The escalating demand for metals driven by advancements in renewable energy technologies and hightech products has underscored the significance of understanding and characterizing ore deposits. This study focuses on the Ertelien Ni-Cu deposit in Norway, a region rich in nickel, cobalt, and copper resources—essential components for the transition to a sustainable energy future. The deposit, located within the Kongsberg belt, holds substantial economic potential due to its Ni-Cu-Co sulfide mineral enrichment. Previous assay results from drill cores, optical microscopy, and electron probe micro-analysis were employed to characterize the mineralogy and based on this interpreter the formation mechanisms, and enrichment processes that formed the deposit.  The Ertelien deposit represents an igneous origin with significant Ni-Cu-Co content estimated at 2.7 million metric tons, with grades of 0.83%, 0.69%, and 0.06%, respectively, within a gabbronorite intrusive body. Optical microscopy and electron probe micro-analysis revealed a complex mineral assemblage including common silicates such as plagioclase, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, olivine, and others, as well as sulfides such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite.  The primary objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth examination of the geological, mineralogical, and enrichment aspects of the Ertelien deposit. Specifically, primary magmatic and assimilation processes involved in the formation of Ni-Cu-deposits were be evaluated, as well as any potential metal redistribution resulting from secondary processes. Mineralogical studies, facilitated by combining optical microscopy and electron microprobe analysis provided important information on the mechanisms contributing to metal enrichment in or deposits. Optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis revealed a complex mineral assemblage including common silicates such as plagioclase, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, olivine, and others, as well as sulfides such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite.  The analyzed rock suite spans a range of compositions from gabbroic to tonalite, with MgO concentrations varying from 0.38 to 22.96 wt.%. Overall, there is a discernible trend of sulfur enrichment in or near samples characterized by low MgO and high Na2O and CaO contents, suggesting that sulfide saturation is likely associated with the assimilation of S-bearing gneisses into which the Ertelien gabbronorites intruded. Ni concentrations exhibit an increasing trend with depth. The nickel-to-cobalt ratio (Ni/Co) displays a discernible pattern that correlates with sulfide crystallization during the process of magmatic fractionation. Notable distinctions observed among groups characterized by differing Ni/Co contents in chalcopyrite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite reveal distinct trends in Ni concentrations. In conjunction with the presence of sphalerite and Ag-pentlandite, which are indicative of lower temperature origin compared to magmatic activity, all these observations provide compelling indications of diverse potential sources, including variations in magma compositions and the influence of hydrothermal processes.  Investigating ore formation conditions enhances the mining sector's ability to identify high-potential mineralization areas, vital for ensuring a stable supply of metals essential for renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and advanced electronics. / Den eskalerande efterfrågan på metaller som drivs av framsteg inom förnybar energiteknik och högteknologiska produkter har understrukit betydelsen av att förstå och karakterisera malmfyndigheter. Denna studie fokuserar på Ertelien Ni-Cu-fyndigheten i Norge, en region rik på nickel-, kobolt- och kopparresurser – väsentliga komponenter för övergången till en hållbar energiframtid. Fyndigheten, som ligger inom Kongsbergsbältet, har en betydande ekonomisk potential på grund av dess Ni-Cu-Cosulfidmineralanrikning. Tidigare analysresultat från borrkärnor, optisk mikroskopi och elektronsondsmikroanalys användes för att karakterisera mineralogin och baserat på denna tolk för bildningsmekanismerna och anrikningsprocesserna som bildade fyndigheten.  Ertelien-avlagringen representerar ett magmatiskt ursprung med betydande Ni-Cu-Co-innehåll uppskattat till 2.7 miljoner ton, med halter på 0.83%, 0.69% respektive 0.06% inom en gabbronorit-intrusiv kropp. Optisk mikroskopi och elektronsondsmikroanalys avslöjade en komplex mineralsammansättning inklusive vanliga silikater som plagioklas, pyroxen, amfibol, glimmer, olivin och andra, såväl som sulfider som pyrit, kolopirit, pyrrotit, pentlandit.  Det primära syftet med denna studie är att genomföra en djupgående undersökning av de geologiska, mineralogiska och anrikningsaspekterna av Ertelienfyndigheten. Specifikt utvärderades primära magmatiska och assimileringsprocesser involverade i bildandet av Ni-Cu-avlagringar, såväl som eventuell metallomfördelning till följd av sekundära processer. Mineralogiska studier, underlättade genom att kombinera optisk mikroskopi och elektronmikrosondanalys gav viktig information om de mekanismer som bidrar till metallanrikning i eller avlagringar. Optisk mikroskopi och elektronsondsmikroanalys avslöjade en komplex mineralsammansättning inklusive vanliga silikater som plagioklas, pyroxen, amfibol, glimmer, olivin och andra, såväl som sulfider som pyrit, kolopirit, pyrrotit, pentlandit.  Den analyserade bergsviten sträcker sig över en rad kompositioner från gabbroic till tonalit, med MgOkoncentrationer som varierar från 0.38 till 22.96 viktprocent. Sammantaget finns det en urskiljbar trend av svavelanrikning i eller nära prover som kännetecknas av lågt MgO och högt Na2O- och CaO-innehåll, vilket tyder på att sulfidmättnad sannolikt är associerad med assimileringen av S-bärande gnejser i vilka Ertelien-gabbronoriterna inträngde. Ni-koncentrationer uppvisar en ökande trend med djupet. Förhållandet nickel till kobolt (Ni/Co) visar ett urskiljbart mönster som korrelerar med sulfidkristallisation under processen för magmatisk fraktionering. Anmärkningsvärda skillnader som observerats bland grupper som kännetecknas av olika Ni/Co-halter i karbonat, pentlandit, pyrrotit och pyrit avslöjar distinkta trender i Nikoncentrationer. I samband med närvaron av sfalerit och Ag-pentlandit, som indikerar lägre temperaturursprung jämfört med magmatisk aktivitet, ger alla dessa observationer övertygande indikationer på olika potentiella källor, inklusive variationer i magmasammansättningar och påverkan av hydrotermiska processer.  Att undersöka malmbildningsförhållanden förbättrar gruvsektorns förmåga att identifiera mineraliseringsområden med hög potential, avgörande för att säkerställa en stabil tillgång på metaller som är nödvändiga för förnybara energisystem, elfordon och avancerad elektronik.

Dans le circuit de la greffe de cornée, l'endothélium de chaque greffon est observé en microscopie optique conventionnelle afin de vérifier que sa densité cellulaire est suffisante pour maintenir une bonne transparence après l'opération. Les greffons étant conservés dans un milieu spécifique, ils sont imprégnés de liquide et présentent donc des plis qui perturbent l'observation et le comptage des cellules. Ce problème pratique est à l'origine d’une étude théorique sur les concepts de profondeur de champ étendue et de shape-from-focus. A partir d'une séquence d'images acquise par sectionnement optique, les informations les plus nettes permettent d'une part d'accéder à la topographie de la surface observée et d'autre part de restaurer l'image de sa texture. Une reconstruction surfacique 3-D est alors obtenue en projetant la texture sur la topographie. Cette thèse considère essentiellement l’étape fondamentale de mesure de netteté du processus de reconstruction. Des nouvelles mesures génériques offrant une haute sensibilité à la netteté sont introduites. De par une stratégie 3-D originale au travers de la séquence d'images, une autre mesure très robuste au bruit est proposée. Toutes ces mesures sont testées sur des données simulées puis diverses acquisitions réelles en microscopie optique conventionnelle et comparées aux méthodes de la littérature. Par ailleurs, la mesure 3-D améliore nettement les reconstructions d'endothéliums cornéens à partir de leurs acquisitions particulièrement perturbées (inversions de contraste). Un processus itératif complet de reconstruction 3-D d’endothéliums cornéens est finalement décrit, aboutissant à des résultats solides et exploitables. / In the cornea transplant process, each graft endothelium is observed by conventional optical microscopy to check that its cell density is sufficient to maintain a proper transparency after the transplantation. The grafts are stored in a specific preservation medium, they are thus impregnated with fluid and therefore exhibit folds which make cell observation and counting difficult. This practical issue led to the following theoretical study about the so-called concepts: extended-depth-of-field and shape-from-focus. Throughout a sequence of images acquired by optical sectioning, the in-focus information allows on the one hand to recover the topography of the observed surface and on the other hand to restore the image of its texture. A 3-D reconstruction is then obtained by mapping the texture onto the topography. This thesis basically considers the fundamental step of the reconstruction process that is the focus measurement. New generic focus measurements exhibiting high sharpness sensitivity are introduced. Another one offering high noise robustness is proposed, due to an original 3-D strategy through the image sequence, unlike traditional methods that operate in 2-D. All of them are tested on simulated data and various real acquisitions, and compared to the state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the aforementioned 3-D focus measurement clearly improves the 3-D surface reconstructions of the corneal endotheliums from their particularly disturbed acquisitions (contrast reversals). A complete iterative process of 3-D reconstruction of the corneal endothelial surfaces is finally described, resulting in solid results that can already be transferred to cornea banks.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:43:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Otavio Ribas Lima.pdf: 8124964 bytes, checksum: d16bc8c64f9e15d57f770b1b271d6b3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aluminum alloys have been the primary material of choice for the aircraft due to their properties such as low density, high mechanical and corrosion resistance. Commercial aircraft apply aluminum alloys for the fuselage, wings and supporting structure due to the extensive knowledge in design and production of aluminum components, and most importantly, aluminum alloys continue to be developed, keeping it highly competitive. A great development happen with the heat-treatable alloys, which allow improvement of the mechanical properties. Among this alloys stand out the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu series, known for high strength, toughness and corrosion resistance. The improvement of those alloys occurs by the precipitation of nanometric particles MgZn2, called η phase. This study’s aim was to promote an interrupted heat treatment T6I4-65 in an AA7050 aluminum alloy, with fatigue crack growth resistance as priority. Interrupted heat treatments’ goal is optimizing the consumption of solute atoms during process of nucleation and growth of precipitates as a finely dispersion. The T6I4-65 condition obtained was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, optical and electronic microscopy, mechanical tests as hardness, tensile and fatigue crack growth. The T6I4-65 treatment results in a microstructure with a fine dispersion of precipitated phase η’, about 75% smaller than those resulting from in current use, T7451. This microstructure resulted in a reduction of up to 24% in fatigue crack growth rate compared to that resulting from T7451 treatment, keeping the ductility of 17% of area reduction and yield strength higher than 400MPa. / Ligas de alumínio são o principal material de uso na indústria aeronáutica devido a suas propriedades como baixa densidade, alta resistência mecânica e a corrosão. Aeronaves comerciais utilizam ligas de alumínio em sua fuselagem, asas e na estrutura de suporte devido ao extenso conhecimento no projeto e produção de componentes em alumínio, e mais importante, as ligas de alumínio continuam a serem desenvolvidas, mantendo-se altamente competitivas. Ocorreu um grande avanço com o desenvolvimento das ligas tratáveis termicamente, que permitiram a otimização das propriedades mecânicas. Entre estas ligas tratáveis, destaca se a família Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, conhecidas pela alta resistência mecânica, tenacidade e resistência a corrosão. O aperfeiçoamento destas ligas ocorre pela precipitação de partículas nanométricas de MgZn2, conhecida como fase η. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter um tratamento térmico interrompido T6I4-65 em uma liga de alumínio AA7050 com prioridade ao aumento de resistência à propagação de trinca por fadiga. Tratamentos interrompidos tem por objetivo otimizar o consumo de átomos de soluto durante os processos de nucleação e crescimento dos precipitados endurecedores na liga na forma de dispersão finamente dispersa. A condição T6I4-65 obtida foi analisada por meio de calorimetria diferencial de varredura, DSC, microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, ensaios mecânicos dureza, tração e propagação de trinca por fadiga. Este tratamento resultou em uma microestrutura com uma dispersão de finos precipitados de fase η’, cerca de 75% menores que os resultantes de tratamentos de uso corrente, T7451. Esta microestrutura promoveu a redução de até 24% na taxa de propagação de trinca por fadiga em comparação à resultante do tratamento T7451, mantendo grande ductilidade, até 17% de redução de área e limite de escoamento superior a 400MPa.

For the commercial success of polymer - multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composites the production of these materials on industrial scale by melt processing is of significant importance. The complete dispersion of primary MWNT agglomerates in a polymer melt is difficult to achieve, making it an important and challenging technological problem. Hence, it is necessary to understand the process of MWNT agglomerate dispersion in a polymer melt. Based on an intensive literature research on mechanisms and influencing factors on dispersion of other agglomerated nanostructured fillers (e.g. carbon black), the main dispersion steps were evaluated and investigated concerning the agglomerated MWNT.Consequently, systematic investigations were performed to study the effect of the melt infiltration on MWNT agglomerate dispersion and to analyse the corresponding main dispersion mechanisms, namely rupture and erosion. The states of MWNT agglomerate dispersion were assessed by quantifying the agglomerate area ratio and particle size distribution using image analysis of optical transmission micrographs. Additionally, the composite’s electrical resistivity was determined. In the prevailing study, polycarbonates (PC) varying in molecular weight were used to produce composites containing 1 wt% MWNT (Baytubes C150HP) as model systems and a discontinuous microcompounder was applied as melt mixing device. The agglomerate structure of the used MWNT material made them especially suitable for the reported investigations. The step of melt infiltration into the primary nanotube agglomerates plays a crucial role for their dispersion in the PC melt. During melt mixing when low shear rates were applied, better state of MWNT dispersion was obtained in high viscosity matrices because applied shear stresses were high. On the contrary, if high shear rates were applied, similar states of MWNT dispersion were obtained in low and high viscosity matrices although significantly lower shear stresses were applied in the low viscosity matrix as compared to the high viscosity matrix. The results indicate that if the applied shear stress values are compared, with increasing matrix viscosity the agglomerate dispersion gets worsen. This is attributed to the fact that low viscosity matrices can infiltrate relatively faster than high viscosity matrices into the agglomerate making them weaker and reducing the agglomerate strength. Thus, at sufficient shear rates MWNT agglomerates disperse relatively faster in low viscosity matrix. This illustrates a balance between the counteracting effects of viscosity on agglomerate infiltration and agglomerate dispersion. Additionally, the effect of matrix molecular weight on the size of un-dispersed MWNT agglomerates was investigated. Under similar conditions of applied shear stress, the composites based on low molecular weight matrix showed smaller sized un-dispersed primary agglomerates as compared to composites with higher molecular weight matrices. This again highlights the role of matrix infiltration as the first step of dispersion. Following the step of melt infiltration, agglomerate size gets reduced due to the dispersion mechanisms. To analyse the corresponding contributions of different dispersion mechanisms (rupture and erosion), the kinetics of MWNT agglomerate dispersion was investigated. If high mixing speeds are employed dispersion is quite fast and needs less time as compared to low mixing speed. A model is proposed to estimate the fractions of rupture and erosion mechanisms during agglomerate dispersion based on the kinetic study in the discontinuous mixer. Under the employed experimental conditions, at high mixing speeds, the dispersion was found to be governed by rupture dominant mechanism, whereas at low mixing speeds the dispersion was controlled by both mechanisms. As far as electrical resistivity is concerned, for a given content of MWNT as the state of dispersion improves, the resistivity values decrease significantly but only up to a plateau value. The composites produced using low viscosity matrices have lower resistivity values as compared to high viscosity matrices. Additionally, composites were prepared using additives, whereas the additives were found to be useful for improving filler dispersion and electrical conductivity.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-21T11:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T11:35:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os projetos de carrocerias veiculares atuais procuram desenvolver estruturas leves, seja para reduzir o consumo de combustível, no caso dos motores de combustão interna, seja para maior autonomia de bateria, no caso dos veículos elétricos e híbridos. Redução no consumo de combustível significa redução na emissão de poluentes. As estruturas precisam ser leves, mas cada vez mais resistentes e rígidas a fim de proporcionar máximo conforto e segurança aos ocupantes. Estas premissas têm levado ao contínuo desenvolvimento dos materiais. No caso dos aços, um dos processos que tem permitido a melhora significativa das propriedades mecânicas é a estampagem a quente. Nos últimos anos, as peças estampadas a quente têm ocupado lugar de destaque na estrutura das carrocerias veiculares por estarem em sintonia com as demandas mencionadas. Há muitas pesquisas em curso para esta tecnologia, seja nos materiais, nos meios de produção, nos revestimentos e em aplicações. O aço mais utilizado neste processo, 22MnB5, também apresenta o chamado efeito bake hardening; a tensão de escoamento é aumentada após tratamento térmico realizado em temperaturas próximas a 200 °C. Neste trabalho, visando à melhoria nas propriedades mecânicas, amostras foram tratadas termicamente na faixa de temperatura supracitada. Após isso, dados obtidos de ensaios mecânicos foram inseridos em programas de simulação de impacto lateral cujo resultado foi a redução na intrusão na célula de sobrevivência. O efeito bake hardening também propiciou um aumento na absorção da energia de impacto em teste estático feito com barras de proteção lateral. O mecanismo metalúrgico envolvido no fenômeno, devido à difusão de intersticiais foi evidenciado no ensaio de atrito interno. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Afin d’améliorer l’efficacité des traitements des pathologies articulaires, en tenant compte de leur complexité et de leur ampleur, des études récentes ont mis en évidence le rôle des assemblages lipidiques associés à la structure discontinue du fluide synovial dans le contrôle du fonctionnement tribologique articulaire. Ceci à conduit à la mise au point d’un modèle tribologique ex vivo (thèse AM Sfarghiu, 2006), proposant un « motif élémentaire » de la biolubrification articulaire, constitué de l’empilement d’interfaces phospholipidiques et de couches aqueuses. En utilisant ce modèle, l’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier l’évolution des interfaces phospholipidiques du fluide synovial en présence de pathologies. Pour ce faire, une méthodologie nano-bio-tribologique alliant des analyses biochimiques, physicochimiques, nano-mécaniques et tribologiques a été utilisée. Les résultats de ces analyses montrent : l’influence de la faible rugosité des surfaces frottantes caractérisant les stades précoces des pathologies et celle des propriétés des interfaces phospholipidiques (liées à la variation de leur composition) sur la résistance mécanique, l’évolution au cours du frottement et la dégradation in situ des assemblages lipidiques des fluides synoviaux pathologiques. Le comportement des assemblages lipidiques est accentué par l’action des enzymes associées aux pathologies. Par conséquent, le fonctionnement articulaire dépend de la résistance mécanique des interfaces phospholipidiques et pour obtenir des coefficients de frottement très bas, l’accommodation de vitesse doit s’effectuer au niveau des couches d’hydratation qui entourent les ions présents dans la couche aqueuse. Ces résultats permettront de comprendre à court terme l’évolution des interfaces phospholipidiques dans les pathologies articulaires et, à plus long terme le bon enchaînement cause/conséquence responsable d’une pathologie articulaire afin de développer des traitements plus efficaces, ciblés et non prothétiques. / In order to improve the effectiveness of joint diseases’ treatments, given their complexity and magnitude, recent studies have highlighted the role of lipid assemblies associated with the discontinuous structure of the synovial fluid (SF) in the tribological performance of joint operation. Thus, an ex vivo tribological model (AM Sfarghiu, PhD thesis, 2006) providing a "basic pattern" for joint biolubrification was developed. It consists of the stack of phospholipidic interfaces and aqueous layers. Using this model, the objective of this work was to study the evolution of phospholipidic interfaces of SF within pathological state. Therefore, a nano-bio-tribological methodology combining biochemical, physicochemical, nano-mechanical and tribological analysis was used. The results of these analyses show: the influence of even small rubbing surfaces’ roughness characteristics of early stage illness and that of phospholipidic interfaces’ properties (related to their composition change) on the mechanical strength, changes in friction and in situ degradation of lipidic assemblies of pathological SF. The tribological operation is highlighted by enzymes’ associated with diseases. Thus, joint operation depends on the mechanical strength of phospholipidic interfaces and to obtain very low friction coefficients, velocity accommodation must be done at the level of hydration layers surrounding ions in the aqueous solution. These results would therefore allow better understanding of the evolution of phospholipidic interfaces in joint diseases and of the proper cause/consequence sequence responsible for a joint disease in order to develop more effective, targeted and non prosthetic treatments.

Cette étude porte sur la mesure de la température à l’échelle microscopique par voie optique dans la gamme UV-visible par comptage de photons à l’aide d’un PMT refroidi. À partir des avantages et des inconvénients de chaque technique existante, la première partie permet de comprendre les orientations de nos travaux. Le Second Chapitre montre et insiste sur l’intérêt de travailler aux courtes longueurs d’onde (limite de diffraction, précision sur la mesure...), d’utiliser la méthode multi-spectrale pour s’affranchir de paramètres inconnus (e.g. l’émissivité) en choisissant judicieusement les longueurs d’onde de travail, ainsi que les lois statistiques classiques pour mesurer le flux photonique sachant son émission aléatoire. Le Chapitre Trois présente le banc de mesure (microscope optique, système de mesure du flux photonique...) et une attention toute particulière est portée sur la conception des éléments chauffants servant à l’étalonnage. Le Quatrième Chapitre présente les résultats en températures obtenues à l’aide des lois statistiques. Ils valident le bon fonctionnement du dispositif, la mise au point de la zone microscopique, et l’intérêt de bien modéliser les filtres monochromatiques. Enfin, des améliorations sur la précision de la mesure (réseau de diffraction, analyseur multi-canal) et pour mesurer des températures plus faibles (LIF, méthode corrélation temporelle) sont présentées dans le Cinquième Chapitre / The aim of this study is to measure microscale temperature by optical way in the UV-visible range by photons counting using a cooled PMT. From the existing techniques advantages and disadvantages, this first part allows to understand the choices of this study. The second part shows and underlines the interest in working in short wavelengths (diffraction limit, measurement accuracy), in using the multi-spectral method to get rid of unknown parameters (e.g. emissivity) by choosing judicious working wavelengths, as well as the statistic laws to measure the photonic flux knowing its random emission. The third chapter presents the optical bench (optical microscope, photonic flux measurement facility…). A particularly attention is given to the design of the heated elements, which allow to calibrate the facility. The fourth part exposes the temperature results obtained through statistic laws. They validate the well-running of the facility, the microscopic area focusing, and the interest to model correctly the filters. Finally, measurement accuracy improvements (diffraction grating, multi-channel analyzer) and lower temperature measurement techniques (LIF, time-correlated method) are presented in the fifth part

Hlavním předmětem této diplomové práce jsou elektromagnetické simulace pomocí metody konečných prvků (FEM) k vyšetření vlivu grafenu na hrotem zesílenou Ramanovu spektroskopii (TERS) a povrchem zesílenou infračervenou absorpční spektroskopii (SEIRA) a k prozkoumání citlivosti sondy skenovacího optického mikroskopu blízkého pole (SNOM) ke složkám elektromagnetického pole v závislosti na parametrech sondy (průměru apertury v pokovení). Nejprve je proveden výpočet TERS systému složeného ze stříbrného hrotu nacházejícího se nad zlatým substrátem s tenkou vrstvou molekul, jehož účelem je porozumění principů TERS. Poté je na molekuly přidána grafenová vrstva, aby se prozkoumal její vliv ve viditelné (TERS) a infračervené (SEIRA) oblasti spektra. Druhá část práce se zabývá výpočty energiového toku SNOM hrotem složeným z pokoveného skleněného vlákna interagujícím s blízkým polem povrchových plasmonových polaritonů. Zde uvažujeme zlatou vrstvu se čtyřmi štěrbinami uspořádanými do čtverce na skleněném substrátu sloužícími jako zdroj stojatého vlnění povrchových plasmonů s prostorově oddělenými maximy složek elektrického pole orientovanými rovnoběžně či kolmo na vzorek. Ve výpočtech hrotem zesílené spektroskopie zjišťujeme, že grafen přispívá pouze malým dílem k zesílení pole ve viditelné oblasti spektra, ovšem v infračervené oblasti má grafen vliv pro záření s energií menší než dvojnásobek Fermiho energie grafenu, pro kterou je hodnota zesílení pole větší než v případě výpočtu bez grafenu. Avšak pro velmi vysoké vlnové délky zesílení pole v přítomnosti grafenu klesá pod (konstantní) hodnotu pro případ bez grafenu. Při studiu citlivosti SNOM hrotu k jednotlivým složkám pole shledáváme, že pro hrot se zlatým pokovením je energiový tok skleněným jádrem hrotu kombinací příspěvků energie prošlé aperturou a periodické výměny energie mezi povrchovým plasmonem šířícím se po vnějším okraji pokovení a mody propagujícími se v jádře. Dále zjišťujeme, že hroty s malou aperturou (či bez apertury) jsou více citlivé na složku elektrického pole orientovanou kolmo ke vzorku (rovnoběžně s osou hrotu), zatímco hroty s velkou aperturou sbírají spíše signál ze složky rovnoběžné s povrchem vzorku. V případě hrotu s hliníkovým pokovením jsou hroty citlivější ke složce pole rovnoběžné s povrchem, což je způsobeno slabším průnikem pole skrze pokovení.

Diploma thesis is focused on the study of optoelectric properties of thin layers of organic materials based on phthalocyanines, which can be used as an active layer of photovoltaic cells. Especially are studied the properties of the thin active layers of PdPc and PdPc + IL on the glass or ceramic substrates with aluminium contact, which are prepared by material printing here. On the prepared samples were first measured current-voltage characteristics in the dark and in the light and then were measured impedance spectrums in the dark. The received results will be used to improve the properties and structures of photovoltaic cells.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Herstellung und Charakterisierung neuer sternförmiger Mesogene. Bei den aufgeführten Sternverbindungen, handelt es sich um Oligobenzoate, bestehend aus aromatischen Hydroxy- oder Aminocarbonsäuren, die durch Kupplungsreaktionen mit Dicylohexycarbodiimid, in einer konvergenten Synthesestrategie verknüpft wurden. Das besondere Augenmerk der Arbeit richtete sich auf die Charakterisierung der von den neuen Substanzen gebildeten Mesophasen, die mit Hilfe von Polarisationsmikrokopie, dynamischer Differenzialkalorimetrie und Röntgenstreuung erfolgte. Zur Aufklärung spezieller dreidimensionaler Strukturen wurden als zusätzliche Methoden die Rasterkraftmikroskopie angewandt und der Zirkulardichroismus untersucht.