nÃo hà / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a investigaÃÃo da singularidade da escrita dos surdos, observando e analisando como a histÃria de vida de cada um influencia no portuguÃs escrito. Para a realizaÃÃo da pesquisa, foram analisados os textos escritos e reescritos da histÃria Chapeuzinho Vermelho, produzidos por seis alunos surdos, da 7Â. sÃrie, do Instituto Cearense de EducaÃÃo de Surdos, com o intuito de observar as caracterÃsticas individuais presentes nos textos de cada um dos sujeitos. AlÃm da coleta dos textos, que ocorreu, respectivamente, em maio e novembro de 2005, foram realizadas trÃs entrevistas, todas com o auxÃlio de um intÃrprete. A primeira, direcionada por meio de um questionÃrio, ocorreu em maio de 2005; e as duas Ãltimas, uma nÃo estruturada e outra semi-estruturada, ocorreram em novembro de 2005. As entrevistas tiveram como objetivo coletar dados sobre a histÃria de vida dos sujeitos, suas vivÃncias na escola e na famÃlia, suas opiniÃes sobre a importÃncia e o uso da lÃngua portuguesa e da LIBRAS etc. As informaÃÃes, obtidas nas entrevistas, foram comparadas com a anÃlise das caracterÃsticas dos textos dos sujeitos, procurando observar como a histÃria de cada um pode estar presente em seus discursos, posto que acreditamos ser o desempenho na escrita um reflexo de sua formaÃÃo discursiva. Para a realizaÃÃo desta pesquisa, foi assumida a concepÃÃo sÃcio-interacionista da linguagem, corroborando com Vygotsky e de Bakhtin. AlÃm de revisitar os preceitos destes cÃlebres autores, tambÃm apresento neste estudo um breve histÃrico da educaÃÃo dos surdos e algumas caracterÃsticas da LIBRAS, por compreender serem estes alguns dos fatores que influenciam a escrita dos surdos. / The objective of this paper is to investigate the singularity of deaf studentâs writing, observing and analyzing on how their life story influences on their written Portuguese. The research was based on the analysis of the texts that were written an rewritten about the fairytale of Little Red Riding Hood, written by six deaf students, of the 7th grade, that study at the Instituto Cearense de EducaÃÃo de Surdos (ICES), with the objective of observing the individual characteristics present in each texts of written by the six students. Besides the collection of the texts, in May and November 2005, there were carried out three interviews, all of them made with the help of an interpreter. The first interview was made through a questionnaire, in May 2005; the second one was structured, and the other was semi-structured, both were made in November 2005. The objective of the interviews sere to collect data on the life story of the six students subjects, and also on their experiences in the school and with their families, and their opinion on the importance of the use of Portuguese language and of LIBRAS (Brazilian Sign Language). The data collected in the interviews, was compared with the analysis of the characteristics of the studentâs text, trying to observe how their life story could be present in their writing, as we believed that the act of writing is a reflex of our discursive formation. This research, was carried out based on the social-interactive of the language, agree with the studies of Vygotsky and Bakhtin. Besides the review of great researchers Vygotsky and Bakhtin, I also present in this study a brief history deaf education and some characteristics of the LIBRAS (Brazilian Sign Language), as I agree these are some of the factors that influence the writing of the deaf.

Les neurostéroïdes sont des composés endogènes qui peuvent moduler la transmission synaptique et avoir un effet neuroprotecteur dans les maladies neurodégénératives. Les systèmes régulant leur biosynthèse ne sont pas connus mais la première étape de celle-ci peut être régulée par la protéine TSPO. Cette protéine mitochondriale facilite le transport du cholestérol vers l’intérieur de la mitochondrie pour y être métabolisé en prégnénolone. Ce stéroïde est le précurseur principal de la biosynthèse des neurostéroïdes et l’utilisation in vitro de ligands du TSPO permet d’augmenter sa sécrétion. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons ainsi cherché à développer de nouvelles familles de ligands solubles du TSPO augmentant la sécrétion de prégnénolone. Le développement de ces nouvelles familles a nécessité la réalisation d’une méthodologie de synthèse faisant intervenir une réaction de cyclisation pallado-catalysée de type Buchwald-Hartwig. Une étude de solubilité des composés synthétisés a été effectuée expérimentalement, leur activité a été évaluée par des méthodes fonctionnelles et leur effet neuroprotecteur a été testé sur un modèle cellulaire de la maladie d’Alzheimer. / Neurosteroids are endogenous compounds which can alter the synaptic transmission and enhance neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. The systems that regulates their biosynthesis are not described but its first step ca be regulated by the TSPO. This mitochondrial protein facilitates the transport of cholesterol to the mitochondrial matrix to be metabolized in pregnenolone. This steroid is the precursor of neurosteroid biosynthesis and in vitro use of TSPO ligands induces its secretion. For this project, we looked forward to develop new families of soluble TSPO ligands that can increase pregnenolone production. The access to 3-amino-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones required the establishment of a synthesis methodology of a palladium-catalyzed cyclization following Buchwald-Hartwig amination. A solubility study of synthesized compound was performed, their activity was established based on functional assays and their neuroprotective effect was evaluated on a cellular model of Alzheimer disease.

Bakgrund: Alzheimers sjukdom är en neurodegenerativ sjukdom som drabbar individen med sakta smygande symtom och påverkar det kognitiva, framförallt minnet. Diagnosen gör att personen ofta inte kan klara av vardagen, vilket innebär ett stort ansvar för närstående. Sjuksköterskans uppgift är att ge stöd till både anhöriga och närstående. Syfte: Att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av att vårda en anhörig med Alzheimers sjukdom. Metod: Metoden var en kvalitativ litteraturöversikt som är baserad på nio vetenskapliga artiklar som är hämtade från PubMed och Cinahl Complete. Resultat: Analysen resulterades i fyra huvudfynd: Närstående erfarenheter av att ta hand om den sjuke, vilket visade att en del saknade erfarenheter och att det var en stor påfrestning att ta hand om den sjuke. Svårigheter att kunna balansera sin vardag, vilket visade att närstående hade svårt att balansera mellan det sociala livet och livet i hemmet. Bristande kunskap, vilket visade stor brist på kunskap att ta hand om den anhörige. Brist på egen tid och återhämtning, vilket visade att närstående inte fick tid för återhämtning vilket gav negativa effekter på närståendes hälsa. Sammanfattning: Närstående som vårdar en person med Alzheimers sjukdom drabbas av både psykisk och fysisk belastning. Ett multiprofessionellt team som kan stödja och öka kunskapen hos närstående kan minska negativa upplevelser och ge trygghet i vårdandet. / Background: Alzheimer is a disease that affects cognitively. People with Alzheimer's have difficulties with communication, taking in information and their daily routines. This in turn, leads to the person needing support in their daily life. Aim: The aim was to describe loved one's experiences of caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease. Method: This was a qualitative literature review based on nine scientific articles retrieved from the databases PubMed and Cinahl Complete. Results: The analysis resulted in four themes: Experiences of care-taking of the sick one showing that relatives do not have experiences which caused stress. Difficulties to balance their daily life, showing that relatives found it difficult to balance between their social life and the care for their loved one. Lack of knowledge resulting in difficulties in caring for their loved one. Lack of own time and recovery resulting in no time to recover, which in turn caused negative health effects. Others, on the other hand, described a sense of purpose in caring for the relative. Summary: Individuals who care for a relative with Alzheimer’s disease have strong feelings and need a lot of support from different professions and society. Knowledge, communication and trust can create a better quality of life for relatives caring for a loved one.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la fonctionnalisation directe de liens C-H représente une approche très étudiée par les chimistes puisque ces liaisons sont omniprésentes dans les substances organiques. Ainsi, en considérant la liaison C-H comme une fonctionnalité, une nouvelle ère a débuté dans le domaine de la synthèse organique avec de nouvelles opportunités intéressantes. Elles évitent la manipulation de groupements fonctionnels et permettent ainsi de développer de nouvelles voies de synthèse économiques en atomes et comportant le minimum d’étapes. Dans cette perspective, notre groupe de recherche a développé, il y a quelques années, une nouvelle méthodologie d’amination intramoléculaire de liaisons C-H qui utilisent les N-sulfonyloxycarbamates comme précurseurs de nitrènes métalliques. Ces derniers, en présence d’une base et d’un dimère de rhodium (II) tétracarboxylate sont capables de réaliser l’insertion efficace dans les liens de type C(sp3)-H pour former des carbamates cycliques à cinq chaînons, les oxazolidin-2-ones. Les travaux de cette thèse se sont, tout d’abord, attachés à l’élargissement de l’étendue réactionnelle de la méthodologie de C-H amination intramoléculaire, développée par Laura Mamani Laparra, une ancienne membre de notre groupe, à partir des N-mésyloxycarbamates dérivés d’alcools primaires. De nouvelles conditions réactionnelles ont pu être développées pour les substrats capricieux et qui ont mis en lumière une nouvelle base organique soluble, l’éthylhexanoate de sodium. Par la suite, une version diastéréosélective de la réaction d’amination intramoléculaire à partir des N-mésyloxycarbamates secondaires et tertiaires a pu être développée. Les oxazolidin-2-ones 4,5-disbustituées ont été obtenues avec des rendements allant de bons à excellents et des sélectivités variables. Puis, des efforts ont été déployés pour le développement d’une version énantiosélective de la réaction étudiée. Une optimisation a permis d’atteindre de bonnes réactivité et sélectivité. Enfin, l’auteure de cette thèse a tenté de déterminer les mécanismes réactionnels impliqués lors de ce processus catalytique. Elle a ainsi pu montrer que l’espèce réactive du système catalytique était une espèce nitrène métallique. Des études cinétiques ont montré que l’étape cinétiquement déterminante était l’étape d’insertion du nitrène de rhodium dans le lien C-H. De plus, une courte étude des réactions secondaires parallèles à l’amination de lien C-H a été aussi réalisée ce qui a permis de postuler des mécanismes pour la formation de sous-produits ainsi que la dégradation des catalyseurs. / The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is a very promising synthetic approach since these bonds are ubiquitous in organic substances. Thus, considering the C-H bond as a functional group, a new era began in the field of organic synthesis with new interesting opportunities, which avoid the manipulation of functional groups and thus making it possible to develop new atom and steps economic synthetic routes. In this perspective, our research group has developed, several years ago, a new methodology of intramolecular C-H amination using the N-sulfonyloxycarbamates as novel nitrene precursors. The latter, in the presence of a base and a rhodium dimer (II) tetracarboxylate are able to achieve the effective insertion into an C(sp3)-H bond to form oxazolidin-2-ones as a 5-membered carbamate heterocycles. The present work was, first, attached to the enlargement of the scope of the intramolecular C-H amination methodology, developed by Laura Laparra Mamani, a former member of our group starting from N-mésyloxycarbamates derived from primary alcohols. New reaction conditions have been developed for capricious substrates and highlighted a new soluble organic base, sodium ethylhexanoate. Subsequently, an intramolecular diastereoselective C-H amination reaction starting from secondary and tertiary N-mésyloxycarbamates have been developed. The 4,5-disbustituted oxazolidin-2-ones were obtained with yields ranging from good to excellent and variable selectivities. Furthermore, efforts have been made to the development of an enantioselective version of the reaction. Oriented optimization has led to good reactivity and selectivity. Finally, the author of this thesis has attempted to determine the mechanisms involved in this catalytic process. She was able to show that the catalytically reactive specie was a metal nitrène and that the rate-determining step was the insertion step of rhodium nitrene into the C-H bond. In addition, a brief study of secondary parallel reactions to the C-H amination was also performed which allowed proposing mechanisms for the formation of byproducts and catalyst degradation.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The behaviour of chiral 1,3-dioxolan-4-ones, derived from reaction of mandelic and lactic acid with pivalaldehyde, as chiral acyl anion equivalents has been examined. Addition of the corresponding 5-anions to a substituted nitrostyrene and to butenolide was achieved and the structure and stereochemistry of the adducts established by X-ray crystallography. Fragmentation under flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) conditions occurred in the expected way (loss of Bu([superscript]t)CHO and CO) in the latter case, but in the former reductive cyclisation was used to generate functionalised lactams. An unexpected reaction of a dioxolanone anion with the dioxolanone to afford an aldol-like dimer was observed in one case. Attempts to extend the range of dioxolanones by using amino acid-derived α-hydroxy acids met with limited success. Only the 5-benzyl compound derived from phenylalanine was obtained in reasonable yield and an attempt to alkylate it led again to aldol-like dimerisation. Cycloaddition to the double bond of 2-t-butyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one was used to gain access to a range of novel spiro bicyclic and polycyclic systems and fragmentation of these was expected to provide products resulting from a chiral ketene equivalent. While the epoxide derived from the cyclopentadiene Diels Alder adduct did behave in this way to give the chiral ketone in high e.e., the corresponding aziridine underwent unexpected isomerisation pointing to a stepwise fragmentation mechanism of possible general applicability in these systems. Adducts were also formed with tetracyclone and 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and an interesting pattern of exo/endo selectivity was observed in these cases. With tetrachlorothiophene dioxide the adduct again fragmented in an unexpected way to give tetrachlorobenzoic acid, providing further support for the intermediacy of an oxonium carboxylate species. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition to 2-t-butyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one was achieved for the first time and a range of adducts containing novel spiro heterocyclic ring systems derived from nitrile oxides, nitrones and diazo compounds were obtained and characterised. The regiochemistry of addition as well as the relative and absolute stereochemistry was demonstrated by X-ray structures of three adducts. Upon pyrolysis some of these compounds unexpectedly lost Bu([superscript]t)CHO and CO2 to give carbene-derived products, including a β-lactam in one case. Cycloaddition reactions of the achiral 2,2-dimethyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-4-one were also briefly studied.

Small chiral molecules are very important building blocks in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. These building blocks include nitrogen and oxygen-containing heterocycles such as 2-oxazolidinones, 1,3-oxazinan-2-ones, 2-oxazolines, oxazines, morpholine and morpholinones. Because of their interesting properties, chiral heterocycles have stirred great interest in the synthetic chemist community to develop useful and efficient strategies to these molecules. In this dissertation, the design and syntheses of various heterocyclic building blocks are presented, as well as the testing of their biological activities as antibacterial. Another very interesting family of heterocycle-containing molecules are the Aeruginosins. They are a family of marine natural products isolated from a blue-green algae, which display inhibitory activity against serine proteases such as thrombin, trypsin, and factor VIIa. Most aeruginosins contain an heterocyclic moiety called the 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi) ring; this Choi moiety is a rigid bicyclic unnatural amino acid and is the core structure in the aeruginosins, indispensable to their biological activity. A synthesis of a ring-oxygenated variant of the Choi from D-mannose is reported in this dissertation. The ring-oxygenated variant of 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole can potentially be used as a surrogate of Choi in the design and synthesis of aeruginosin-based thrombin inhibitors.

Patients in intensive care are often intubated, and therefore unable to speak, which leads to difficulties in communication. The ICU is a very stressful environment and can be experienced as foreign and frightening by both patients and their close ones. The ICU nurse’s caring responsibilities includes both the care of the critically ill patient and the support of relatives who are often in shock. This balance is not always straightforward, and acting professionally in both instances can lead to problems. The professional competence of an ICU nurse has been described as a calm surface, beneath which rages a conflict between medical and ethical issues. As such, communicating professionally with relatives is a challenge that rivals the nurse’s medical responsibilities.The aim of the study was to describe the significance of the nurse's communication with close relatives in the ICU patient room.The study was conducted using a qualitative and inductive approach. A non-participant, semi-structured, observational method was used. Seven observations were conducted.The results of the study are presented in five categories: to prioritise attention; be available for relatives; listen, inform, be sensitive and responsive; to value the meeting and to juxtapose between compassion and objectivity. We have found that the nurse possess the power to make a difference in how the relation between the nurse and close ones turns out and also that several factors can affect their relation. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot intensivvård

<p><strong>Background:</strong> People who is close to patients suffering from incurable diseases experiences both suffering and grief. It is hard to be there for someone and at the same time handle your own grief. This can create feeling of anxiety, stress and guilt. <strong>Problem:</strong> Near related persons might not accept the further loss of someone near, the hope remains until it is final. They may not know the whole width of the situation, not acknowledge to the patient or himself how it is going to end. <strong>Aim:</strong> The aim with the literature study was to describe close ones experiences of suffering and grief within the palliative care. <strong>Method:</strong> The study is a qualitative analysis of autobiographies written by people close to patients in the palliative care. <strong>Result:</strong> The study shows how close ones can be spared suffering and grief through kind treatment<em> </em>and empathic personnel. The result shows a great individual dissemination<em> </em>when feelings are to be worked trough and grief gets to the surface and is accepted. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> To be close to someone in the end of his or her life wakes hard and irrational feelings and thoughts in people. To handle your own experiences and feelings is difficult. To support these persons due to their individual needs is a crucial part in reducing there suffering.</p> / <p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Närstående till patienter med en obotlig sjukdom som leder till döden upplever både lidande och sorg. Att vara till för någon som skall dö samtidigt som man bearbetar sin egen sorg kan skapa känslor av oro, stress och skuldkänslor. <strong>Problem: </strong>Närstående vill kanske inte acceptera den kommande förlusten av någon som står en nära, hoppet finns kvar in i det sista. De kanske inte kan förstå hela vidden av situationen, inte erkänna för den sjuke eller sig själva hur det kommer att sluta. <strong> Syfte: </strong>Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av lidande och sorg inom den palliativa vården. <strong>Metod:</strong> Studien är en kvalitativ analys av självbiografier författade av närstående inom den palliativa vården. <strong> Resultat:</strong> Studien visar på hur närstående kan besparas lidande genom gott bemötande och empatisk personal. Resultatet visar på en stor individuell spridning när känslor skall bearbetas och sorg komma upp till ytan och accepteras. <strong>Slutsats:</strong> Att vara närstående till någon i livets slutskede väcker svåra och irrationella känslor och tankar hos människor. Att hantera sina egna upplevelser och känslor är svårt. Att stödja dessa personer utifrån individuella behov har en avgörande roll för reducering av deras lidande.</p>