• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 29
  • 6
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 39
  • 30
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 4
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Techniques tensorielles pour le traitement du signal : algorithmes pour la décomposition polyadique canonique / Tensor techniques for signal processing : algorithms for Canonical Polyadic decomposition

Silva, Alex Pereira da 29 June 2016 (has links)
L’approximation tensorielle de rang faible joue ces dernières années un rôle importantdans plusieurs applications, telles que la séparation aveugle de source, les télécommunications, letraitement d’antennes, les neurosciences, la chimiométrie, et l’exploration de données. La décompositiontensorielle Canonique Polyadique est très attractive comparativement à des outils matriciels classiques,notamment pour l’identification de systèmes. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons (i) plusieursalgorithmes pour calculer quelques approximations de rang faible spécifique: approximation de rang-1 itérative et en un nombre fini d’opérations, l’approximation par déflation itérative, et la décompositiontensorielle orthogonale; (ii) une nouvelle stratégie pour résoudre des systèmes quadratiquesmultivariés, où ce problème peut être réduit à la meilleure approximation de rang-1 d’un tenseur; (iii)des résultats théoriques pour étudier les performances ou prouver la convergence de quelques algorithmes.Toutes les performances sont illustrées par des simulations informatiques. / Low rank tensor decomposition has been playing for the last years an important rolein many applications such as blind source separation, telecommunications, sensor array processing,neuroscience, chemometrics, and data mining. The Canonical Polyadic tensor decomposition is veryattractive when compared to standard matrix-based tools, manly on system identification. In this thesis,we propose: (i) several algorithms to compute specific low rank-approximations: finite/iterativerank-1 approximations, iterative deflation approximations, and orthogonal tensor decompositions. (ii)A new strategy to solve multivariate quadratic systems, where this problem is reduced to a best rank-1 tensor approximation problem. (iii) Theoretical results to study and proof the performance or theconvergence of some algorithms. All performances are supported by numerical experiments. / A aproximação tensorial de baixo posto desempenha nestes últimos anos um papel importanteem várias aplicações, tais como separação cega de fontes, telecomunicações, processamentode antenas, neurociênca, quimiometria e exploração de dados. A decomposição tensorial canônicaé bastante atrativa se comparada às técnicas matriciais clássicas, principalmente na identificação desistemas. Nesta tese, propõe-se (i) vários algoritmos para calcular alguns tipos de aproximação deposto: aproximação de posto-1 iterativa e em um número finito de operações, a aproximação pordeflação iterativa, e a decomposição tensorial ortogonal; (ii) uma nova estratégia para resolver sistemasquadráticos em várias variáveis, em que tal problema pode ser reduzido à melhor aproximaçãode posto-1 de um tensor; (iii) resultados teóricos visando estudar o desempenho ou demonstrar aconvergência de alguns algoritmos. Todas os desempenhos são ilustrados através de simulações computacionais.
32

Modelagem estrutural f?sica de semigr?ben ortogonais e obl?quos ? disten??o regional: influ?ncia da trama do embasamento e compara??o com anal?gicos no nordeste brasileiro

Blanco, Andr? Jo?o Palma Conde 17 June 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreJPCB_DISSERT.pdf: 4384821 bytes, checksum: f23022c7fe9a0e10cf6b38d62f412fc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-17 / The physical structural modeling tool is being increasingly used in geology to provide information about the evolutionary stages (nucleation, growth) and geometry of geological structures at various scales. During the simulations of extensional tectonics, modeling provides a better understanding of fault geometry and evolution of the tectonic-stratigraphic architecture of rift basins. In this study a sandbox type apparatus was used to study the nucleation and development of basins influenced by previous structures within the basement, variably oriented as regards to the main extensional axis. Two types of experiments were conducted in order to: (i) simulate the individual (independent) development of half-grabens oriented orthogonal or oblique to the extension direction; (ii) simulate the simultaneous development of such half-grabens, orthogonal or oblique to the extension direction. In both cases the same materials (sand mixed with gypsum) were used and the same boundary conditions were maintained. The results were compared with a natural analogue represented by the Rio do Peixe Basin (one of the eocretaceous interior basins of Northeast Brazil). The obtained models allowed to observe the development of segmented border faults with listric geometry, often forming relay ramps, and the development of inner basins faults that affect only the basal strata, like the ones observed in the seismic sections of the natural analogue. The results confirm the importance of basement tectonic heritage in the geometry of rift depocenters / A modelagem estrutural f?sica ? uma ferramenta cada vez mais usada na geologia para fornecer informa??o sobre os diversos est?gios evolutivos (nuclea??o, desenvolvimento) e geometria de estruturas geol?gicas em v?rias escalas. No caso particular da simula??o da tect?nica distensional, a modelagem proporciona uma melhor compreens?o da geometria e evolu??o de falhas e da arquitetura tectonoestratigr?fica de bacias rifte. Neste trabalho foi utilizado um aparato tipo caixa de areia para estudar a nuclea??o e desenvolvimento de bacias influenciadas por estruturas pr?vias no embasamento, com trend vari?vel em rela??o ? dire??o de distens?o. Para tal, foram realizados dois tipos de experimentos para: (i) simular o desenvolvimento individual (independente) de semigr?ben com abertura ortogonal ou obl?qua ? dire??o de distens?o; (ii) simular o desenvolvimento simult?neo desses semigr?ben ortogonais ou obl?quos ? dire??o de distens?o. Em ambos os casos foi utilizado o mesmo material (mistura de areia e gesso) e mantidas as condi??es de contorno. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com um an?logo natural representado pela Bacia do Rio do Peixe (uma das bacias interiores eocret?ceas do Nordeste do Brasil). Os modelos permitiram observar o desenvolvimento segmentado das falhas de borda, com geometria l?strica, frequentemente formando rampas de revezamento, al?m do desenvolvimento de falhas internas ?s bacias localizadas nas suas por??es mais basais, similares ?quelas observadas nas se??es s?smicas do an?logo natural. Os resultados confirmam a influ?ncia da heran?a tect?nica do embasamento na geometria dos depocentros rifte
33

Modelos para o problema de roteamento de veículos com restrições de empacotamento bidimensional / Models for the vehicle routing problem with two-dimensional loading constraints

Silva, Lorrany Cristina da 28 June 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-10-20T16:09:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorrany Cristina da Silva - 2017.pdf: 8394886 bytes, checksum: 9cc1461b937a65a8c50964b3dea86623 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T10:05:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorrany Cristina da Silva - 2017.pdf: 8394886 bytes, checksum: 9cc1461b937a65a8c50964b3dea86623 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T10:05:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorrany Cristina da Silva - 2017.pdf: 8394886 bytes, checksum: 9cc1461b937a65a8c50964b3dea86623 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Three different integer linear programming models for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Two-dimensional Loading Constraints are developed in this work. The version of the problem studied considers that the unloading of the rectangular items can respect or not the sequence of the clients visited on the route, that is, we solve the sequential and unrestricted versions of the problem. The first model deals with the problem completely, that is, with all constraints inserted at once. The second and third models are based, respectively, on a three- and two-index formulation. Separation routines are considered to detect violated inequalities related with packing on the second and third models, while the third model also considers cuts on connectivity and capacity. Computational experiments were carried out over instances of the literature with the quantity of customers ranging from 15 to 36 and items from 15 to 114, besides to consider the cases in which the cost of traversing an edge is integer and real. The models with cuts on demand were better in relation to the first model, besides being competitive when comparing with the results fromthe literature. The first model solved 4 of the 80 instances, the three-index model solved 7 and, the two-index model solved 53. On the sequential version, the adopted model solved 33 instances for the case with integer costs (and 37 for the case with real costs). In comparing with a recent heuristic from the literature, the best model was capable of tying in 48 instances in the unrestricted version and 24 in the sequential version. / Neste trabalho desenvolvem-se três modelos de programação linear inteira para o Problema de Roteamento de Veículos com Restrições de Empacotamento Bidimensional. A versão do problema estudado considera que o descarregamento dos itens retangulares pode respeitar (ou não) a sequência de clientes visitados na rota, ou seja, resolve-se as versões sequencial e irrestrita do problema. O primeiro modelo trata do problema de forma completa, isto é, com todas as restrições inseridas de uma só vez. O segundo e o terceiro modelo são baseados, respectivamente, em uma formulação de três e dois índices. Rotinas de separação são consideradas para detectar desigualdades violadas de empacotamento no segundo e no terceiro modelo, enquanto o último modelo considera também cortes de conectividade e capacidade. Experimentos computacionais foram realizados em instâncias da literatura com número de clientes variando de 15 a 36 e itens de 15 até 114, além de considerar os casos em que o custo da aresta é inteiro ou real. Os modelos com cortes sob demanda foram melhores em relação ao primeiro modelo, além de serem competitivos quando comparado com a literatura. O modelo completo encontrou a solução ótima em 4 das 80 instâncias, o modelo de três índices 7 e o modelo de dois índices 53. Na versão sequencial, o modelo adotado resolveu 33 instâncias para o custo inteiro (e 37 para o custo real). Na comparação com uma heurística recente da literatura, o melhor modelo conseguiu empatar em 48 instâncias na versão irrestrita e em 24 na versão sequencial.
34

Erros não detectáveis no processo de estimação de estado em sistemas elétricos de potência / Undetectable errors in power system state estimation

Lizandra Castilho Fabio 28 July 2006 (has links)
Na tentativa de contornar os problemas ainda existentes para a detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros (EGs) no processo de estimação de estado em sistemas elétricos de potência (EESEP), realiza-se, neste trabalho, uma análise da formulação dos estimadores aplicados a sistemas elétricos de potência, em especial, o de mínimos quadrados ponderados, tendo em vista evidenciar as limitações dos mesmos para o tratamento de EGs. Em razão da dificuldade de detectar EGs em medidas pontos de alavancamento, foram também analisadas as metodologias desenvolvidas para identificação de medidas pontos de alavancamento. Através da formulação do processo de EESEP como um problema de álgebra linear, demonstra-se o porquê da impossibilidade de detectar EGs em determinadas medidas redundantes, sendo proposto, na seqüência, um método para identificação de medidas pontos de alavancamento. Para reduzir os efeitos maléficos dessas medidas no processo de EESEP verifica-se a possibilidade de aplicar outras técnicas estatísticas para o processamento de EGs, bem como técnicas para obtenção de uma matriz de ponderação adequada. / To overcome the problems still existent for gross errors (GEs) detection and identification in the process of power system state estimation (PSSE), the formulations of the estimators applied to power systems are analyzed, specially, the formulation of the weighted squares estimator. These analyses were performed to show the limitations of these estimators for GEs processing. As leverage points (LP) represent a problem for GEs processing, methodologies for LP identification were also verified. By means of the linear formulation of the PSSE process, the reason for the impossibility of GEs detection in some redundant measurements is shown and a method for LP identification is proposed. To minimize the bad effects of the LP to the PSSE process, the possibility of applying other statistic techniques for GEs processing, as well as techniques to estimate an weighting matrix are also analyzed.
35

Gerasa i relation till antik stadsplansteori : Av Aristoteles, Vitruvius och Hippodamos

Hopstadius, Anna January 2023 (has links)
The aim of this essay is to investigate the theories of city planning that existed during Greek, Hellenistic and Roman period. Vitruvius, Aristoteles and Hippodamos had thoughts about the placement of the city, the street networks organization and individual buildings proportion, function and neighbors. Aristoteles angle of incidence is pragmatic and social aspects. Vitruvius emphasizes health aspects and the individual buildings with regard to durability, expediency and beauty. Hippodamos view on how health aspects should be regarded aligns with Aristoteles and stresses an equal distribution of the urban land. Gerasa is investigated in relation to these template city qualities and results show that it does not consistently overlap or deviate. To add a further perspective it is put in relation to Pompeji and they are compared with the theories.  Questions: 1. What is laid out by Aristoteles, Vitruvius and Hippodamos about a city's ideal placement and internal structure and design? 2. How does the remains from the excavated cities Gerasa and Pompeji relate to these theories?  Method: The Theories on city planning were searched and assembled from literary sources. Then a comparison was made between all the three parts of Gerasa, Pompeji and the ideal cities.
36

Non-Orthogonality and Electron Correlations in Nanotransport : Spin- and Time-Dependent Currents

Fransson, Jonas January 2002 (has links)
<p>The concept of the transfer Hamiltonian formalism has been reconsidered and generalized to include the non-orthogonality between the electron states in an interacting region, e.g. quantum dot (QD), and the states in the conduction bands in the attached contacts. The electron correlations in the QD are described by means of a diagram technique for Hubbard operator Green functions for non-equilibrium states. </p><p>It is shown that the non-orthogonality between the electrons states in the contacts and the QD is reflected in the anti-commutation relations for the field operators of the subsystems. The derived forumla for the current contains corrections from the overlap of the same order as the widely used conventional tunneling coefficients. </p><p>It is also shown that kinematic interactions between the QD states and the electrons in the contacts, renormalizes the QD energies in a spin-dependent fashion. The structure of the renormalization provides an opportunity to include a spin splitting of the QD levels by polarizing the conduction bands in the contacts and/or imposing different hybridizations between the states in the contacts and the QD for the two spin channels. This leads to a substantial amplification of the spin polarization in the current, suggesting applications in magnetic sensors and spin-filters.</p>
37

Non-Orthogonality and Electron Correlations in Nanotransport : Spin- and Time-Dependent Currents

Fransson, Jonas January 2002 (has links)
The concept of the transfer Hamiltonian formalism has been reconsidered and generalized to include the non-orthogonality between the electron states in an interacting region, e.g. quantum dot (QD), and the states in the conduction bands in the attached contacts. The electron correlations in the QD are described by means of a diagram technique for Hubbard operator Green functions for non-equilibrium states. It is shown that the non-orthogonality between the electrons states in the contacts and the QD is reflected in the anti-commutation relations for the field operators of the subsystems. The derived forumla for the current contains corrections from the overlap of the same order as the widely used conventional tunneling coefficients. It is also shown that kinematic interactions between the QD states and the electrons in the contacts, renormalizes the QD energies in a spin-dependent fashion. The structure of the renormalization provides an opportunity to include a spin splitting of the QD levels by polarizing the conduction bands in the contacts and/or imposing different hybridizations between the states in the contacts and the QD for the two spin channels. This leads to a substantial amplification of the spin polarization in the current, suggesting applications in magnetic sensors and spin-filters.
38

Técnicas de transmisión sobre fibra óptica con dispersión modal

Medina Sevila, Pau 03 November 2017 (has links)
The birth of the knowledge and information society has been made possible mainly by the development of the optical fiber communications. The optical fiber characteristics, as a very low loss and very high capacity transmission medium, have let to meet until recent dates the increasing demand of data transmission by using simple communications systems from the point of view of signal theory. The overall aim of this thesis consists in applying more advanced signal transmission techniques to several scenarios of optical fiber communications to increase their potential capabilities. The studied scenarios share a common feature consisting in that the light propagates under multimodal condition. Moreover, numerical simulations have been employed when evaluating the proposals in this dissertation, to study a greater range of fiber conditions and thus, more general conclusions can be obtained. Firstly, it has been studied the ability of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to compensate the modal dispersion in MMF links at 1550 nm. It has been shown how the classical scheme with cyclic prefix (CP-OFDM) has deficient performance in detecting the received signal when channel conditions generate strong frequency selectivity. To overcome this limitation, it has been proposed as a novelty the use of zero padding OFDM (ZP-OFDM), which can make use of several receiving schemes. Furthermore, it has been proposed for the first time a low-complexity combined receiver scheme (OLA+V-BLAST). Secondly, equalization techniques for amplitude modulated signals have been used to improve the reception in intensity-modulated and direct-detected (IM/DD) optical systems over standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) at 850nm, by using Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSEL's) as optical source. The simulation results over a numerical model constructed from experimental measures, which includes a statistical distribution of fiber misalignment due to optical connectors, allow to assert that the bidirectional DFE schemes (BiDFE) fit properly to this scenario, increasing noticeably the maximum reach achieved by the optical links. Finally, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) processing has been applied in systems with Mode-Division Multiplexing (MDM) over SSMF at 850~nm. This is the first time that these structures have been applied for the reception of MDM signals in this framework with bimodal propagation. By means of numerical simulations, the DFE-based MIMO receivers have been evaluated in their ability to compensate the mutual interference between the transmitted signals, which is generated in both the elements that carry out the multiplexation/demultiplexation (MUX/DEMUX) and the optical connectors in the SSMF installation. The results obtained show the good performance of the proposed MIMO receivers: the MIMO-DFE BiDFE with Linear Combining (MIMO LC-BiDFE), and the Fully Connected with Ordered Succesive Interference Cancellation MIMO-DFE (MIMO-DFE FC-OSIC). / El nacimiento de la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento ha sido posible en buena medida gracias al desarrollo de las comunicaciones sobre fibra óptica. Las características de la fibra, como medio de transmisión de muy bajas pérdidas y elevada capacidad, han permitido hasta fechas recientes cubrir la demanda siempre creciente en la transmisión de datos por medio de sistemas de comunicación sencillos desde el punto de vista de la teoría de la señal en comunicaciones. El enfoque de esta tesis consiste en aplicar técnicas de transmisión de señal más avanzadas en varios escenarios de comunicaciones sobre fibra con el fin de aumentar las capacidades potenciales de los mismos. Además, los escenarios estudiados en este trabajo comparten una característica común que consiste en que la transmisión de la luz en la fibra se produce en condiciones de propagación multimodal. Además, a la hora de evaluar las distintas propuestas, se han empleado simulaciones numéricas con el fin de estudiar la mayor gama de condiciones posibles que la fibra puede experimentar y obtener así unas conclusiones más generales. En primer lugar, se ha estudiado la capacidad de multiplexación por división en frecuencia ortogonal (OFDM) de compensar la dispersión modal en enlaces de fibra multimodo (MMF) a 1550 nm. Se ha mostrado cómo la implementación clásica con prefijo cíclico (CP-OFDM) tiene un pobre rendimiento en cuanto a la detección de las señales recibidas en condiciones de fuerte selectividad frecuencial del canal. Para superar esta limitación, se ha propuesto de manera novedosa la utilización del esquema OFDM con postfijo de ceros (ZP-OFDM). Además, se ha propuesto por primera vez un esquema de recepción ZP-OFDM combinado (OLA+V-BLAST) de baja complejidad. En segundo lugar, se han utilizado técnicas de igualación para mejorar la recepción en sistemas ópticos con modulación de intensidad y detección directa (IM/DD) sobre fibra monomodo estándar (SSMF) a la longitud de onda de 850 nm, utilizando láseres de cavidad vertical y emisión superficial (VCSEL) como fuentes ópticas. Los resultados de las simulaciones sobre un modelo numérico construido a partir de medidas experimentales, incluyendo una distribución estadística de la desalineación entre fibras debido a conectores ópticos, permiten afirmar que los esquemas de igualación DFE bidireccionales se ajustan adecuadamente a este escenario, permitiendo aumentar de forma notable el alcance máximo de los enlaces. Finalmente, se ha aplicado el procesado de señal de entrada múltiple y salida múltiple (MIMO) en un sistema con multiplexación por división modal (MDM) sobre SSMF a 850 nm. Esta es la primera vez que se aplican estas estructuras para la recepción de señales con MDM en este escenario de propagación bimodal. Por medio de simulaciones numéricas, los distintos receptores propuestos, basados en el esquema de igualación DFE, han sido evaluados en su capacidad de compensar la interferencia entre las distintas señales transmitidas, debida a los elementos que permiten la multiplexación/de-multiplexación (MUX/DEMUX) y a los conectores que pueda incluir el enlace de SSMF con alta dispersión modal. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el buen rendimiento de los dos esquemas MIMO propuestos: el esquema BiDFE con combinación lineal (MIMO LC-BiDFE), y el esquema MIMO-DFE con cancelación sucesiva de interferencia ordenada (MIMO-DFE FC-OSIC). / El naixement de la societat de la informació i el coneixement ha sigut possible, en bona mesura, gràcies al desenvolupament de les comunicacions sobre fibra òptica. Les característiques de la fibra, com a mitjà de transmissió de molt baixes pèrdues i alta capacitat, han permès fins a dates recents cobrir la demanda sempre creixent en la transmissió de dades per mitjà de sistemes de comunicació senzills des del punt de vista de la teoria del senyal en comunicacions. L'enfocament d'aquesta tesi consisteix en aplicar tècniques de transmissió més avançades en diversos escenaris en les comunicacions sobre fibra amb el propòsit d'augmentar les capacitats potencials dels mateixos. Els escenaris estudiats comparteixen una característica comuna que consisteix que la transmissió de la llum a la fibra es produeix en condicions de propagació multimodal. A l'hora d'avaluar les distintes propostes, s'hi han emprat simulacions numèriques per tal d'estudiar la major gamma de condicions possibles que la fibra puga experimentar i obtenir així unes conclusions més generals. En primer lloc, s'ha estudiat la capacitat de la multiplexació per divisió en freqüència ortogonal (OFDM) de compensar la dispersió modal en enllaços de MMF a 1550 nm. S'hi ha mostrat com la implementació clàssica amb prefix cíclic (CP-OFDM) té un rendiment pobre en quant a la detecció dels senyals rebuts en condicions de forta selectivitat freqüencial del canal. Per superar aquesta limitació, s'hi ha proposat de manera innovadora la utilització de l'esquema OFDM amb postfix de ceros (ZP-OFDM). Amés, s'hi ha proposat per primera vegada una esquema de recepció combinat (OLA+V~-BLAST) de baixa complexitat. En segon lloc, s'han utilitzat tècniques d'igualació de senyals modulades en amplitud per millorar la recepció en sistemes òptics amb modulació d'intensitat i detecció directa (IM/DD) sobre fibra monomode estàndard (SSMF) a la longitud d'ona de 850 nm emprant làsers de cavitat superficial i emissió vertical (VCSEL) com a fonts òptiques. Els resultats de les simulacions sobre un model numèric construït a partir de mesures experimentals, incloent hi una distribució estadística del desalineament entre fibres deguda a connectors òptics, han permès afirmar que els esquemes d'igualació DFE bidireccionals (BiDFE) s'ajusten de manera adequada en aquest escenari, permetent augmentar de forma notable l'abast màxim dels enllaços. Finalment, s'hi ha aplicat el processat d'entrada múltiple i eixida múltiple (MIMO) en un sistema amb multiplexació per divisió modal (MDM) sobre SSMF a 850 nm. Aquesta és la primera vegada que s'apliquen aquestes estructures per a la recepció de senyals amb MDM en aquest escenari de propagació bimodal. Per mitjà de simulacions numèriques, els distints receptors proposats, basats en l'esquema de igualació DFE, han sigut avaluats en la seua capacitat de compensar la interferència entre els distints senyals transmesos, deguda als elements de multiplexació/de-multiplexació (MUX/DEMUX) i als connectors que pot incloure l'enllaç de SSMF amb alta dispersió modal. Els resultats obtinguts mostren el bon rendiment dels dos esquemes MIMO proposats: l'esquema BiDFE amb combinació lineal (MIMO LC-BiDFE), i l'esquema MIMO-DFE amb cancel·lació successiva d'interferència ordenada (MIMO-DFE FC-OSIC). / Medina Sevila, P. (2017). Técnicas de transmisión sobre fibra óptica con dispersión modal [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90414
39

Computational study on the non-reacting flow in Lean Direct Injection gas turbine combustors through Eulerian-Lagrangian Large-Eddy Simulations

Belmar Gil, Mario 21 January 2021 (has links)
[ES] El principal desafío en los motores turbina de gas empleados en aviación reside en aumentar la eficiencia del ciclo termodinámico manteniendo las emisiones contaminantes por debajo de las rigurosas restricciones. Ésto ha conllevado la necesidad de diseñar nuevas estrategias de inyección/combustión que operan en puntos de operación peligrosos por su cercanía al límite inferior de apagado de llama. En este contexto, el concepto Lean Direct Injection (LDI) ha emergido como una tecnología prometedora a la hora de reducir los óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) emitidos por las plantas propulsoras de los aviones de nueva generación. En este contexto, la presente tesis tiene como objetivos contribuir al conocimiento de los mecanismos físicos que rigen el comportamiento de un quemador LDI y proporcionar herramientas de análisis para una profunda caracterización de las complejas estructuras de flujo de turbulento generadas en el interior de la cámara de combustión. Para ello, se ha desarrollado una metodología numérica basada en CFD capaz de modelar el flujo bifásico no reactivo en el interior de un quemador LDI académico mediante enfoques de turbulencia U-RANS y LES en un marco Euleriano-Lagrangiano. La resolución numérica de este problema multi-escala se aborda mediante la descripción completa del flujo a lo largo de todos los elementos que constituyen la maqueta experimental, incluyendo su paso por el swirler y entrada a la cámara de combustión. Ésto se lleva a cabo través de dos códigos CFD que involucran dos estrategias de mallado diferentes: una basada en algoritmos de generación y refinamiento automático de la malla (AMR) a través de CONVERGE y otra técnica de mallado estático más tradicional mediante OpenFOAM. Por un lado, se ha definido una metodología para obtener una estrategia de mallado óptima mediante el uso del AMR y se han explotado sus beneficios frente a los enfoques tradicionales de malla estática. De esta forma, se ha demostrado que la aplicabilidad de las herramientas de control de malla disponibles en CONVERGE como el refinamiento fijo (fixed embedding) y el AMR son una opción muy interesante para afrontar este tipo de problemas multi-escala. Los resultados destacan una optimización del uso de los recursos computacionales y una mayor precisión en las simulaciones realizadas con la metodología presentada. Por otro lado, el uso de herramientas CFD se ha combinado con la aplicación de técnicas de descomposición modal avanzadas (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Dynamic Mode Decomposition). La identificación numérica de los principales modos acústicos en la cámara de combustión ha demostrado el potencial de estas herramientas al permitir caracterizar las estructuras de flujo coherentes generadas como consecuencia de la rotura de los vórtices (VBB) y de los chorros fuertemente torbellinados presentes en el quemador LDI. Además, la implementación de estos procedimientos matemáticos ha permitido tanto recuperar información sobre las características de la dinámica de flujo como proporcionar un enfoque sistemático para identificar los principales mecanismos que sustentan las inestabilidades en la cámara de combustión. Finalmente, la metodología validada ha sido explotada a través de un Diseño de Experimentos (DoE) para cuantificar la influencia de los factores críticos de diseño en el flujo no reactivo. De esta manera, se ha evaluado la contribución individual de algunos parámetros funcionales (el número de palas del swirler, el ángulo de dichas palas, el ancho de la cámara de combustión y la posición axial del orificio del inyector) en los patrones del campo fluido, la distribución del tamaño de gotas del combustible líquido y la aparición de inestabilidades en la cámara de combustión a través de una matriz ortogonal L9 de Taguchi. Este estudio estadístico supone un punto de partida para posteriores estudios de inyección, atomización y combus / [CA] El principal desafiament als motors turbina de gas utilitzats a la aviació resideix en augmentar l'eficiència del cicle termodinàmic mantenint les emissions contaminants per davall de les rigoroses restriccions. Aquest fet comporta la necessitat de dissenyar noves estratègies d'injecció/combustió que radiquen en punts d'operació perillosos per la seva aproximació al límit inferior d'apagat de flama. En aquest context, el concepte Lean Direct Injection (LDI) sorgeix com a eina innovadora a l'hora de reduir els òxids de nitrogen (NOx) emesos per les plantes propulsores dels avions de nova generació. Sota aquest context, aquesta tesis té com a objectius contribuir al coneixement dels mecanismes físics que regeixen el comportament d'un cremador LDI i proporcionar ferramentes d'anàlisi per a una profunda caracterització de les complexes estructures de flux turbulent generades a l'interior de la càmera de combustió. Per tal de dur-ho a terme s'ha desenvolupat una metodología numèrica basada en CFD capaç de modelar el flux bifàsic no reactiu a l'interior d'un cremador LDI acadèmic mitjançant els enfocaments de turbulència U-RANS i LES en un marc Eulerià-Lagrangià. La resolució numèrica d'aquest problema multiescala s'aborda mitjançant la resolució completa del flux al llarg de tots els elements que constitueixen la maqueta experimental, incloent el seu pas pel swirler i l'entrada a la càmera de combustió. Açò es duu a terme a través de dos codis CFD que involucren estratègies de mallat diferents: una basada en la generación automàtica de la malla i en l'algoritme de refinament adaptatiu (AMR) amb CONVERGE i l'altra que es basa en una tècnica de mallat estàtic més tradicional amb OpenFOAM. D'una banda, s'ha definit una metodologia per tal d'obtindre una estrategia de mallat òptima mitjançant l'ús de l'AMR i s'han explotat els seus beneficis front als enfocaments tradicionals de malla estàtica. D'aquesta forma, s'ha demostrat que l'aplicabilitat de les ferramente de control de malla disponibles en CONVERGE com el refinament fixe (fixed embedding) i l'AMR són una opció molt interessant per tal d'afrontar aquest tipus de problemes multiescala. Els resultats destaquen una optimització de l'ús dels recursos computacionals i una major precisió en les simulacions realitzades amb la metodologia presentada. D'altra banda, l'ús d'eines CFD s'ha combinat amb l'aplicació de tècniques de descomposició modal avançades (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Dynamic Mode Decomposition). La identificació numèrica dels principals modes acústics a la càmera de combustió ha demostrat el potencial d'aquestes ferramentes al permetre caracteritzar les estructures de flux coherents generades com a conseqüència del trencament dels vòrtex (VBB) i dels raigs fortament arremolinats presents al cremador LDI. A més, la implantació d'estos procediments matemàtics ha permès recuperar informació sobre les característiques de la dinàmica del flux i proporcionar un enfocament sistemàtic per tal d'identificar els principals mecanismes que sustenten les inestabilitats a la càmera de combustió. Finalment, la metodologia validada ha sigut explotada a traves d'un Diseny d'Experiments (DoE) per tal de quantificar la influència dels factors crítics de disseny en el flux no reactiu. D'aquesta manera, s'ha avaluat la contribución individual d'alguns paràmetres funcionals (el nombre de pales del swirler, l'angle de les pales, l'amplada de la càmera de combustió i la posició axial de l'orifici de l'injector) en els patrons del camp fluid, la distribució de la mida de gotes del combustible líquid i l'aparició d'inestabilitats en la càmera de combustió mitjançant una matriu ortogonal L9 de Taguchi. Aquest estudi estadístic és un bon punt de partida per a futurs estudis de injecció, atomització i combustió en cremadors LDI. / [EN] Aeronautical gas turbine engines present the main challenge of increasing the efficiency of the cycle while keeping the pollutant emissions below stringent restrictions. This has led to the design of new injection-combustion strategies working on more risky and problematic operating points such as those close to the lean extinction limit. In this context, the Lean Direct Injection (LDI) concept has emerged as a promising technology to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for next-generation aircraft power plants In this context, this thesis aims at contributing to the knowledge of the governing physical mechanisms within an LDI burner and to provide analysis tools for a deep characterisation of such complex flows. In order to do so, a numerical CFD methodology capable of reliably modelling the 2-phase nonreacting flow in an academic LDI burner has been developed in an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework, using the U-RANS and LES turbulence approaches. The LDI combustor taken as a reference to carry out the investigation is the laboratory-scale swirled-stabilised CORIA Spray Burner. The multi-scale problem is addressed by solving the complete inlet flow path through the swirl vanes and the combustor through two different CFD codes involving two different meshing strategies: an automatic mesh generation with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm through CONVERGE and a more traditional static meshing technique in OpenFOAM. On the one hand, a methodology to obtain an optimal mesh strategy using AMR has been defined, and its benefits against traditional fixed mesh approaches have been exploited. In this way, the applicability of grid control tools available in CONVERGE such as fixed embedding and AMR has been demonstrated to be an interesting option to face this type of multi-scale problem. The results highlight an optimisation of the use of the computational resources and better accuracy in the simulations carried out with the presented methodology. On the other hand, the use of CFD tools has been combined with the application of systematic advanced modal decomposition techniques (i.e., Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Dynamic Mode Decomposition). The numerical identification of the main acoustic modes in the chamber have proved their potential when studying the characteristics of the most powerful coherent flow structures of strongly swirled jets in a LDI burner undergoing vortex breakdown (VBB). Besides, the implementation of these mathematical procedures has allowed both retrieving information about the flow dynamics features and providing a systematic approach to identify the main mechanisms that sustain instabilities in the combustor. Last, this analysis has also allowed identifying some key features of swirl spray systems such as the complex pulsating, intermittent and cyclical spatial patterns related to the Precessing Vortex Core (PVC). Finally, the validated methodology is exploited through a Design of Experiments (DoE) to quantify the influence of critical design factors on the non-reacting flow. In this way, the individual contribution of some functional parameters (namely the number of swirler vanes, the swirler vane angle, the combustion chamber width and the axial position of the nozzle tip) into both the flow field pattern, the spray size distribution and the occurrence of instabilities in the combustion chamber are evaluated throughout a Taguchi's orthogonal array L9. Such a statistical study has supposed a good starting point for subsequent studies of injection, atomisation and combustion on LDI burners. / Belmar Gil, M. (2020). Computational study on the non-reacting flow in Lean Direct Injection gas turbine combustors through Eulerian-Lagrangian Large-Eddy Simulations [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159882

Page generated in 0.0466 seconds