benefit since this would potentially treat both the motor as well as the cognitive impairment associated with PD. The affinities (Ki-values between 0.6 mM and 38 mM) of a series of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were previously illustrated for the adenosine A1, A2A and A3 receptor subtypes by Van Rhee and co-workers (1996). These results prompted this pilot study, which aimed to investigate the potential of the structurally related 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (dihydropyrimidones) and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidines as adenosine A1 and A2A antagonists. In this pilot study, a series of 3,4-dihydropyrimidones and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidines were synthesised and evaluated as adenosine A1 and A2A antagonists. Since several adenosine A2A antagonists also exhibit MAO inhibitory activity, the MAO-inhibitory activity of selected derivatives was also assessed. A modified Biginelli one pot synthesis was used for the preparation of both series of compounds under solvent free conditions. A mixture of a β- diketone, aldehyde and urea/guanidine hydrochloride was heated for an appropriate time to afford the desired compounds in good yields. MAO-B inhibition studies comprised of a fluorometric assay where kynuramine was used as substrate. A radioligand binding protocol described in literature was employed to investigate the binding of the compounds to the adenosine A2A and A1 receptors. The displacement of N-[3H]ethyladenosin-5’-uronamide ([3H]NECA) from rat striatal membranes and 1,3-[3H]-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine ([3H]DPCPX) from rat whole brain membranes, was used in the determination of A2A and A1 affinity, respectively. The results showed that both 3,4-dihydropyrimidones and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidines had weak adenosine A2A affinity, with the p-fluorophenyl substituted dihydropyrimidone derivative (1h) in series 1, exhibiting the highest affinity for the adenosine A2A receptor (28.7 μM), followed by the p-chlorophenyl dihydropyrimidine derivative (2c) in series 2 (38.59 μM). Both series showed more promising adenosine A1 receptor affinity in the low micromolar range. The p-bromophenyl substituted derivatives in both series showed the best affinity for the adenosine A1 receptor with Ki-values of 7.39 μM (1b) and 7.9 μM (2b). The pmethoxyphenyl dihydropyrimidone (1d) and p-methylpneyl dihydropyrimidine (2e) derivatives also exhibited reasonable affinity for the adenosine A1 receptor with Ki-values of 8.53 μM and 9.67 μM, respectively. Neither the 3,4-dihydropyrimidones nor the 2-amino-1,4- dihydropyrimidines showed MAO-B inhibitory activity. Comparison of the adenosine A2A affinity of the most potent derivative (1h, Ki = 28.7 μM) from this study with that of the previously synthesised dihydropyridine derivatives (Van Rhee et al., 1996, most potent compound had a Ki = 2.74 mM) reveals that an approximate 100- fold increase in binding affinity for A2A receptors occurred. However, KW6002, a known A2A antagonist, that has already reached clinical trials, has a Ki-value of 7.49 nM. The same trend was observed for adenosine A1 affinity, where the most potent compound (1b) of this study exhibited a Ki-value of 7.39 μM compared to 2.75 mM determined for the most potent dihydropyridine derivatives (Van Rhee et al., 1996). N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a known adenosine A1 agonist that was used as a reference compound, however had a Kivalue of 10.4 nM. The increase in both adenosine A1 and A2A affinity can most likely be ascribed to the increase in nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring (from a dihydropyridine to a dihydropyrimidine) since similar results were obtained by Gillespie and co-workers in 2009 for a series of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives. In their case it was found that increasing the number of nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring (from one to two nitrogen atoms for the pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives respectively) increased affinity for the adenosine A2A and adenosine A1 receptor subtypes, while three nitrogen atoms in the ring (triazine derivatives) were associated with decreased affinity. It thus appears that two nitrogen atoms in the ring (pyrimidine) are required for optimum adenosine A1 and A2A receptor affinity. The poor adenosine A2A affinity exhibited by the compounds of this study can probably be attributed to the absence of an aromatic heterocyclic ring. The amino acid, Phe-168 plays a very important role in the binding site of the A2A receptor, where it forms aromatic - - stacking interactions with the heterocyclic aromatic ring systems of known agonists and antagonists. Since the dihydropyrimidine ring in both series of this pilot study was not aromatic, the formation of aromatic - -stacking interactions with Phe-168 is unlikely. In conclusion, the 3,4-dihydropyrimidone and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidine scaffolds can be used as a lead for the design of novel adenosine A1 and A2A antagonists, although further structural modifications are required before a clinically viable candidate will be available as potential treatment of PD. / MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Les azapeptides sont des mimes peptidiques où le carbone alpha d’un ou de plusieurs acides aminés est remplacé par un atome d’azote. Cette modification tend à stabiliser une conformation en repliement beta en raison de la répulsion électronique entre les paires d’électrons libres des atomes d’azote adjacents et de la géométrie plane de l’urée. De plus, le résidu semicarbazide a une meilleure résistance face aux protéases en plus d’être chimiquement plus stable qu’une liaison amide. Bien que les propriétés des azapeptides en fassent des mimes peptidiques intéressants, leurs méthodes de synthèses font appel à la synthèse laborieuse d’hydrazines substituées en solution. Le peptide sécréteur d’hormone de croissance 6 (GHRP-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) est un hexapeptide synthétique qui possède une affinité pour deux récepteurs distincts: les récepteurs GHS-R1a et CD36. Les travaux effectués au cours de mon doctorat qui seront détaillés dans cet ouvrage visent à atteindre deux objectifs: (1) le développement d’analogues du peptide GHRP-6 sélectif à un seul récepteur et (2) la mise au point d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour la synthèse combinatoire d’azapeptides. En réponse au premier objectif, la synthèse parallèle de 49 analogues aza-GHRP-6 a été effectuée et certains candidats sélectifs au récepteur CD36 ont été identifiés. L’étude de leurs propriétés anti-angiogéniques, effectuée par nos collaborateurs, a également permis d’identifier des candidats intéressants pour le traitement potentiel de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge. Une nouvelle approche pour la synthèse combinatoire d’azapeptides, faisant appel à l’alkylation et la déprotection chimiosélective d’une sous-unité semicarbazone ancrée sur support solide, a ensuite été développée. La portée de cette méthodologie a été augmentée par la découverte de conditions permettant l’arylation régiosélective de cette sous-unité semicarbazone, donnant accès à treize nouveaux dérivés aza-GHRP-6 possédant des résidus aza-arylglycines aux positions D-Trp2 et Trp4. L’élaboration de conditions propices à l’alkylation et la déprotection chimiosélective de la semicarbazone a donné accès à une variété de chaînes latérales sur l’acide aminé « aza » préalablement inaccessibles. Nous avons, entre autres, démontré qu’une chaîne latérale propargyl pouvait être incorporée sur l’acide aminé « aza ». Tenant compte de la réactivité des alcynes, nous avons ensuite élaboré des conditions réactionnelles permettant la formation in situ d’azotures aromatiques, suivie d’une réaction de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire sur support solide, dans le but d’obtenir des mimes de tryptophane. Sept analogues du GHRP-6 ont été synthétisés et testés pour affinité au récepteur CD36 par nos collaborateurs. De plus, nous avons effectué une réaction de couplage en solution entre un dipeptide possédant un résidu aza-propargylglycine, du paraformaldehyde et une variété d’amines secondaires (couplage A3) afin d’accéder à des mimes rigides d’aza-lysine. Ces sous-unités ont ensuite été incorporées sur support solide afin de générer sept nouveaux azapeptides avec des dérivés aza-lysine à la position Trp4 du GHRP-6. Enfin, une réaction de cyclisation 5-exo-dig a été développée pour la synthèse de N-amino imidazolin-2-ones en tant que nouveaux mimes peptidiques. Leur fonctionnalisation par une série de groupements benzyliques à la position 4 de l’hétérocycle a été rendue possible grâce à un couplage Sonogashira précédant la réaction de cyclisation. Les propriétés conformationnelles de cette nouvelle famille de composés ont été étudiées par cristallographie aux rayons X et spectroscopie RMN d’un tétrapeptide modèle. L’activité biologique de deux mimes peptidiques, possédant un résidu N-amino-4-méthyl- et 4-benzyl-imidazolin-2-one à la position Trp4 du GHRP-6, a aussi été examinée. L’ensemble de ces travaux devrait contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances au niveau des facteurs structurels et conformationnels requis pour le développement d’azapeptides en tant que ligands du récepteur CD36. De plus, les résultats obtenus devraient encourager davantage l’utilisation d’azapeptides comme peptidomimétiques grâce à leur nouvelle facilité de synthèse et la diversité grandissante au niveau de la chaîne latérale des acides aminés « aza ». / Azapeptides are peptide mimics in which the CH alpha in one or more amino acids has been replaced with a nitirogen atom. Such a modification tends to induce beta turn conformations in peptides, because of the consequences of lone–pair lone–pair repulsion between the two adjacent nitrogens and the planar geometry of the urea in the semicarbazide moiety. Furthermore, the semicarbazide increases protease resistance and is chemically more stable than its amide counterpart. Despite the potential advantages of using azapeptides mimics, their synthesis has been hampered by the solution-phase construction of substituted hydrazines prior to their incorporation into peptide sequences. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide 6 sequence (GHRP-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) is a synthetic hexapeptide that binds to two distinct receptor: the Growth Hormone Secretatgogue Receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) and the Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36) receptor. The body of my Ph.D thesis has been generally targeted towards two objectives: (a) the development of azapeptide analogs of GHRP-6 with enhanced receptor selectivity and (b) the elaboration of a new synthetic approach for combinatorial submonomer azapeptide synthesis. In response to the first objective, 49 aza-GHRP-6 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for receptor binding and biological activity. From this library, certain candidates were identified which exhibited decreased affinity for the GHS-R1a receptor with maintained affinity for the CD36 receptor. Furthermore, in studying their anti-angiogenic properties, our collaborators have identified aza-GHRP-6 analogs, which caused a marked decrease in microvascular sprouting in choroid explants, as well as another displaying potential to increase angiogenesis. A new approach for the combinatorial synthesis of azapeptides was developed to better conduct SAR studies using azapeptides. This method features the chemoselective alkylation and deprotection of a resin-bound semicarbazone building block. The scope of the methodology was further expanded by the development of reaction conditions for the chemoselective N-arylation of this semicarbazone residue, yielding 13 aza-GHRP-6 derivatives with aza-arylglycines residues at the D-Trp2 and Trp4 positions. The elaboration of a methodology based on the chemoselective alkylation and deprotection of a semicarbazone has allowed for greater aza-amino acid side chain diversity, enabling for example, the efficient incorporation of aza-propargylglycine residues into peptide sequences. Considering the reactivity of alkynes, we developed reaction conditions for in situ formation of aromatic azides, followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction on solid support to yield aza-1-aryl,2,3-triazole-3-alanine residues as tryptophan mimics. Seven aza-GHRP-6 analogs were synthesized and subsequently tested for binding to the CD36 receptor by our collaborators. Moreover, the coupling reaction between an aza-propargylglycine-containing dipeptide building block, paraformaldehyde and a variety of secondary amines (A3 coupling) was accomplished in solution to provide access to rigid aza-lysine mimics. These aza-dipeptides were subsequently incorporated at the Trp4 position of seven new aza-GHRP-6 analogues using a solid-phase protocol, and the resulting azaLys mimics were tested for binding towards the CD36 receptor. Finally, conditions for a 5-exo-dig cyclization of an aza-propargylglycine residue were developed to give N-amino imidazolin-2-ones as turn-inducing peptide mimics. Their modification at the 4 position was achieved using a Sonogashira coupling protocol prior to the cyclization step. The conformational properties of these new heterocyclic motifs were assessed by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy on a tetrapeptide model system. The incorporation of N-amino-4-methyl- and 4-benzyl-imidazolin-2-ones at the Trp4 position of GHRP-6 was further accomplished and the biological evaluation of the peptidomimetics was examined. Taken together, these results should lead to a better understanding of the structural and conformational factors responsible for binding and biological activity of azapeptide ligands of the CD36 receptor. Furthermore, the submonomer approach for azapeptide synthesis developed should promote the use of azapeptides as peptide mimics, given its accessibility and the increased aza-amino acid side-chain diversity available.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-05-11T20:14:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Martha Valente Domingues dos Santos.pdf: 5235574 bytes, checksum: dd873c0e33010bd0b89f67c19c75813d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-11T20:14:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Martha Valente Domingues dos Santos.pdf: 5235574 bytes, checksum: dd873c0e33010bd0b89f67c19c75813d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / Beaucoup de recherches sont accomplies dans l'enseignement (?ducation) quant au programme d'?tudes, de la pratique de l'enseignement, la routine de la classe, les politiques publiques en mati?re d'?ducation; cependant, peu toujours on a parl? quant ? la r?cr?ation scolaire. Beaucoup de discours ?ducatifs dirigent la dichotomie parmi la difficult? d'entre ceux dans le travail avec leurs ?tudiants, le manque de motivation discente dans l'accomplissement des activit?s dans la salle de classe et la r?gularit? de fr?quence de l'alunado au milieu du processus de socialisation pendant la r?cr?ation. Alors l'int?r?t a apparu dans la recherche pr?s de cet espace-temps la construction privil?gi?e de l'identit? juv?nile, non juste par les discours ?ducatifs, mais maintenant aussi (et surtout) les images constitutives de ce moment-l? et la conversation avec le public. Pour le d?veloppement de ce travail, je jetterai la main de contributions th?oriques dans le domaine des ?tudes Culturelles, comme Hall, en plus de la contribution de Maffesoli (2010, 2006) quant aux sociabilit?s; mais aussi un concept de cette r?cr?ation ? travers les yeux de Delalande (2001) et une analyse des images sous la sollicitation Berino. (2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2013, 2007, 2009, 2012); ainsi qu?une conversation entre Bakhtin (2008, 1998, 2002, 1997, 1993a, 1993b, 1981) et Freire (2000, 1998, 2011a, 2011b, 1996, 1970, 2001) sur les dialogicit?. L'?tude sera accomplie au campus Engenho Novo de l'?cole Pedro II, l'?cole de formation initiale du r?seau (filet) f?d?ral d'enseignement, avec les groupes de la sixi?me ann?e de l'Enseignement Fondamental ? la troisi?me ann?e de l'Enseignement de Moyen, qu'ils dans cet espace temps, divisant des exp?riences, l'angoisse, des victoires et des craintes. L'objectif g?n?ral de ce travail est d'analyser, le d?part de l'?tude des images, qui trie les pratiques culturelles qui arrivent dans l'espace-temps de la r?cr?ation scolaire contribuent pour la production et la revigoration des identit?s juv?niles. Les approches m?thodologiques pour l'?tude ont ?t? bas?es sur des ?tudes en / de / avec le quotidien, d?velopp? par Nilda Alves (2003, 2001, 2012, 1998, 2004), qui cherche une plus grande compr?hension des processus quotidiens d'apprendre produit par les mani?res diff?rentes d'encart des sujets dans plusieurs espace temps d'interaction sociale, visant ? prolonger(?tendre) la compr?hension sur les fa?ons (chemins) et les crit?res de compr?hension du monde emp?tr? par ces encarts. Le d?part de la sensation de ce qui est observ?, par les annotations nous "des journaux" de terrain (des champs) et des enregistrements des conversations avec les ?tudiants, le r?cit textuel doit ?tre insuflada pour un visualidade qui l'enrichit; alors le travail a tendance pour la base les images de ce quotidien, avec la coupe (diminution) de espace temps de la r?cr?ation scolaire, analys? sous le biais de Photoethnography. On arrive ? la conclusion que la cour de l??cole est um territoire de singularit?s et de (re) d?fini, o? l?on voit la formation des identit?s des jeunes des pratiques culturelles qui y sont construits comme Ocupen mouvement d?occupation. / Many researches are carried out in education about curriculum, teaching practice, classroom routine, public policies on education. However, such little things have been said about school playground. Many teachers' statements have pointed out the dichotomy between their difficulties in dealing with their students, the lack of student motivation to carry out the activities in the classroom and the regularity of the student's attendance in the process of socializing during this recess. This gave rise to interest in the research about this space-time of privileged construction of youth identity, not only through the teaching speeches but now also (and mainly) by the constitutive images of that moment and the conversations with this public. For the development of this work, I will make use of theoretical contributions in the field of Cultural Studies, such as Hall, as well as Maffesoli's (2010, 2006) contribution on sociability. But I also used a concept of this recreation through the look of Delalande (2001) and an analysis of the images under the bias of Berino (2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2013, 2007, 2009, 2012); as well as a conversation between Bakhtin (2008, 1988, 2002, 1997, 1993a, 1993b, 1981) and Freire (2000, 1988, 2011a, 2011b, 1996, 1970, 2001) on dialogicity. The study was carried out at the Engenho Novo II campus of the Pedro II College, a basic education school of the federal educational system, with classes from the sixth grade of elementary school to the third year of high school, which are passing through this space, dividing experiences, anxieties, victories and fears. The general objective of this work is to analyze, starting from the study of images, how the cultural practices that occur in the space-time of school playground contribute to the production and strengthening of youth identities. The methodological paths for the study were based on the studies in the daily ones, developed by Nilda Alves (2003, 2001, 2012, 1998, 2004), that seek a greater understanding of the daily processes of learning produced by the different ways of insertion of the subjects in the various spaces of social interaction, objectifying to extend the understanding of the ways and criteria of understanding the world entangled through these insertions. From the sensation of what is being observed, through the notes in the "field diaries" and the records of the conversations with the students, the textual narrative needs to be instilled by a visuality that enriches it. Hence the work is based on the images of this daily life, with the cut of the space-time of the school playground, analyzed under the bias of photoetnography. The conclusion is that the school playground is a territory of singularities and (re) significations, where the juvenile identities?formation can be perceived from the cultural practices that are built there, such as the Ocupen occupation movement. / Se realizan muchas investigaciones en educaci?n respecto a curr?culo, pr?ctica docente, rutina de las salas de clase, pol?ticas p?blicas en educaci?n; sin embargo, todav?a poco se ha dicho respecto al recreo escolar. Muchas hablas docentes han se?alado la dicotom?a entra la dificultad de estos en lidiar con sus alumnos, la falta de motivaci?n discente en la realizaci?n de las actividades en la sala de clase y la regularidad de frecuencia del estudiante en pleno proceso de socializaci?n durante el recreo. De ah? surgi? el inter?s en la investigaci?n sobre ese espaciotiempo de privilegiada construcci?n de la identidad juvenil, pero no m?s a trav?s de hablas docentes, sino tambi?n (y principalmente) por las im?genes constitutivas de ese momento y de las charlas con ese p?blico. Para el desarrollo de ese trabajo, echar? mano de aportes te?ricos en el ?mbito de los Estudios Culturales, como Hall, adem?s de la contribuci?n de Maffesoli (2010, 2006)en lo que toca las sociabilidades; tambi?n estar? presente la conceptuaci?n de ese recreo bajo la mirada de Delalande (2001) y un an?lisis de las im?genes a trav?s de la ?ptica de Berino. (2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2013, 2007, 2009, 2012); as? como una conversaci?n entre Bakhtin (2008, 1988, 2002, 1997, 1993a, 1993b, 1981) y Freire (2000, 1988, 2011a, 2011b, 1996, 1970, 2001) sobre dialogocidad. El estudio se llev? a cabo en el Campus Engenho Novo II del Col?gio Pedro II, escuela de educaci?n b?sica de la red federal de ense?anza, con grupos desde el sexto a?o de la Primaria hasta el tercer a?o de la Secundaria, que circulan en ese espaciotiempo, dividiendo experiencias, angustias, victorias y miedos. El objetivo general de este trabajo es analizar, a partir del estudio de im?genes, de qu? forma las pr?cticas culturales que se dan en el espaciotiempo del recreo escolar contribuyen para la producci?n y el fortalecimiento de las identidades juveniles. Las rutas metodol?gicas para la investigaci?n se basaron en los estudios nos/dos/com los cotidianos de aprendizaje desarrollados por Nilda Alves (2003, 2001, 2012, 1998, 2004), que buscan una mayor comprensi?n de los procesos cotidianos de aprendizaje producidos por los diferentes modos de inserci?n de los sujetos en los diversos espaciotiempos de interacci?n social, con el objetivo de ampliar el entendimiento sobre las maneras y criterios de comprensi?n de mundo que se dan a trav?s de esas inserciones. Teniendo en cuenta la sensaci?n de lo que se observa, a partir de apuntes en los ?diarios de campo? y de los registros de las conversas con los alumnos, la narrativa textual carece insuflarse por una visibilidad que le brinde enriquecimiento; de ser as?, el trabajo tiene como base las im?genes de ese cotidiano, en el ?mbito del espaciotiempo del recreo escolar, analizada bajo el sesgo de Photoethnography. Se llega a la conclusi?n de que el patio de la escuela es un territorio de singularidades y (re) definida, en la que vemos la formaci?n de las identidades juveniles de las pr?cticas culturales que no estaban constituidos como movimiento de ocupaci?n Ocupen. / Muitas pesquisas s?o realizadas em educa??o a respeito de curr?culo, de pr?tica docente, de rotina de sala de aula, de pol?ticas p?blicas em educa??o; por?m, pouco ainda se tem falado a respeito do recreio escolar. Muitas falas docentes v?m apontando a dicotomia entre a dificuldade destes em lidar com seus alunos, a falta de motiva??o discente na realiza??o das atividades na sala de aula e a regularidade de frequ?ncia do alunado em pleno processo de socializa??o durante o recreio. Da? surgiu o interesse na pesquisa acerca desse espa?otempo de privilegiada constru??o da identidade juvenil, n?o mais apenas atrav?s das falas docentes, mas agora tamb?m (e principalmente) pelas imagens constitutivas desse momento e das conversas com esse p?blico. Para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho, lan?arei m?o de aportes te?ricos no campo dos Estudos Culturais, como Hall, al?m da contribui??o de Maffesoli (2010, 2006) a respeito das sociabilidades; mas tamb?m de uma conceitua??o desse recreio atrav?s do olhar de Delalande (2001) e de uma an?lise das imagens sob o vi?s de Berino; al?m de uma conversa entre Bakhtin (2008, 1988, 2002, 1997, 1993a, 1993b, 1981) e Freire (2000,1988, 2011a, 2011b, 1996, 1970, 2001) acerca da dialogicidade O estudo foi realizado no campus Engenho Novo II do Col?gio Pedro II, escola de educa??o b?sica da rede federal de ensino, com turmas do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental ao terceiro ano do Ensino M?dio, que transitam nesse espa?otempo, dividindo experi?ncias, ang?stias, vit?rias e medos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho ? analisar, partindo do estudo das imagens, de que maneira as pr?ticas culturais que ocorrem no espa?otempo do recreio escolar contribuem para a produ??o e o fortalecimento das identidades juvenis. Os caminhos metodol?gicos para o estudo basearam-se nos estudos nos/dos/com os cotidianos, desenvolvidos por Nilda Alves (2003, 2001, 2012, 1998, 2004), que buscam uma maior compreens?o dos processos cotidianos de aprendizagem produzidos pelos diferentes modos de inser??o dos sujeitos nos diversos espa?otempos de intera??o social, objetivando estender o entendimento sobre as maneiras e crit?rios de compreens?o do mundo enredado por meio dessas inser??es. Partindo da sensa??o daquilo que est? sendo observado, atrav?s das anota??es nos ?di?rios de campo? e dos registros das conversas com os alunos, a narrativa textual carece ser insuflada por uma visualidade que a enrique?a; da? o trabalho tendo por base as imagens desse cotidiano, com o recorte do espa?otempo do recreio escolar, analisado sob o vi?s da fotoetnografia. Chega-se a conclus?o de que o recreio escolar ? um territ?rio de singularidades e de (re)significa??es, onde percebe-se a forma??o das identidades juvenis a partir das pr?ticas culturais que ali se constroem, como o movimento de ocupa??o Ocupen.

Durant l'envelliment es dónen canvis estructurals i funcionals al cervell, especialment a l'escorça prefrontal, un dels substractes anatòmics responsables del control atencional. Aquest es va mesurar emprant tècniques neuropsicològioques i neurofuncionals durant l'execució de tasques de canvi amb senyals implícites (tipus WCST). 80 subjectes majors sans es varen dividir segons la seva edat i el seu nivell de control cognitiu. El baix control cognitiu (però no l'edat) s'associà a un augment dels costos residuals de resposta, en paral.lel amb una major amplitud del component P2 davant els senyals. L'edad avançada, en conjunt amb un baix nivell de control s'associà a un increment dels costos locals de resposta durant el canvi de tasca, paral.lelament amb l'augment de les ones lentes durant la fase de senyalització. Mantenir dues tasques en memòria es més difícil per als subectes amb baix control, reflexat per una reducció en l'amplitud de les ones lentes fronto-parietals

Les azapeptides sont des mimes peptidiques où le carbone alpha d’un ou de plusieurs acides aminés est remplacé par un atome d’azote. Cette modification tend à stabiliser une conformation en repliement beta en raison de la répulsion électronique entre les paires d’électrons libres des atomes d’azote adjacents et de la géométrie plane de l’urée. De plus, le résidu semicarbazide a une meilleure résistance face aux protéases en plus d’être chimiquement plus stable qu’une liaison amide. Bien que les propriétés des azapeptides en fassent des mimes peptidiques intéressants, leurs méthodes de synthèses font appel à la synthèse laborieuse d’hydrazines substituées en solution. Le peptide sécréteur d’hormone de croissance 6 (GHRP-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) est un hexapeptide synthétique qui possède une affinité pour deux récepteurs distincts: les récepteurs GHS-R1a et CD36. Les travaux effectués au cours de mon doctorat qui seront détaillés dans cet ouvrage visent à atteindre deux objectifs: (1) le développement d’analogues du peptide GHRP-6 sélectif à un seul récepteur et (2) la mise au point d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour la synthèse combinatoire d’azapeptides. En réponse au premier objectif, la synthèse parallèle de 49 analogues aza-GHRP-6 a été effectuée et certains candidats sélectifs au récepteur CD36 ont été identifiés. L’étude de leurs propriétés anti-angiogéniques, effectuée par nos collaborateurs, a également permis d’identifier des candidats intéressants pour le traitement potentiel de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge. Une nouvelle approche pour la synthèse combinatoire d’azapeptides, faisant appel à l’alkylation et la déprotection chimiosélective d’une sous-unité semicarbazone ancrée sur support solide, a ensuite été développée. La portée de cette méthodologie a été augmentée par la découverte de conditions permettant l’arylation régiosélective de cette sous-unité semicarbazone, donnant accès à treize nouveaux dérivés aza-GHRP-6 possédant des résidus aza-arylglycines aux positions D-Trp2 et Trp4. L’élaboration de conditions propices à l’alkylation et la déprotection chimiosélective de la semicarbazone a donné accès à une variété de chaînes latérales sur l’acide aminé « aza » préalablement inaccessibles. Nous avons, entre autres, démontré qu’une chaîne latérale propargyl pouvait être incorporée sur l’acide aminé « aza ». Tenant compte de la réactivité des alcynes, nous avons ensuite élaboré des conditions réactionnelles permettant la formation in situ d’azotures aromatiques, suivie d’une réaction de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire sur support solide, dans le but d’obtenir des mimes de tryptophane. Sept analogues du GHRP-6 ont été synthétisés et testés pour affinité au récepteur CD36 par nos collaborateurs. De plus, nous avons effectué une réaction de couplage en solution entre un dipeptide possédant un résidu aza-propargylglycine, du paraformaldehyde et une variété d’amines secondaires (couplage A3) afin d’accéder à des mimes rigides d’aza-lysine. Ces sous-unités ont ensuite été incorporées sur support solide afin de générer sept nouveaux azapeptides avec des dérivés aza-lysine à la position Trp4 du GHRP-6. Enfin, une réaction de cyclisation 5-exo-dig a été développée pour la synthèse de N-amino imidazolin-2-ones en tant que nouveaux mimes peptidiques. Leur fonctionnalisation par une série de groupements benzyliques à la position 4 de l’hétérocycle a été rendue possible grâce à un couplage Sonogashira précédant la réaction de cyclisation. Les propriétés conformationnelles de cette nouvelle famille de composés ont été étudiées par cristallographie aux rayons X et spectroscopie RMN d’un tétrapeptide modèle. L’activité biologique de deux mimes peptidiques, possédant un résidu N-amino-4-méthyl- et 4-benzyl-imidazolin-2-one à la position Trp4 du GHRP-6, a aussi été examinée. L’ensemble de ces travaux devrait contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances au niveau des facteurs structurels et conformationnels requis pour le développement d’azapeptides en tant que ligands du récepteur CD36. De plus, les résultats obtenus devraient encourager davantage l’utilisation d’azapeptides comme peptidomimétiques grâce à leur nouvelle facilité de synthèse et la diversité grandissante au niveau de la chaîne latérale des acides aminés « aza ». / Azapeptides are peptide mimics in which the CH alpha in one or more amino acids has been replaced with a nitirogen atom. Such a modification tends to induce beta turn conformations in peptides, because of the consequences of lone–pair lone–pair repulsion between the two adjacent nitrogens and the planar geometry of the urea in the semicarbazide moiety. Furthermore, the semicarbazide increases protease resistance and is chemically more stable than its amide counterpart. Despite the potential advantages of using azapeptides mimics, their synthesis has been hampered by the solution-phase construction of substituted hydrazines prior to their incorporation into peptide sequences. Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide 6 sequence (GHRP-6, His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) is a synthetic hexapeptide that binds to two distinct receptor: the Growth Hormone Secretatgogue Receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) and the Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36) receptor. The body of my Ph.D thesis has been generally targeted towards two objectives: (a) the development of azapeptide analogs of GHRP-6 with enhanced receptor selectivity and (b) the elaboration of a new synthetic approach for combinatorial submonomer azapeptide synthesis. In response to the first objective, 49 aza-GHRP-6 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for receptor binding and biological activity. From this library, certain candidates were identified which exhibited decreased affinity for the GHS-R1a receptor with maintained affinity for the CD36 receptor. Furthermore, in studying their anti-angiogenic properties, our collaborators have identified aza-GHRP-6 analogs, which caused a marked decrease in microvascular sprouting in choroid explants, as well as another displaying potential to increase angiogenesis. A new approach for the combinatorial synthesis of azapeptides was developed to better conduct SAR studies using azapeptides. This method features the chemoselective alkylation and deprotection of a resin-bound semicarbazone building block. The scope of the methodology was further expanded by the development of reaction conditions for the chemoselective N-arylation of this semicarbazone residue, yielding 13 aza-GHRP-6 derivatives with aza-arylglycines residues at the D-Trp2 and Trp4 positions. The elaboration of a methodology based on the chemoselective alkylation and deprotection of a semicarbazone has allowed for greater aza-amino acid side chain diversity, enabling for example, the efficient incorporation of aza-propargylglycine residues into peptide sequences. Considering the reactivity of alkynes, we developed reaction conditions for in situ formation of aromatic azides, followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction on solid support to yield aza-1-aryl,2,3-triazole-3-alanine residues as tryptophan mimics. Seven aza-GHRP-6 analogs were synthesized and subsequently tested for binding to the CD36 receptor by our collaborators. Moreover, the coupling reaction between an aza-propargylglycine-containing dipeptide building block, paraformaldehyde and a variety of secondary amines (A3 coupling) was accomplished in solution to provide access to rigid aza-lysine mimics. These aza-dipeptides were subsequently incorporated at the Trp4 position of seven new aza-GHRP-6 analogues using a solid-phase protocol, and the resulting azaLys mimics were tested for binding towards the CD36 receptor. Finally, conditions for a 5-exo-dig cyclization of an aza-propargylglycine residue were developed to give N-amino imidazolin-2-ones as turn-inducing peptide mimics. Their modification at the 4 position was achieved using a Sonogashira coupling protocol prior to the cyclization step. The conformational properties of these new heterocyclic motifs were assessed by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy on a tetrapeptide model system. The incorporation of N-amino-4-methyl- and 4-benzyl-imidazolin-2-ones at the Trp4 position of GHRP-6 was further accomplished and the biological evaluation of the peptidomimetics was examined. Taken together, these results should lead to a better understanding of the structural and conformational factors responsible for binding and biological activity of azapeptide ligands of the CD36 receptor. Furthermore, the submonomer approach for azapeptide synthesis developed should promote the use of azapeptides as peptide mimics, given its accessibility and the increased aza-amino acid side-chain diversity available.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterised by a reduction of dopamine concentration in the striatum due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Currently, first line treatment of PD includes the use of dopamine precursors, dopamine agonists and inhibitors of enzymatic degradation of dopamine, in an effort to restore dopamine levels and/or its effects. However, all these therapeutic strategies are only symptomatic and unfortunately do not slow, stop or reverse the progression of PD. From the discovery of adenosine A2A receptor-dopamine D2 receptor heteromers and the antagonistic interaction between these receptors, the basis of a new therapeutic approach towards the treatment of PD emerged. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists have been shown to decrease the motor symptoms associated with PD, and are also potentially neuroprotective. The possibility thus exists that the administration of an adenosine A2A antagonist may prevent further neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the antagonism of adenosine A1 receptors has the potential of treating cognitive deficits such as those associated with Alzheimer's disease and PD. Therefore, dual antagonism of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors would be of great benefit since this would potentially treat both the motor as well as the cognitive impairment associated with PD. The affinities (Ki-values between 0.6 mM and 38 mM) of a series of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were previously illustrated for the adenosine A1, A2A and A3 receptor subtypes by Van Rhee and co-workers (1996). These results prompted this pilot study, which aimed to investigate the potential of the structurally related 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (dihydropyrimidones) and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidines as adenosine A1 and A2A antagonists. In this pilot study, a series of 3,4-dihydropyrimidones and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidines were synthesised and evaluated as adenosine A1 and A2A antagonists. Since several adenosine A2A antagonists also exhibit MAO inhibitory activity, the MAO-inhibitory activity of selected derivatives was also assessed. A modified Biginelli one pot synthesis was used for the preparation of both series of compounds under solvent free conditions. A mixture of a β- diketone, aldehyde and urea/guanidine hydrochloride was heated for an appropriate time to afford the desired compounds in good yields. MAO-B inhibition studies comprised of a fluorometric assay where kynuramine was used as substrate. A radioligand binding protocol described in literature was employed to investigate the binding of the compounds to the adenosine A2A and A1 receptors. The displacement of N-[3H]ethyladenosin-5’-uronamide ([3H]NECA) from rat striatal membranes and 1,3-[3H]-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine ([3H]DPCPX) from rat whole brain membranes, was used in the determination of A2A and A1 affinity, respectively. The results showed that both 3,4-dihydropyrimidones and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidines had weak adenosine A2A affinity, with the p-fluorophenyl substituted dihydropyrimidone derivative (1h) in series 1, exhibiting the highest affinity for the adenosine A2A receptor (28.7 μM), followed by the p-chlorophenyl dihydropyrimidine derivative (2c) in series 2 (38.59 μM). Both series showed more promising adenosine A1 receptor affinity in the low micromolar range. The p-bromophenyl substituted derivatives in both series showed the best affinity for the adenosine A1 receptor with Ki-values of 7.39 μM (1b) and 7.9 μM (2b). The pmethoxyphenyl dihydropyrimidone (1d) and p-methylpneyl dihydropyrimidine (2e) derivatives also exhibited reasonable affinity for the adenosine A1 receptor with Ki-values of 8.53 μM and 9.67 μM, respectively. Neither the 3,4-dihydropyrimidones nor the 2-amino-1,4- dihydropyrimidines showed MAO-B inhibitory activity. Comparison of the adenosine A2A affinity of the most potent derivative (1h, Ki = 28.7 μM) from this study with that of the previously synthesised dihydropyridine derivatives (Van Rhee et al., 1996, most potent compound had a Ki = 2.74 mM) reveals that an approximate 100- fold increase in binding affinity for A2A receptors occurred. However, KW6002, a known A2A antagonist, that has already reached clinical trials, has a Ki-value of 7.49 nM. The same trend was observed for adenosine A1 affinity, where the most potent compound (1b) of this study exhibited a Ki-value of 7.39 μM compared to 2.75 mM determined for the most potent dihydropyridine derivatives (Van Rhee et al., 1996). N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a known adenosine A1 agonist that was used as a reference compound, however had a Kivalue of 10.4 nM. The increase in both adenosine A1 and A2A affinity can most likely be ascribed to the increase in nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring (from a dihydropyridine to a dihydropyrimidine) since similar results were obtained by Gillespie and co-workers in 2009 for a series of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives. In their case it was found that increasing the number of nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring (from one to two nitrogen atoms for the pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives respectively) increased affinity for the adenosine A2A and adenosine A1 receptor subtypes, while three nitrogen atoms in the ring (triazine derivatives) were associated with decreased affinity. It thus appears that two nitrogen atoms in the ring (pyrimidine) are required for optimum adenosine A1 and A2A receptor affinity. The poor adenosine A2A affinity exhibited by the compounds of this study can probably be attributed to the absence of an aromatic heterocyclic ring. The amino acid, Phe-168 plays a very important role in the binding site of the A2A receptor, where it forms aromatic - - stacking interactions with the heterocyclic aromatic ring systems of known agonists and antagonists. Since the dihydropyrimidine ring in both series of this pilot study was not aromatic, the formation of aromatic - -stacking interactions with Phe-168 is unlikely. In conclusion, the 3,4-dihydropyrimidone and 2-amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidine scaffolds can be used as a lead for the design of novel adenosine A1 and A2A antagonists, although further structural modifications are required before a clinically viable candidate will be available as potential treatment of PD. / MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014