This is a dissertation about the Halle method, or the visual pedagogies of the Pietist Orphanage as they were developed in the German university town of Halle from 1695 until 1730. A “Pietist” was someone who was affiliated with an evangelical reform movement first initiated by Philipp Jakob Spener in the 1670s. A long and deeply entrenched historiographical tradition has portrayed the Halle proponents of this movement—especially their leader August Hermann Francke—as zealous, yet practical, Lutheran reformers who were forced to directly confront the ideals of early Enlightenment in conjunction with the state-building mandate of Brandenburg-Prussia. This has led to a persistent tendency to see Halle Pietists as “others” who cultivated their collective identity in opposition to so-called Enlightenment intellectuals, like Christian Wolff, at the same time as they exerted a marked influence on these same persons. As a result of this dichotomous portrayal over the years, the impact of the Halle method on educational reform, and on the meanings eighteenth-century Europeans attached to philanthropy more generally, has been misunderstood. I argue that the Pietist Orphanage holds the key to remedying several problems that have impeded our ability to understand the significance of Pietist pedagogy and philanthropy. This was a site specifically designed to introduce children to the conciliatory knowledge-making strategies of the first Berlin Academy of Science members and their associates. These strategies championed the status of the heart as an assimilatory juncture point and were refined in the schools of the Pietist Orphanage, which itself functioned as a visual showplace that viewers could observe in order to edify and improve themselves. It was the material expression of Halle Pietists’ commitment to a “third way” and marked their attempt to assimilate experience and cognition, theology and philosophy, absolutism and voluntarism. The dissertation examines several personalities who had a direct bearing on this conciliatory project: namely E. W. von Tschirnhaus, Johann Christoph Sturm, Leonhard Christoph Sturm, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. It also examines how the method was applied in the Halle Orphanage schools and extended elsewhere.

This paper discusses the education women in the catholic institutions São Cristóvão Orphanage and Imaculada Conceição School. The São Cristóvão Orphanage was founded in 1911 and aimed to accommodate abandoned girls, in 1922 due to the necessity to start a school, the institution received the Irmãs Missionárias da Imaculada Conceição da Mãe de Deus that come with the intention to manage both institutions. Its main objective was to investigate the educational practices developed in these institutions during the period 1922 to 1969, represented by two moments of great significance: the arrival of religious missionaries and change in the name of the institution that moved from São Cristóvão Orphanage to Lar da Imaculada Conceição . The paper investigate the school culture in the teaching women catholic over 47 years, based on documents produced by the institution itself, in the Instituto Histórico Geográfico de Sergipe de Sergipe (IHGS), in Arquivo Público de Sergipe (APES), Arquivo das Províncias Religiosas de Santa Cruz das Irmãs Missionárias da Imaculada Conceição da Mãe de Deus and Santo Antônio do Brasil dos Frades menores Franciscanos and in the memories of ex-boarders, ex-teachers and religious. / O presente trabalho discute a educação feminina nas instituições católicas Orfanato de São Cristóvão e Escola da Imaculada Conceição. O Orfanato de São Cristóvão foi fundado em 1911 e tinha como objetivo o acolhimento de meninas desvalidas, em 1922 devido à necessidade de criação de uma escola, a instituição recebeu as Irmãs da Imaculada Conceição da Mãe de Deus que chegavam com o objetivo de dirigir ambas as instituições. Tem como objetivo principal investigar as práticas educativas desenvolvidas nestas instituições, no período de 1922 a 1969, por representar dois momentos de relevante importância: a chegada das religiosas missionárias e a mudança da nomenclatura da instituição que passou de Orfanato de São Cristóvão para Lar da Imaculada Conceição. O trabalho investiga a cultura escolar católica feminina no decorrer de 47 anos, com base nos documentos produzidos pela própria instituição, no Instituto Histórico Geográfico de Sergipe (IHGS), Setor de Documentação Sergipana da Biblioteca da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (BICEN), no Arquivo Público de Sergipe (APES), Arquivos das Províncias Religiosas de Santa Cruz das Irmãs Missionárias da Imaculada Conceição da Mãe de Deus e Santo Antônio do Brasil dos Frades Menores Franciscanos e nas memórias de ex-interna, ex-professoras e religiosas.

Orientador: Heloisa Helena Pimenta Rocha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T03:44:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scremin_JoaoValerio_M.pdf: 7366451 bytes, checksum: 9f14e46eeab21ff4e124f7561e269218 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa analisou a proposta de assistência e educação da criança desvalida num asilo de recolhimento católico da cidade de Piracicaba, interior de São Paulo, em fins do século XIX e início do século XX. Existente até os dias atuais com o nome de Lar Escola do Coração de Maria, o Asilo de Nossa Mãe foi fundado em 1896 como uma instituição voltada para o recolhimento de meninas órfãs e desvalidas, tendo como objetivo assistir, educar, civilizar, moralizar e higienizar essas meninas, transformando-as, segundo seu regimento, em mães de famílias pobres. O trabalho procurou contribuir para a compreensão do processo de assistência à criança pobre, analisando, para tanto, as representações do lugar das crianças pobres na sociedade do período, as ações empreendidas, bem como o significado deste recolhimento em relação com as propostas de assistência presentes nos documentos do asilo. Examinando o processo de criação e atuação do Asilo de Nossa Mãe, esta dissertação se propõe a observar as ações dos sujeitos envolvidos no desenvolvimento das propostas assistenciais no município, bem como a produção de discursos acerca da assistência à criança pobre e os debates sobre a temática, no período. Assim, a pesquisa buscou analisar como se davam as relações entre as propostas de assistência e educação católica e aquelas de cunho liberal e laico, defendidas pelos republicanos, em paralelo com as iniciativas voltadas para a implantação da chamada escola moderna. Visando analisar as práticas de assistência e educação instituídas pelas Irmãs Franciscanas do Coração de Maria com vistas à formação das meninas, o trabalho tomou como fontes o primeiro regimento interno do asilo e seu estatuto, os periódicos da cidade, além de outros documentos da instituição e da cidade. / Abstract: This research analyzed the proposal of assistance and education of rejected children in an catholic orphanage in the city of Piracicaba, interior of São Paulo, in the end of the XIX century and beginning of the XX century. In existence to this day, with the name of the Lar Escola Coração de Maria, the Asilo de Nossa Mãe was founded in 1896 as an institution directed toward the gathering of orphaned and rejected children, with the objective of assisting, educating, civilizing, and teaching of values to these girls, transforming them, according to its regiment, into mothers of poor families. The research attempted to contribute to the understanding of the process of assistance of the rejected child, analyzing, for that reason, the representation of the poor child's place in society during that period o f time, the measures taken, as well as, the significance of this orphanage in relation to the proposals of assistence present in the documents at the orphanage. In examining the process of creation and the performance of the Asilo de Nossa Mãe, this dissertation has the objective to observe the act ions of all parties involved in the development of these proposals of assistance in the city, as well as the product ion of speeches concerning the assistance of poor children as well as debates about the theme. Thus, the research tried to analyze the relationship between these proposals of assistance and catholic education and those of liberal and nonreligious practices, defended by the republicans, paralleled with the initiatives of establishing what is called the "modern" school. Aiming to analyze the practices of assistance and education instituted by the Franciscan Sisters of the Heart of Mar y wit h the vision of shaping young girls, the work took as sources the first internal regulation of the orphanage and its statute and the local papers, aside from other documents from the institution and the city. / Mestrado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Mestre em Educação

This is a dissertation about the Halle method, or the visual pedagogies of the Pietist Orphanage as they were developed in the German university town of Halle from 1695 until 1730. A “Pietist” was someone who was affiliated with an evangelical reform movement first initiated by Philipp Jakob Spener in the 1670s. A long and deeply entrenched historiographical tradition has portrayed the Halle proponents of this movement—especially their leader August Hermann Francke—as zealous, yet practical, Lutheran reformers who were forced to directly confront the ideals of early Enlightenment in conjunction with the state-building mandate of Brandenburg-Prussia. This has led to a persistent tendency to see Halle Pietists as “others” who cultivated their collective identity in opposition to so-called Enlightenment intellectuals, like Christian Wolff, at the same time as they exerted a marked influence on these same persons. As a result of this dichotomous portrayal over the years, the impact of the Halle method on educational reform, and on the meanings eighteenth-century Europeans attached to philanthropy more generally, has been misunderstood. I argue that the Pietist Orphanage holds the key to remedying several problems that have impeded our ability to understand the significance of Pietist pedagogy and philanthropy. This was a site specifically designed to introduce children to the conciliatory knowledge-making strategies of the first Berlin Academy of Science members and their associates. These strategies championed the status of the heart as an assimilatory juncture point and were refined in the schools of the Pietist Orphanage, which itself functioned as a visual showplace that viewers could observe in order to edify and improve themselves. It was the material expression of Halle Pietists’ commitment to a “third way” and marked their attempt to assimilate experience and cognition, theology and philosophy, absolutism and voluntarism. The dissertation examines several personalities who had a direct bearing on this conciliatory project: namely E. W. von Tschirnhaus, Johann Christoph Sturm, Leonhard Christoph Sturm, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. It also examines how the method was applied in the Halle Orphanage schools and extended elsewhere. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The topic of my Diploma thesis is the integration of children from Orphanages to Elementary school. The theoretical part of this work is focused on the description of the Orphanage as an institution and the life in this institution from many aspects. As I think the most important part of the theoretical work are information which refer to the integration of children from the Orphanages to the classes of primary school and work of these kids within a primary school. The practical part is taken in a qualitative way as an analysis of inteviews with individual pupils from the Orphanages who attend the first and the second grade of the primary school which are aimed to the integration of these people to the collective in the primary school and on their subjective opinions. The work is finished with the syntesis of theorecital and practical work and the interpretation of results which have been found in the research. In the end there is also presented an overlap of topics which related to the disscused problematic.

In 2017, Australia officially recognized orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery, creating a precedent in legislation regarding children rights. This process intended to inspire global norms has been the result of a collaboration with NGOs, advocating against harmful practices in Cambodia. While research has been previously conducted on the impact of Western tourists and lack of thinking upon humanitarian intervention in Cambodia, there has been no study so far on the consequently Australian legislative process. This research intends to analyze the Australian attempt in becoming a norm entrepreneur, through the analysis of the writing of the 2017 Parliament report ''Hidden in Plain Sight''. The content analysis of the report will be put into perspective with previous global agreements on children rights and the Australian Code of Conduct for NGOs, using the framework of moral norms. The argument defended in the research is that NGO action in Cambodia has been monitored by the Australian government for decades, while leaving them relatively free in their action. But 2017 marked a historic turn in regulations, as Australia placed itself as regional policy leader by incorporating orphanage trafficking within the definition of modern slavery, under the pressure of NGO advocacy.

La presente tesis consiste en el desarrollo de un Centro de Asistencia Residencial (CAR) para menores de edad en el distrito de Bellavista, en la provincia constitucional del Callao en Perú. Tiene como objetivo diseñar una infraestructura pensada en las funciones que desempeñan un menor de edad en estado de abandono hasta que sea adoptado o alcance la mayoría de edad y que gracias a la arquitectura puedan sentirse en una comunidad y en familia, realizando actividades cotidianas como lo haría en el exterior. Los criterios de diseño nacen de la idea de generar una ciudad pequeña tanto en forma como en función, marcando la escala humana en el interior y zonificando el programa de acuerdo a las edades, bajo espacios destinados a viviendas, actividades recreativas, áreas verdes o dependencias comunitarias, con el objetivo de establecer relaciones sociales y las necesidades individuales de los menores. / The present thesis consists of the development of a Residential Care Center (CAR) for minors in the district of Bellavista, in the constitutional province of Callao in Peru. Its objective is design an infrastructure based on the functions performed by a minor in the state of abandonment until it is adopted or reaches the adult age and that thanks to the architecture they could feel in a community and in family, realizing daily activities since it would do in the exterior. The design criteria are born from the idea of ​​generating a small city both in form and function, marking the human scale in the interior and zoning the program according to age, under spaces destined to housing, recreational activities, green areas or dependencies Individual relationships and the individual needs of minors. / Tesis

Ma recherche vise à la vie psychique et sociale des enfants dans les orphelinats chinois. Ces enfants sont souvent abandonnés à cause de leur handicap. Ils sont placés aussi du fait de la défaillance de leurs parents consécutive à un décès, un paupérisme, un emprisonnement, ou des difficultés qu'ils subissent les conduisant à l'abandon de l'enfant. Je m'interroge sur la façon dont les enfants dans les orphelinats chinois vont s'organiser psychiquement et socialement pour faire face à ce double traumatisme : celui de l'abandon, celui du placement. Pour vérifier les effets de la carence affective croisée avec l'abandon et l'institutionnalisation, une recherche exploratoire qui consiste en l'observation sur le terrain et les entretiens avec 3 nurses est réalisée au sein de deux orphelinats chinois. Et puis, le recueil des données s'est déroulé auprès de 16 enfants de 7 à 12 ans avec ces outils méthodologiques: l'entretien auprès des enfants, le dessin et le test des contes. L'analyse des données recueillies est basée sur trois vecteurs qui fondent l'organisation de la vie psychique d'un individu : la représentation de soi, la représentation de son lien à l'autre, les mécanismes de défense et d'adaptation mis en oeuvre. La présentation des résultats est scindée en deux parties : étude globale des données (étude globale des entretiens ; étude globale de dessins ; étude globale du test des contes) et études de cas (7 cas parmi les échantillons sont choisis pour des études approfondies). Les résultats montrent que les enfants présentent des défaillances dans lareprésentation de soi qui se décèlent par les atteintes dans l'estime de soi et par des sentiments négatifs, des défaillances dans la relation à l'autre de l'ordre de la pathologie du lien, et que pour faire face à leur situation, certains enfants peuvent entrer dans un processus de résilience qui s'observe par les mécanismes de défense qu'ils utilisent ou par la référence à un tuteur de résilience. / My research aims to psychic and social life of children in Chinese orphanages. These children are often abandoned because of their disability. They are placed as a result of the failure of their parents following a death, pauperism, imprisonment, or the difficulties they face leading to the abandonment of the child. I wonder how these children in Chineseorphanages will organize themselves socially and psychologically to deal with the double trauma: abandonment and placement. To test the effects of emotional deprivation crossed with the abandonment and institutionalization, an exploratory research, which consists of field observation and interviews with three nurses is carried out in two Chinese orphanages. And then, the data collection was conducted with 16 children from 7 to 12 years with the methodological tools: the interview with children, drawing and testing stories. The analysis of data collected is based on three vectors that underlie the organization of the psychic life of an individual : self-representation, representation of his relationship with others, defense mechanisms implemented. The presentation of results is divided into two parts: comprehensive study of data (comprehensive study of the interviews, comprehensive study of the drawings, comprehensive study of the test stories) and case studies (7 cases among the samples are selected for in-depth studies). The results show that these children have deficiencies in self-representation which are detected by the self-esteem damaged and negative feelings, deficiencies in their relationship with others of the order of pathology of the link, and to deal with their situation, some children may enter into a process of resilience which is observed by the defense mechanisms they use or by reference to a guardian of resilience.

Partant de la prémisse que 80% des enfants institutionnalisés ne sont pas orphelins (Tolfree 1995, 4), ce mémoire porte sur la production et la circulation des « faux orphelins ». Suivant un terrain ethnographique de quatre mois auprès de jeunes institutionnalisés et de responsables d’orphelinat au Cap-Haïtien, en Haïti, je soutiens que les responsables d’institution agissent de façon substitutive puisqu’ils s’acquittent des fonctions parentales même si la famille biologique existe et qu’elle est connue des institutions. En s’attribuant un pouvoir ascendant sur les familles biologiques, les responsables d’institution destituent les parents de leurs responsabilités et relèguent ces derniers à un statut fantomatique. Dans un contexte de survie, les jeunes apprennent à cumuler et à performer différents statuts, un processus transformatif qui se réalise dans la négociation de leur agentivité et dans l’exploration de la liminalité de leurs multiples statuts. Cette stratégie permet aux « faux orphelins » d’accéder à des services et ressources pour devenir des commodités et poursuivre leur fonction économique envers leur famille biologique. À partir d’une analyse systémique axée sur les concepts d’intersubjectivité, de commodification, de performance, d’agentivité et de présence absente, je démontre que la production des « faux orphelins » est une stratégie à laquelle de multiples acteurs contribuent, notamment les responsables d’institution, les jeunes ainsi que leur famille. Le cadre théorique de la circulation des jeunes est productif pour identifier toutes deux l’institutionnalisation des jeunes et l’adoption internationale comme stratégies de mobilité qui n’agissent pas à titre de finalités absolues mais plutôt de parcours dans l’espace et dans le temps. / Based on the fact that 80% of institutionalized children are not orphans (Tolfree 1995, 4), this study focuses on the production and circulation of “fake orphans”. After 4-months of ethnographic fieldwork with institutionalized youths and orphanages directors in Cap-Haitien, Haiti, I argue that, through their actions, agency heads essentially serve as substitutes for conventional parental functions, despite their knowledge of the existence of the children’s biological families. When ascribing themselves an ascending power over biological families, agency heads are dismissing parents of their own responsibilities and therefore demoting them to a ghost-like status. Driven by a survival mode, institutionalized youths learn to accrue and perform different statuses, a transformative process produced by the negotiation of their agency and the exploration of the liminality of their multiple status. This strategy allows “fake orphans” to access services and resources, which transform them into commodities and allow them to fulfill an economic function for their biological family. Based on a systemic analysis focused on concepts intersubjectivity, commodification, performance, agency, and absent presence, I demonstrate that the production of “fake orphans” is a strategy in which multiple actors are taking part, among them agency heads, youths, and their family. The theoretical framework of circulation of children is productive for identifying both youth institutionalization and international adoption as mobility strategies which are not to be conceptualized as oriented toward a final destination, but rather as a journey in space and time. / Baze sou lefèt ke 80 % nan timoun ki nan enstitisyon yo pa òfelen (Tolfree 1995, 4), etid sa a konsantre sou pwodiksyon ak sikilasyon « fo òfelen ». Apre 4 mwa travay etnikografik sou teren ak jèn k ap vin nan enstitisyon epi ak direktè òfelina nan Okap, Ayiti, mwen analize ke, atravè aksyon yo, dirijan ajans yo esansyèlman sèvi ranplasman pou fonksyon konvansyonèl paran yo, malgre ke yo konnen egzistans fanmi byolojik timoun yo. Lè yo bay tèt yo pouvwa anwo fanmi byolojik yo, dirijan ajans yo retire pwòp responsabilite yo nan men paran yo epi konsa vin fè yo jwe yon wòl preske tankou fantom. Nan chèche lavi, jèn k ap viv nan enstitisyon yo pral aprann jere plizyè estati diferan, yon pwosesis transfòmasyon ki sòti nan efò yo fè pou yo mèt tèt yo epi konprann flou ki genyen lè w ap viv ak plizyè estati diferan an menm tan. Estrateji sa a pèmèt « fo òfelen » jwenn sèvis ak resous, ki fè yo vin yon pwodwi yo menm ki ranpli yon fonksyon ekonomik pou fanmi byolojik yo. Baze sou yon analiz sistemik ki konsantre sou konsèp kosibjektivite, komèsifikasyon, pèfòmans, ajantivite, ak prezans absan, mwen demontre ke pwodiksyon « fo òfelen » se yon estrateji ke plizyè aktè patisipe ladan, pami yo dirijan ajans, jèn yo, ak fanmi yo. Fondasyon teyorik sikilasyon timoun itil pou idantifye alafwa fenomèn mete jèn nan enstitisyon ak fenomèn adopsyon entènasyonal kòm estrateji mobilite ki pa dwe konsèptualize tankou de jès ki gen yon destinasyon final, men plis tankou de vwayaj nan espas ak tan.

The aim of this study is to get a deeper understanding, from a Swedish context, of how you can do social work with vulnerable and orphaned children in a developing country such as Uganda. We have investigated this through the example WEBALE, an NGO working in a context where among other things HIV/AIDS, poverty and a defective social safety net have led to social problems affecting children. Further, we have also aimed at acquiring a deeper understanding of what it is that motivates the volunteers and the director to work with vulnerable children at WEBALE. In order to fulfil this aim, the research has the following two key questions: What is the motivation for the teacher volunteers and the manager to work with vulnerable children at WEBALE? How do the teacher volunteers perceive the social work with the children in everyday life at WEBALE and what experiences do they have from this? The study is a field study with a phenomenological and ethnological approach. We were present at and took part in the everyday life of the informants at the school and orphanage in Uganda for eight weeks. The investigation uses a qualitative method where four interviews and participant observations were carried out. The results are analyzed in connection with theories on social work defining preventions and interventions, where theories on risk- and protection factors and the salutogenetic theory on SOC have been used. The analysis is also connected to theories on social work with children from a developmental-ecological and attachment-theoretical perspective. The results show what it is that motivates the volunteers and manager to work as volunteers in this specific contest through personal accounts of their background. Our observation is that the motivation of the volunteers and the manager to work with orphaned and vulnerable children is closely connected to their own background and childhood. The biggest reason for this kind of a life choice seems to be a sense of coherence and the largest motivating factor is that the work they do feels meaningful. The results further highlight the social work that is carried out and how the volunteers perceive their work at WEBALE. The study shows that the volunteers (who mainly consist of teachers) carry out what can be called social work, according to the definitions of interventions and preventions within various fields, such as health, education, emotional and behavioural development, ability to take care of oneself, social behaviour, family and social relations, and identity.