The Summary Generally Binding Ordinances of the Municipalities This thesis deals with generally binding ordinances of the municipalities. Generally binding ordinances of municipalities are legal regulations containing legal rules, that are creates by municipal council. The competence of municipal councils to pass generally binding ordinances of municipalities is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Czech Republic- Article 104 Paragraph 3 of Constitution of the Czech Republic. This thesis is focused on the phases of life of generally binding ordinances of the municipalities. Thesis is divided into four chapters according to these phases of life of generally binding ordinances of the municipalities. The first chapter is called Passing of generally binding ordinances of the municipalities. This chapter describes complicated process of law creation in the form of municipal legal regulations, from preparing a proposal of a generally binding ordinance of municipality to its becoming effective. The second chapter, called Implemantation of generally binding ordinances of municipalities, deals with implementation of these municipal legal regulations and especially it is focused on sanction of infringement of generally binding ordinances. The third part of thesis, called Supervision over the issuing and content of...

Submitted by Monique Marques Nogueira Lima (monimnl@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-06T20:47:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão final dissertação - Monique Marques N. Lima.pdf: 1929858 bytes, checksum: bea8884e45deb29b97b85e34e24c7383 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T20:04:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mmm_me_fran.pdf: 1929858 bytes, checksum: bea8884e45deb29b97b85e34e24c7383 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T20:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mmm_me_fran.pdf: 1929858 bytes, checksum: bea8884e45deb29b97b85e34e24c7383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os Regimentos da Inquisição ˗ fontes legislativas destinadas à regulação do Tribunal do Santo Ofício ˗ configuraram-se como referências fundamentais para a compreensão da instituição. Nos domínios portugueses, esses textos passaram por quatro atualizações principais que acabaram por cobrir um período de mais de três séculos (1552, 1613, 1640 e 1774). Com contribuições significativas para a ordenação da sociedade, as versões de 1613 e 1640 tornaram-se as compilações mais detalhadas, resultado da crescente importância do documento e da sofisticação jurídica do Tribunal. As Ordenações do Reino de Portugal ˗ código de leis da justiça secular inspirado nos textos jurídicos romanos ˗ representaram, desde o reinado de D. Afonso V, a mais importante fonte de regras e normas que também ordenavam a sociedade lusa. Em especial, as Ordenações Filipinas, de 1603, seguindo suas antecessoras, transformaram-se no principal parâmetro organizador da justiça entre os coetâneos. Embora distintos em termos de jurisdição e alcance, como ponto em comum, os dois documentos apresentam elementos importantes ao entendimento da noção de ordem, aspecto típico do período e base da estruturação das hierarquias sociais portuguesas. Como resultado do exame realizado sobre as duas compilações de leis, o presente trabalho busca compreender as relações estabelecidas entre as justiças inquisitorial e secular em Portugal e seus domínios, com especial atenção aos mecanismos de funcionamento; à composição dos quadros dos tribunais e as qualidades exigidas; às regras de conduta estabelecidas e, principalmente, aos dispositivos manejados no esforço de manutenção da desigualdade natural que norteava a vida dos contemporâneos. A partir da análise do conjunto dessas documentações, da legislação extravagante e da narrativa de alguns casos exemplares, esse estudo pretende colaborar com a compreensão dos pontos de contato e afastamento que formavam as principais fontes de lei da Igreja e do Rei no mundo luso brasileiro dos seiscentos. / The Regiments of the Inquisition ˗ legislative sources for the regulation of the Holy Office ˗ was configured as basic references for understanding the institution. In the Portuguese dominions, these texts have undergone four major updates that cover a period of more than three centuries (1552, 1613, 1640 and 1774). With significant contributions to the ordering of society, the versions of 1613 and 1640 became the most comprehensive compilations, result of the growing importance of the document and legal sophistication of the Court. The Ordinances of the Kingdom of Portugal ˗ code of laws of secular justice inspired by the Roman legal texts ˗ represented, since the reign of King Afonso V, the most important source of rules and regulations that also ordered the Portuguese society. In particular, the Philippine Ordinances, enacted in 1603, following their predecessors, have become the main organizer parameter of justice among the coeval. Although different in terms of jurisdiction and scope, as a point in common, the two documents had important elements to the understanding of the notion of order, typical aspect of the period and base of the structure of the portuguese social hierarchies. As a result of the examination on the two compilations of laws, this study seeks to understand the relations between the inquisitorial and secular justice in Portugal and its fields, with particular attention to the operational mechanisms; the composition of the courts and the required qualities of their members; the established rules of conduct and especially the managed devices of the natural inequality maintenance effort that guided the lives of contemporaries. From the analysis of all these documentations, from the extravagant law and from the narrative of some exemplary cases, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the points of contact and distance that formed the main sources of law of the Church and of the King in brazilian portuguese world in six hundred.

This thesis focuses on chapter 3 articles 8 and 12 of the Ordinance Act, whichdeal with local ordinances issued by the municipalities. It was Vellinge municipality's local ordinances on the prohibition of begging that triggered an extensivedebate about preconditions for local ordinances and the relationship between themunicipal self-government and the normative power. In addition, it raises thequestions of whether local regulations on the prohibition of begging restrict freedom of expression and whether they are discriminatory. Vellinge's local ordinances were submitted to the Supreme Administrative Court (HFD) to decidethe case as the highest instance.HFD states in the case 2018 ref. 75 that local ordinances issued by the municipalities take into account the principle of municipal self-government. This statement has been criticized on the ground that local ordinances should not be considered as a municipal activity. The principle of municipal self-government therefore should not be actualized in local ordinances. But HFDs statement is compatible with the bill to the law, which states that with regard to municipal selfgovernment, the authority to issue local ordinances are given to the municipalitiesand not to the county administrative board. However the county administrativeboard should be able to review all the prerequisites for adopting local regulations.Furthermore, HFD has not dealt with this issue whether local ordinances onthe prohibition of begging conflict with regulations of a higher value or apply toissues that must be regulated by law. HFD has thus not dealt with whether theban on begging restricts freedom of expression and whether it is discriminatory. Begging can be considered as an expression in the Form of Government (RF)and is protected by freedom of expression. The ban on begging therefore violatesfreedom of speech and it must, however, be regulated by law and not by localregulations.Furthermore, given that the ECHR is considered a law in Sweden and theEuropean Court of Human Rights refers to the US judicial precedent on freedomof expression, the American law on freedom of speech and begging has also beenstudied in this thesis in the comparative method.According to the widespread case law in the United States, begging is protected by freedom of expression and regulations prohibiting begging violate beggar’s freedom of expression. There is also no legitimate ground to ban beggingon the streets. The ban on begging can also be considered discriminatory, as it is the peoplefrom Romania and Bulgaria who make up the majority of the beggars in Swedenand it is them who are disadvantaged by these rules.

The thesis focuses on the image of Czechs in German caricatures. The image of Czechs is researched on caricatures through historical timeline consisting of milestones of Czech- German relationship. The first chapter focuses on Czech-German tension from times of Badeni's language ordinances to Ann's patents. Furthermore, the image of Czechs is investigated in period of Great War. The focus is primarily on the rise of independent Czechoslovakia because main hypothesis states that the image of Czechs was intensified after this event. The next researched time period is year 1933 as Nazi party took over. The last researched period is time period 1937-1939. The focus is on death of T. G. Masaryk. The thesis is complemented by Austrian caricatures which aim to extend the image of Czechs by Austrian view. The Austrian image of Czechs is then compared to German one. Analysis is made through image analysis of German and Austrian caricatures. The research is done on 35 historical caricatures and is supported by secondary literature. The caricatures were picked from major satirical-humoristic magazines such as Simplicissimus, Kladderadatsch, Fliegende Blätter, Kikeriki and Figaro.

Text in German / Die wirtschaftspolitische Konzeption der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird seit 1948 als „Soziale Marktwirtschaft“ bezeichnet. Es beruht auf den Prinzipien des Leistungswettbewerbs, geregelt durch staatliche Ordnungen und ergänzt durch einen sozialen Ausgleich. Die „Soziale Marktwirtschaft“ geht dabei einen Mittelweg zwischen einer liberalen laissezfaire Wirtschaftsordnung und einer staatlichen Planwirtschaft. Vorliegende Arbeit untersucht zum ersten Mal im Detail ein Vorläuferdokument der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, die „Freiburger Denkschrift“ aus dem Jahr 1943. In dieser Nachkriegsordnung, eine Auftragsarbeit der „Bekennenden Kirche“, finden sich alle Grundprinzipien der später eingeführten Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, eingebettet in ein umfangreiches christliches Reformprogramm für den Wiederaufbau Deutschlands. Die Arbeit analysiert den Hintergrund der Verfasser und die Inhalte der Denkschrift. Konkret wird gezeigt, welche Überzeugungen der christlichen Ethik sich in den wirtschaftspolitischen Forderungen der Denkschrift niedergeschlagen haben. Außerdem wird die Denkschrift in den biographischen Kontext der Verfasser und die zeitgeschichtlichen theologischen Zusammenhänge eingeordnet, denn viele Thesen des Dokuments reflektieren Diskussionsprozesse der damaligen Zeit. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass in die Freiburger Denkschrift sowohl protestantische wie auch römisch-katholische Elemente Eingang gefunden haben. / Since 1948 the economic system of the Federal Republic of Germany is called “Social Market Economy”. It is based on the principles of competitive markets, ensured by governmental competition policy and supplemented by social insurance and public assistance. The “Social Market Economy” takes a middle road between a liberal laissez-faire economy and a a centrally planned economy. The current study examines for the first time in detail the document that preceded the “Social Market Economy,” the 1943 “Freiburg Memorandum”. In this work, commissioned by the Confessing Church of the Third Reich as a post-war system, all fundamental principles of the later “Social Market Economy” can be found embedded in a comprehensive Christian reform program for the reconstruction of Germany. This dissertation analyzes the background of the authors and the contents of the memorandum. We will show specifically which convictions of Christian ethics were incorporated into the economic-political requests of the document. In addition the memorandum will be connected to the biographical context of the authors and the theological context of their time, as many theses put forward in the document reflect discussions that were in progress at that time. Also, it can be shown that Protestant as well as Roman-Catholic elements found entrance into the “Freiburg Memorandum”. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Theological Ethics)

This thesis is a study of royal acts printed in French before 1601. The kingdom of France is a natural place to begin a study of royal acts. It possessed one of the oldest judicial systems in Europe, which had been established during the reign of St Louis (1226-1270). By the sixteenth century, French kings were able to issue royal acts without any concern as to the distribution of their decrees. In addition, France was one of the leading printing centres in Europe. This research provides the first detailed analysis of this neglected category of texts, and examines the acts’ significance in French legal, political and printing culture. The analysis of royal acts reveals three key historical practices regarding the role of printing in judiciary matters and public affairs. The first is how the French crown communicated to the public. Chapters one and two discuss the royal process of dissemination of edicts and the language of royal acts. The second is how printers and publishers manoeuvred between the large number of royal promulgations and public demand. An overview of the printing industry of royal acts is provided in chapter three and the printers of these official documents are covered in chapter four. The study of royal acts also indicates which edicts were published frequently. The last two chapters examine the content of royal decrees and discuss the most reprinted acts. Chapter five explores the period before 1561 and the final chapter discusses the last forty years of the century. An appendix of all royal acts printed before 1601, which is the basis of my research for this study, is included. It is the first comprehensive catalogue of its kind and contains nearly six thousand entries of surviving royal acts printed before 1601.

Text in German / Die wirtschaftspolitische Konzeption der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird seit 1948 als „Soziale Marktwirtschaft“ bezeichnet. Es beruht auf den Prinzipien des Leistungswettbewerbs, geregelt durch staatliche Ordnungen und ergänzt durch einen sozialen Ausgleich. Die „Soziale Marktwirtschaft“ geht dabei einen Mittelweg zwischen einer liberalen laissezfaire Wirtschaftsordnung und einer staatlichen Planwirtschaft. Vorliegende Arbeit untersucht zum ersten Mal im Detail ein Vorläuferdokument der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, die „Freiburger Denkschrift“ aus dem Jahr 1943. In dieser Nachkriegsordnung, eine Auftragsarbeit der „Bekennenden Kirche“, finden sich alle Grundprinzipien der später eingeführten Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, eingebettet in ein umfangreiches christliches Reformprogramm für den Wiederaufbau Deutschlands. Die Arbeit analysiert den Hintergrund der Verfasser und die Inhalte der Denkschrift. Konkret wird gezeigt, welche Überzeugungen der christlichen Ethik sich in den wirtschaftspolitischen Forderungen der Denkschrift niedergeschlagen haben. Außerdem wird die Denkschrift in den biographischen Kontext der Verfasser und die zeitgeschichtlichen theologischen Zusammenhänge eingeordnet, denn viele Thesen des Dokuments reflektieren Diskussionsprozesse der damaligen Zeit. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass in die Freiburger Denkschrift sowohl protestantische wie auch römisch-katholische Elemente Eingang gefunden haben. / Since 1948 the economic system of the Federal Republic of Germany is called “Social Market Economy”. It is based on the principles of competitive markets, ensured by governmental competition policy and supplemented by social insurance and public assistance. The “Social Market Economy” takes a middle road between a liberal laissez-faire economy and a a centrally planned economy. The current study examines for the first time in detail the document that preceded the “Social Market Economy,” the 1943 “Freiburg Memorandum”. In this work, commissioned by the Confessing Church of the Third Reich as a post-war system, all fundamental principles of the later “Social Market Economy” can be found embedded in a comprehensive Christian reform program for the reconstruction of Germany. This dissertation analyzes the background of the authors and the contents of the memorandum. We will show specifically which convictions of Christian ethics were incorporated into the economic-political requests of the document. In addition the memorandum will be connected to the biographical context of the authors and the theological context of their time, as many theses put forward in the document reflect discussions that were in progress at that time. Also, it can be shown that Protestant as well as Roman-Catholic elements found entrance into the “Freiburg Memorandum”. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Theological Ethics)

A dog owner does not only have rights, but also (and mainly) a lot of obligations. One of the aims of this work was to look at different areas concerning the ownership (holding) of a dog in relation to the actual public law regulations. Particular chapters reflect possible life situations, which have (especially from a point of view of public law) an effect on coexistence with a dog and (often negative) the impact (penalties) for a dog holder. Thematic areas are addressed, for example, purchasing a dog, his vaccination and other health and life conditions, the possibility of shortening a tail or ears, the admissible conditions and methods that permit the killing of a dog or the conditions and ways to bury a dog. Further mention is made of the possibilities of travelling with a dog (and also abroad), also described are the law regulations of dog fees and the generally binding ordinances of municipalities. Deeper consideration was essential in respect of the areas concerning misdemeanours and criminal offences, which can be commited both on a dog and by a dog (incl. veterinarian demands or animal cruelty). There are follow-up chapters concerning liability for damage and compensation for damage. A part of the work is dedicated to breed specific legislation concerning breeding some (so called "fighting" or...

This thesis answers the question of how a vision recorded in Joseph Smith's journal found its home in the Doctrine and Covenants and become recognized as canonized scripture. The April 3, 1836, journal entry became known as Section 110. Section 110 serves as a foundation for the current practices and doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, involving temple building and temple ordinances. Thus it is important to understand the history of this Section from journal entry to canonization because it is an example of recovering revelation. This thesis also explores contributing factors that could have led to the rediscovery of the 1836 vision. While Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were in the Kirtland Temple with veils drawn around them at the Melchizedek Priesthood pulpits on April 3, 1836, they both saw Jesus Christ, Moses, Elias, and Elijah. Jesus Christ accepted the newly built temple and Moses, Elias, and Elijah committed keys to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery. The vision was recorded, but as of yet, there is no evidence that the vision was publicly taught by Joseph Smith nor by Oliver Cowdery. This thesis follows the pattern established by Section 110 and the reclamation of the revelation and looks at how this section paved the way for other revelations and visions to move from handwritten pages to doctrinal levels of canonization, such as Sections 137 and 138. Joseph Smith had the vision recorded in his journal by Warren Cowdery, who served as a scribe to him. Joseph Smith also had the journal entry written in the Manuscript History of the Church. Although Joseph Smith did not publically declare that the 1836 vision had occurred to him and Oliver Cowdery, he still taught about the visitors in the vision and of their importance. After Joseph Smith's death, the leaders of the Church had his history printed in Church owned newspapers. The first time the vision was published in print was on November 6, 1852, in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Deseret News. Outside influences of the late 1850s through the 1860s put pressure on the Church. Some of these potentially destructive influences were the Utah War, Civil War, transcontinental railroad, Spiritualism movement, and the lack of understanding of the foundational doctrines of the Church by the rising generation that had been a part of the Church from its beginnings with Joseph Smith as its Prophet. This thesis explores these potentially destructive forces on the Church and its doctrine, and looks at how the leadership of the Church responded to them and how their response influenced the canonization of the 1836 vision. Under the direction of Brigham Young, Orson Pratt oversaw the publication of the new 1876 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants. This new edition contained twenty-six new sections, including Section 110. After the death of Brigham Young in 1877, John Taylor sat at the head of the Church as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. While Orson Pratt was in England, preparing to print a new edition of the Book of Mormon on electrotype plates, he asked John Taylor about printing the Doctrine and Covenants with the electrotype plates as well. John Taylor agreed on condition that Orson Pratt add cross references and explanatory notes, as he had done with the Book of Mormon. Using the 1876 edition, Orson Pratt made the requested additions and the new edition of the Doctrine and Covenants was printed in 1880 and canonized on October 10, 1880, in a General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where all present voted unanimously to accept the 1880 edition as canonized scripture.

In the construction sector today, there is a lot of discussion about material reuse tominimize the negative environmental impact. By reuse of precast concreteelements, significant amounts of CO2 emissions can be prevented. In order toreuse a concrete element for structural purposes in a building, the element need tobe assessed to ensure it can withstand the required loads. This report is based on a comparison of different building codes, it describes andcompares three selected building codes and their associated concrete standardsfrom different eras. The purpose of the report is to compare the results obtainedwhen designing predetermined concrete elements and components. The findingswill indicate whether it is possible to reuse concrete elements that were designedaccording to previous standards. The calculations will demonstrate bothsimilarities and, more importantly, differences in the design approaches of thebuilding codes and how they have evolved. An investigation concludes that by employing a chain of checks, it is possible todetermine if an existing component is reusable considering its load capacity. The differences in reinforcement content vary within approximately 0-25% infavor of the previous code, i.e. the older code requires more reinforcement.