墨家法思想與傳統中國法學所引為依據的儒家仁學是完全不同的：儒家之仁乃是以自身道德的直覺判斷作為衡量世間萬物的最高準則，並藉此與生俱來的直覺與其他萬物有了所謂''感通"之效應來評斷世上價值。但楊日然教授已在三十年前就提出這種以自身道德直覺為準的儒家哲學，將有導致個人將以其內心的道德判斷取代客觀的禮儀及法律規範的危險。 依據撰著者的觀點，論文最重要在於第二章，即承襲先聖前賢思想的寶貴結晶，把墨家的兼愛思想分成兩個層次而定義為： 兼愛的消極定義：透過自我否定來達到消除敵對意識的精神作用。 兼愛的積極定義：所愛之人的實然性欲求(即被愛之人的期待與物質利益)，即是自我的應然性義務之內涵。 換言之，在墨家法思想中，應然與實然是交互影響的，即他人實然欲望即為自己的應然義務，我的實然欲念即為他人的應然責任。 此論文第二章之目的即在於以現代法學觀念對墨家法思想重新作整理，彰顯中國傳統法思想較忽視的一面，作為往後與傳統法思想對照的一塊墊腳磚，從而在價值規範的論證上可獲儒家思想以外的參考資料，故為墨家法思想所做的整理與歸納是希望可達到本文第一目標。 本論文之第二目標即在於比較墨家與聖多瑪斯自然法並歸納出兩者相同之處，蓋在時間相隔長達一千七百年(墨子約是450 B.C.時代的人，而 聖多瑪斯則為1250 A.D.左右的人)，空間距離超過數萬公里之遙，兩者不可能有任何的影響，若能在此絕對隔絕的環境下產生相同之思想，那這些思想的結晶或許真有其普世性的價值存在，此為本文第二目標。

Text in English / Summary: This work aims at establishing Jung's importance as a Nietzsche commentator. Although Jung's work is generally unacknowledged by the mainstream of Nietzsche scholarship, a number of philosophers have joined him in recognizing the relevance of Iranian religious lore to Nietzsche; the visionary nature of Nietzsche's experiences of Zarathustra; and the link between these experiences and his criticism of ethics. Jung sees Nietzsche as something of a kindred spirit, "and refers to that philosopher again and again throughout his writings. In his seminar on Nietzsche's Also sprach Zarathustra, Jung analyzes that work much as he would a patient's dream. While this approach allows Jung to project his own views onto Nietzsche, it also succeeds in restoring essential aspects of Nietzsche's thought which other, less foolhardy commentators fail to capture. Nietzsche and Jung both speak of going "beyond good and evil" (jenseits von Gut und Bose) as an integral part of their respective conceptions of human fulfillment. The notion that we ought to try to transcend the distinction between good and evil, rather than obstinately cling to the good, potentially constitutes an immense, fundamental challenge to our ordinary beliefs about ethics. At the same time, Jung's elaboration of this into a more general form of nonduality suggests a solution to that most basic problem of ethics--which Nietzsche raised most forcefully--namely that of how ethical standards might be justified without falling prey to such basic obstacles as the "is/ought" problem. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)

This article seeks to highlight two dimensions of ethics. Understood as aconcept that refers, initially, to a mode of being, and also alludes to an “ought to be”. Starting from this, the aim is to establish some basis to discuss the problems deriving from this double dimension of ethics, stemming from certain ancient Greek philosoph- ical ideas, in particular from Aristotle’s ethics and certain statements from modern philosophy, emphasizing some relevant concepts of Kant’s moral theory. Using said arguments, the final purpose is to call attention to the dilemma in ethics. / Este artículo busca destacar dos dimensiones de la ética, concebida como un concepto que alude, inicialmente, a un modo de ser y que también refiere a un deber ser. A partir de esto se apunta a establecer algunas bases para la problematización y discusión sobre esta doble dimensión de la ética, atendiendo a algunos postulados de la filosofía antigua griega, en particular, de la ética aristotélica, y a determinadas afirmaciones de la filosofía moderna, enfatizando conceptos importantes de la moral kantiana. Con dichas herramientas, finalmente, se busca llamar la atención sobre el carácter dilemático de la ética.

This study is dedicated to the investigation of the motivational profiles in university students on campus and on distance. Having said that, the present study aims to investigate the following aspects related to these groups of students: a) their motivational profile; and b) if they differ in the motivational profile according to the type of study in which they are inserted (campus ordistance).  A survey has been carried out on campus on university students as well ason distance students, these students were surveyed through a questionnaire based on, in part, on the theory of the motivational self-system in L2 created by the psycholinguist Zoltán Dörnyei in 2009. Due to the limitations of the study and of the members the groups, this study doesn’t intend to generalize, moreover, this study was carried out with the materials and resources available, to date.  This study will try to demonstrate the different aspects of the motivational system in L2 in the two different groups and in their modalities.

This research paper examines Swedish students’ attitudes and motivation towards English education in two upper secondary schools, using Dörnyei’s (2005) L2 motivational self system. Of interest is whether theoretical and vocational students have motivational differences when it comes to learning English as a second language. A quantitative questionnaire was compiled using the instrument variables from previous studies of L2 motivation, and question items, which were “re-theorized” for this particular study. 58 students participated, of which 30 were theoretical students and 28 vocational students. Results were then analyzed across three dimensions of L2 motivation: ideal L2 self, ought to L2 self, and L2 learning experience. Findings revealed that, on average, both groups were motivated to learn English as a second language, but that there is an apparent difference between theoretical and vocational students’ attitudes towards learning an L2: the theoretical students’ data showed that they have stronger influence than vocational students in the ideal l2 self, integrative/integrativeness, instrumentality-promotion, attitudes to l2 community, ought-to l2 self, instrumentality-prevention, family influence, attitudes to learning English, and criterion measures.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Today the conception of human rights is an idea that preserves its intransitive, inalienable and indivisible quality with a cross-cultural reference. The idea of human rights, entering our lives from the 18th century onwards, has gained a worldwide recognition through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The idea occupies place both at the level of rules and principles as a project and at the level of our daily problem solutions, modifications and the daily course of our lives as a pragmatics. The political framework provides the idea of human rights such a justification that it constitutes a significant part of our decisions, thoughts and actions. On the other hand, the grounds of the idea has been questioned as a part of the Enlightenment project since it was first articulated and especially in recent decades certain radical criticisms originating from Nietzche&rsquo / s thought became prevalent. The thesis questions this easy alliance between Nietzsche and radical attacks to human rights thought. In the first chapter, I first provided a brief historical overview of the idea of human rights. Then, I had a closer look towards the principles of universality, equality, autonomy and is-ought distinction with special reference to Kantian formulations of these concepts and in the second chapter, I elaborate Nietzsche&rsquo / s perception of these same principles and our understanding of conventional morality in general, to reach an articulated answer to the question: Would Nietzsche be categorically against human rights? I conclude that his philosophical attitude to these four principles differ from each other. In this context the thesis regards Nietzschean informal structures over the Kantian formal ones as complementary for a full grasp of the idea of human rights by offering a connection of the transitionality between Kant and Nietzsche.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The aim of this paper is to investigate in which manner and to what extent the existence of a multilingual self, that is, the ability of an individual to adopt a vision of themselves that encompasses many languages, relates to different aspects, such as the will to improve one’s linguistic ability or motivation to study, within learning and acquisition of second languages. The idea of a multilingual self has its theoretical base within the Second language motivational self system, or the L2MSS for short, which states that motivation is primarily derived from one’s vision of self and one’s previous experiences.  The investigation was carried out using custom made surveys which were distributed among university students of Spanish in Sweden. The investigation received 42 answered surveys in return using which several separate comparisons were carried out with the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods.  The findings of the investigation have shown that the multilingual self has a positive correlation in every single one of the aspects used in the investigation. Therefore, according to the results of this investigation, the identification with the multilingual self has a positive correlation with learning and acquisition of second languages. The biggest factor that leads to a larger possibility of an individual to identify with the multilingual self seems to be said individuals experience of learning the languages that they possess. / El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar de qué manera y en qué medida la existencia de un yo multilingüe, es decir, la capacidad de un individuo para adoptar una visión de sí mismo que abarca muchas lenguas, se relaciona con diferentes aspectos, tales como la voluntad de mejorar su capacidad en sus lenguas o la motivación para estudiar y aprender otras lenguas. La idea de un yo multilingüe tiene su base teórica dentro del sistema del yo motivacional de segundas lenguas, o L2MSS por sus siglas en inglés, que establece que la motivación se deriva principalmente de la visión que uno tiene de sí mismo y de las experiencias previas. La investigación se llevó a cabo a través de encuestas personalizadas que se distribuyeron entre estudiantes universitarios de español en Suecia. La investigación recibió 42 encuestas respondidas, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante el uso de métodos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos. Los resultados de la investigación han demostrado que el yo multilingüe tiene una correlación en todos y cada uno de los aspectos utilizados en la investigación. Por tanto, según los resultados de esta investigación, la identificación con el yo multilingüe tiene una correlación positiva con el aprendizaje y adquisición de segundas lenguas. El factor más importante que conduce a una mayor posibilidad de que un individuo se identifique con el yo multilingüe parece ser la experiencia de aprendizaje que poseen.

Une des questions centrales de la métaéthique est celle de savoir si les propriétés morales sont des propriétés naturelles ou non-naturelles. Ce mémoire fait valoir que nous ferions bien de remettre en question une constellation d’arguments en faveur du non-naturalisme moral : l’argument de la question ouverte, l’intuition normative et l’argument du gouffre. L’influent argument de la question ouverte de Moore, d’abord, ne soutient le non-naturalisme que s’il commet une pétition de principe. L’intuition normative commet ou bien le sophisme d’inférer sur la base de sa différence spécifique qu’une chose n’appartient pas à un genre donné, ou bien sous-estime la panoplie de propriétés naturelles qui possèdent les caractéristiques censées être distinctives des propriétés morales et normatives. L’argument du gouffre, quant à lui, sous-estime l’ubiquité du fossé logique et conceptuel censé marquer une discontinuité métaphysique profonde entre les domaines normatif et naturel. / One of the burning questions among metaethical realists is whether moral facts and properties are natural or non-natural. In this thesis, I argue that we should treat a family of arguments for non-naturalism with considerable scepticism: the Open Question Argument, the Normative Intuition, and the argument from the Is-Ought Gap. Moore’s famous Open Question Argument only supports moral non-naturalism if it begs the question against the modest (non-reductionist) naturalist. As for the Normative Intuition, it either commits the fallacy of inferring on the basis of a thing’s specific difference that it does not belong to the genus it putatively belongs to, or it underestimates the breadth of natural properties that possess the features which non-naturalists allege are distinctive of moral and normative properties. The argument from the Is-Ought Gap, for its part, underestimates the ubiquity of the logical and conceptual gap that allegedly marks a deep metaphysical discontinuity between the normative and natural domains.