Multipath propagation and mobility in wireless communication systems give rise to variations in the amplitude and phase of the transmitted signal, commonly referred to as fading. Many wireless applications are affected by slowly varying fading, where the channel is non-ergodic, leading to non-reliable transmission during bad channel realizations. These communication scenarios are well modeled by the block-fading channel, where the reliability is quantatively characterized by the outage probability. This thesis focuses on the analysis and design of adaptive transmission schemes to improve the outage performance of both single- and multiple-antenna transmission over the block-fading channel, especially for the cases where discrete input constellations are used. Firstly, a new lower bound on the outage probability of non-adaptive transmission is proposed, providing an efficient tool for evaluating the performance of non-adaptive transmission. The lower bound, together with its asymptotic analysis, is essential for efficiently designing the adaptive transmission schemes considered in the thesis. Secondly, new power allocation rules are derived to minimize the outage probability of fixed-rate transmission over block-fading channels. Asymptotic outage analysis for the resulting schemes is performed, revealing important system design criteria. Furthermore, the thesis proposes novel suboptimal power allocation rules, which enjoy low-complexity while suffering minimal losses as compared to the optimal solution. Thus, these schemes facilitate power adaptation in low-cost devices. Thirdly, the thesis considers incremental-redundancy automatic-repeat-request (INR-ARQ) strategies, which perform adaptive transmission based on receiver feedback. In particular, the thesis concentrates on multi-bit feedback, which has been shown to yield significant gains in performance compared to conventional single-bit ARQ schemes. The thesis proposes a new information-theoretic framework for multi-bit feedback INR-ARQ, whereby the receiver feeds back a quantized version of the accumulated mutual information. Within this framework, the thesis presents an asymptotic analysis which yields the large gains in outage performance offered by multi-bit feedback. Furthermore, the thesis proposes practical design rules, which further illustrates the benefits of multi-bit feedback in INR-ARQ systems. In short, the thesis studies the outage performance of transmission over block-fading channels. Outage analysis is performed for non-adaptive and adaptive transmission. Improvements for the existing adaptive schemes are also proposed, leading to either lower complexity requirements or better outage performance. Still, further research is needed to bring the benefits offered by adaptive transmission into practical systems. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2010

Multipath propagation and mobility in wireless communication systems give rise to variations in the amplitude and phase of the transmitted signal, commonly referred to as fading. Many wireless applications are affected by slowly varying fading, where the channel is non-ergodic, leading to non-reliable transmission during bad channel realizations. These communication scenarios are well modeled by the block-fading channel, where the reliability is quantatively characterized by the outage probability. This thesis focuses on the analysis and design of adaptive transmission schemes to improve the outage performance of both single- and multiple-antenna transmission over the block-fading channel, especially for the cases where discrete input constellations are used. Firstly, a new lower bound on the outage probability of non-adaptive transmission is proposed, providing an efficient tool for evaluating the performance of non-adaptive transmission. The lower bound, together with its asymptotic analysis, is essential for efficiently designing the adaptive transmission schemes considered in the thesis. Secondly, new power allocation rules are derived to minimize the outage probability of fixed-rate transmission over block-fading channels. Asymptotic outage analysis for the resulting schemes is performed, revealing important system design criteria. Furthermore, the thesis proposes novel suboptimal power allocation rules, which enjoy low-complexity while suffering minimal losses as compared to the optimal solution. Thus, these schemes facilitate power adaptation in low-cost devices. Thirdly, the thesis considers incremental-redundancy automatic-repeat-request (INR-ARQ) strategies, which perform adaptive transmission based on receiver feedback. In particular, the thesis concentrates on multi-bit feedback, which has been shown to yield significant gains in performance compared to conventional single-bit ARQ schemes. The thesis proposes a new information-theoretic framework for multi-bit feedback INR-ARQ, whereby the receiver feeds back a quantized version of the accumulated mutual information. Within this framework, the thesis presents an asymptotic analysis which yields the large gains in outage performance offered by multi-bit feedback. Furthermore, the thesis proposes practical design rules, which further illustrates the benefits of multi-bit feedback in INR-ARQ systems. In short, the thesis studies the outage performance of transmission over block-fading channels. Outage analysis is performed for non-adaptive and adaptive transmission. Improvements for the existing adaptive schemes are also proposed, leading to either lower complexity requirements or better outage performance. Still, further research is needed to bring the benefits offered by adaptive transmission into practical systems. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2010

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) arises as a result of the birefringence in optical fibers, due to inherent asymmetries and deformities from external stresses. The spectral components of the input optical pulse propagate with different group velocities. Consequently, pulse duration increases leading to intersymbol interference between consequent symbols, leading to performance reduction of the coherent systems. In order to compensate for the PMD, we use adaptive linear PMD equalizers. Due to the dynamic and random nature of PMD, it is crucial for a system designer to efficiently simulate the PMD-induced outage probabilities of 10-5. Because of this stringent requirement, it is computationally costly to use the conventional Monte Carlo methods. To overcome this hurdle, Importance Sampling methods, such as the multicanonical Monte Carlo method have been applied in the past in order to efficiently reduce the simulation time required to estimate the statistics of these rare events. The multicanonical Monte Carlo method does not require any prior knowledge of which rare events contribute significantly to the PMD-induced outages. In essence, multicanonical Monte Carlo simulations adaptively bias the input random variables with a priori unknown weights. The PMD emulation model consists of a concatenation of birefringent sections, simulated based on MMC. The objective of this dissertation is to apply, for the first time, the multicanonical Monte Carlo method to accurately and efficiently evaluate the performance of adaptive, blind, feed-forward PMD equalizers employed in coherent polarization division multiplexed (PDM) quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) systems in all order PMD emulation model. In the exclusive presence of PMD, we demonstrated that the half-symbol-period-spaced adaptive electronic equalizers, based on the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) equalizers perform slightly better than the decision directed least mean square (DD-LMS) counterparts at links with larger PMD values, whereas the opposite holds true for the low PMD regime. Due to their distinguishable performance in different regimes of the PMD, they provided an even better performance when running DD-LMS after a first round of CMA-based equalization than using either one of the equalization algorithms stand alone. Finally, the joint presence of PMD and intermediate frequency offset or PMD and random differential phase carrier shifts slightly worsened the performance of the coherent PDM QPSK systems, independently of the equalizer. Although these random differential carrier phase shifts are typically omitted in similar PMD studies in intensity modulated/direct detection (IM/DD) systems, they should be taken into account in due to the phase sensitivity of the PDM QPSK coherent systems. / Οι οπτικές ίνες παρουσιάζουν διπλοθλαστικότητα, η οποία οφείλεται σε κατασκευαστικές ατέλειες των οπτικών ινών και σε εξωτερικούς παράγοντες. Η διπλοθλαστικότητα προκαλεί διασπορά μεταξύ των φασματικών συνιστωσών ενός διαμορφωμένου οπτικού σήματος. Κάθε φασματική συνιστώσα, ανάλογα με την πόλωσή της στην είσοδο της οπτικής ίνας, υφίσταται διαφορετική αλλαγή φάσης κατά τη διέλευσή της μέσα από την οπτική ίνα. Το φαινόμενο αυτό ονομάζεται διασπορά τρόπων πόλωσης. Η διασπορά τρόπων πόλωσης στην οπτική ίνα προκαλεί παραμόρφωση του οπτικού σήματος κι αλληλοπαρεμβολή συμβόλων στον οπτικό δέκτη, με αποτέλεσμα τη μείωση της απόδοσης ενός σύμφωνου οπτικού τηλεπικοινωνιακού συστήματος. Για την αντιμετώπιση του φαινομένου, χρησιμοποιούνται οι προσαρμοστικοί γραμμικοί εξισωτές διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης. Εξαιτίας της στατιστικής φύσης του φαινομένου, πιθανότητες διακοπής της λειτουργίας της τάξεως του 10-5 ενός σύμφωνου συστήματος, τετραδικής διαμόρφωσης φάσης με πολυπλεξία πόλωσης της τάξεως με εξισωτές διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, υπολογίστηκαν βάσει της πολυκανονικής Monte Carlo μεθόδου (MMC). Στην MMC μέθοδο. οι παράμετροι στην είσοδο του συστήματος κατευθύνονται, έτσι ώστε στην έξοδο, η (άγνωστη) συνάρτηση πυκνότητας πιθανότητας της παραμέτρου ελέγχου να υπολογίζεται με ακρίβεια ακόμα και στις ουρές της. Το πλεονέκτημα της ΜΜC, σε σχέση με τις μεθόδους δειγματοληψίας σημαντικότητας, είναι ότι δεν απαιτείται καμία γνώση για το ποιες περιοχές στην είσοδο πρέπει να δειγματοληφθούν, ώστε στην έξοδο να προκύψουν τα σπάνια εκείνα γεγονότα που μας ενδιαφέρουν. Με βάση την ΜΜC μέθοδο υλοποιήθηκε και το μοντέλο της ίνας, ως μια αλληλουχία διπλοθλαστικών πλακιδίων. Σκοπός της διδακτορικής διατριβής, είναι η αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης του ενός σύμφωνου συστήματος με χρήση των εξισωτών, συναρτήσει της πιθανότητας διακοπής της λειτουργίας του συστήματος. Για την περίπτωση της αποκλειστικής παρουσίας της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, ο εξισωτής ελαχίστου μέσου τετραγώνου (DD-LMS) έχει αποδοτικότερη λειτουργία, σε σχέση με τον εξισωτή σταθερής περιβάλλουσας (CMA), για χαμηλές τιμές της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, ενώ ο εξισωτής CMA κυριαρχεί στις περιοχές με μεγαλύτερες τιμές της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης. Η βέλτιστη λειτουργία του σύμφωνου συστήματος σε μια ευρύτερη περιοχή τιμών της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης, επιτυγχάνεται με την χρήση ενός συνδυασμού των δύο εξισωτών CMA και LMS. Η αλληλεπίδραση της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης και της ενδιάμεσης συχνότητας επηρεάζει την απόδοση του σύμφωνου συστήματος, όπου ο εξισωτής CMA λειτουργεί αποδοτικότερα σε σχέση με τον εξισωτή DD-LMS, τόσο στις περιοχές χαμηλής όσο και υψηλής τιμής της διασποράς τρόπων πόλωσης. Επίσης, αν στο μοντέλο της ίνας, προσομοιώσουμε και τις τυχαίες διαφορικές ολισθήσεις της φέρουσας συχνότητας μεταξύ των πλακιδίων, λόγω της διπλοθλαστικότητας, τότε η επίδοση των εξισωτών ελαττώνεται. Επομένως, θα πρέπει να λαμβάνονται υπόψιν για την ορθότερη αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης του σύμφωνου συστήματος.

A importância das novas tecnologias de informação, automação, monitoramento e sistemas eletrônicos inteligentes têm aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Essas tecnologias desempenham um papel fundamental na sociedade moderna e contribuem de forma decisiva para a resolução de importantes desafios para uma sociedade que quer ser mais próspera, internacionalmente competitiva, saudável, segura e sustentável. Como eixo de \"inovação\", essas tecnologias são fatores importantes para todos os setores produtivos da economia. O motor destas tecnologias, entretanto, é a energia, particularmente a eletricidade. Assim, em uma sociedade cujo estilo de vida é fortemente dependente dela, desenvolver tecnologias que permitam não somente a geração, mas também a distribuição de energia de forma barata e limpa e que garantam seu fornecimento ao longo do tempo com a máxima eficiência é uma questão prioritária. Os sistemas baseados em redes inteligentes (do inglês: Smart Grid) vêm, justamente, atender a esses requisitos, representando o que há de mais moderno no setor elétrico, com aumento e diversificação de fontes de geração distribuída na forma de pequenos geradores, maior interação consumidor-distribuidor de energia, integração de diferentes fontes de geração renováveis (ex.: solar, eólica etc.). O cenário energético nacional está avançando de forma muito rápida. Nas distribuidoras, o foco claramente está na redução de perdas comerciais e de custos operacionais, principalmente por meio da modernização dos ativos e da crescente instalação de dispositivos eletrônicos inteligentes nos clientes de baixa tensão (ex.: medidores eletrônicos, dispositivos eletrônicos inteligentes para monitoramento e diagnóstico, relés digitais etc.). Esta tese de doutorado apresenta uma solução com tecnologia nacional que disponibiliza todos os benefícios do Smart Grid através dos equipamentos mais importantes e estratégicos presentes na topologia das Redes de Distribuição Subterrânea Secundária Trifásica: os Protetores de Redes. A partir do centro nevrálgico das Redes de Distribuição Subterrâneas (RDS), cuja topologia está presente nos centros de alta concentração de carga das principais metrópoles do Brasil, a solução desenvolvida pode viabilizar técnica e economicamente a modernização da automação da RDS, com tecnologia nacional de baixo custo, proporcionando igualmente a incorporação dos avanços do Smart Grid e da Geração Distribuída. Este salto tecnológico significaria para as distribuidoras de energia elétrica entre outros benefícios: Melhor controle do processo para uma melhor otimização da rede, desde integração das intermitentes fontes renováveis até uma interação mais dinâmica com os consumidores; Maior flexibilidade às concessionárias em relação ao uso da energia para atingir o grande objetivo social de redução do efeito estufa e otimização do consumo de energia reduzindo perdas e desperdícios; No curto prazo, os benefícios diretos da melhoria do gerenciamento da indisponibilidade, gerenciamento otimizado dos ativos e do capital, melhoria no planejamento, processos e serviços de fornecimento e usos finais de energia, aumento de eficiência de manutenção, redução de perdas técnicas e comerciais, otimização do investimento na compra de novos protetores com menores custos podendo superar a demanda reprimida pelos altos custos de alternativas importadas. / The importance of new technologies in the field of, automation, monitoring, information technology and electronic systems have increased significantly in recent years. These technologies play a basic role in the modern society and contribute of decisive way for the resolution of important challenges for a society that is in search of a more prosperous life, internationally competitive, healthful, safe and sustainable. As a key of \"innovation\", these technologies are key factors for all the productive sectors of the economy in the society. The fuel for the engine of these technologies, however, is the energy, particularly the electricity. Thus, in a society whose life style is strongly dependent of electricity, to develop technologies that not only allow the generation, but also the distribution of energy in a cheap and clean way and which could guarantee its supply throughout the time with the maximum efficiency is a priority issue. The systems based on intelligent networks fully meet these requirements, representing what there is of most modern in the electric sector. The Brazilian energy scenario is quickly changing over the recent years toward modernization, with more distributed generation, in the form of smaller generators, more customer interaction, the integration of more variable resources such as wind and solar, and more renewables overall. For the Power Utilities, especially in the Distribution Sector, the focus is clearly in the reduction of commercial losses and operational costs, mainly by means of the modernization of the assets and an increase in the installation of intelligent electronic devices at consumers side (e.g.: electronic energy meters, intelligent electronic devices for condition monitoring, digital relays etc.). This work presents a solution developed based on Brazilian technology that incorporates all the benefits of smart grid to the most important equipment that is present in the topology of the Low-Voltage Secondary Network Distribution System: the Network Protector. From the neuralgic center of these Low-Voltage Secondary Network Systems, which topology is used in the most important cities in Brazil, which has a high load concentration, the solution presented here make it feasible technically and economically the use of smart grid topology profiting from its great benefits such as: Allow utilities to better optimize the grid to support a number of public policies, from intermittent renewable integration to more dynamic interfaces with customers; Offer utilities more flexibility relative to how they use energy toward the greater societal objectives of reducing greenhouse gases and energy consumption. In the short and mid term, a smarter grid offers utilities operational benefits (outage management, improved processes, maintenance and workforce efficiency, reduced losses, etc.) as well as benefits associated with improved asset management (system planning, better capital asset utilization, etc.), lower investment to acquire new Network Protectors.

Orientador: Michel Daoud Yacoub / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T09:17:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Medeiros_AlvaroAugustoMachadode_D.pdf: 910419 bytes, checksum: 8fee720ee964b6908659ff1ab27c754e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As redes ad hoc são redes sem um controle centralizado, cujos nós se comunicam através de um canal sem fio diretamente ou através de múltiplos saltos. Uma questão complexa referente a redes ad hoc é o cálculo da capacidade. Estimar quantas transmissões a rede permite, garantindo qualidade de serviço aos usuarios é uma tarefa difícil em virtude de duas características da rede: o canal sem fio e as transmissões em múltiplos saltos. Este trabalho propõe um novo método para cálculo da capacidade através da probabilidade de outage que considera ambos os aspectos. Este método apresenta vantagens como fácil implantação, baixo esforço computacional e resultados praticamente indistinguíveis daqueles obtidos atraves de simulação. O metodo pode ser aplicado aos mais variados ambientes de propagação e qualquer topologia de rede. Modelos de interferência mais realistas, bem como a questão do roteamento são também abordados ao longo do trabalho / Abstract: Ad hoc networks are networks that operate without centralized control, whose nodes communicate through wireless links in a single or multihop way. A complex issue about ad hoc networks is the capacity estimation. The computation of how many transmissions the network can support ensuring a quality of service for its users is a difficult task due to two central aspects: the wireless medium and the multihop nature of transmissions. An analytical method to calculate the capacity through the computation of the outage probability considering both aspects is proposed in this work. This method presents advantages such as simple implementation, low computational efforts and practically indistinguishable results from those obtained through simulation. This method can be applied to many propagation environments and to any network topology. More realistic interference models and the routing issue are also described along this work / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Explosive growth in wireless technology caused by development in digital and RF circuit fabrications put some serious challenges on wireless system designers and link budget planning. Low transmit power, system coverage and capacity, high data rates, spatial diversity and quality of services (QOS) are the key factors in future wireless communication system that made it attractive. Dual-hop relaying is the promising underlying technique for future wireless communication to address such dilemmas. Based on dual-hop relaying this thesis addresses two scenarios. In the first case the system model employs dual-hop amplify and forward (AF) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relay channels with transmit and receive antenna selection over independent Rayleigh fading channels where source and destination contain multiple antennas and communicate with each other with help of single antenna relay. It is assumed that the source and destination has perfect knowledge of channel state information (CSI). Our analysis shows that full spatial diversity order can be achieved with minimum number of antennas at source and destination i.e. min{N_s N_d }. In the second case the performance analysis of dual-hop amplify and forward (AF) multiple relay cooperative diversity network with best relay selection schemes over Rayleigh fading channels is investigated where the source and destination communicate with each other through direct and indirect links. Only the performance of best relay is investigated which participates in the transmission alone. The relay node that achieves highest SNR at the destination is selected as a best relay. Once again our analysis shows that full diversity order can be achieved with single relay with fewer resources compare to the regular cooperative diversity system. / Muhammad Adeel Islam 0046 700 412 343

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’utilisation de techniques de communications bidirectionnelles par optique sans fil pour le suivi à distance des données médicales d’un patient. Plus précisément, un lien infrarouge est considéré pour la voie montante entre un dispositif porté par le patient et plusieurs récepteurs disposés au plafond. Pour la voie descendante, on étudie un lien en lumière visible, lié aux sources d’éclairage de l’environnement. Afin d’illustrer le potentiel de la technologie pour ce type d’application, la contribution principale est l’étude des performances des canaux de communication infrarouge et visible en considérant le fait que le dispositif est porté par un patient en mouvement dans l’environnement. Après la description générale des communications par optique sans fil, les principes de base et les différentes caractéristiques sont plus particulièrement détaillés dans le domaine du visible dont le composant clé est la source LED pour la double fonction d’éclairage et de communication. La méthode utilisée pour la simulation du canal optique sans fil est basée sur un logiciel de lancer de rayons associé à la technique de Monte-Carlo qui permet une modélisation complexe du scénario de télésurveillance. L’étude du canal en visible a ainsi montré que pour prédire les performances avec fiabilité, il était important de modéliser la présence du corps du patient ainsi que les variations induites par son mouvement sur la position et l’orientation du dispositif porté. De plus, l’impact des propriétés de réflectivité optique du corps ne peut être négligé. La performance globale du lien bidirectionnel Infrarouge/Visible a ensuite été discutée en termes de probabilité de rupture pour les différentes contraintes en débit et en qualité de service associées à la plupart des applications médicales. Les différents résultats illustrent la faisabilité du scénario étudié et donc le potentiel de l’optique sans fil en alternative aux radiofréquences pour des applications de télésurveillance médicale. Pour conclure, des expérimentations en infrarouge permettent de valider les résultats du lien montant. Pour le lien descendant, un premier banc expérimental est présenté, permettant d’envisager de nombreuses perspectives. / This thesis focuses on bidirectional optical wireless communication techniques for the indoor monitoring of medical patient data. More precisely, the uplink uses infrared transmissions between a device carried by the patient and several receivers dispatched on the ceiling. For the downlink, the study deals with Visible Light Communications (VLC) using the lighting of the environment. In order to illustrate the potential of this technology for medical monitoring, the main contribution of this study consists in the evaluation of the infrared and visible channel performance considering a wearable device and patient mobility in the environment. After a general description of optical wireless communications, the thesis focuses on basic principles and characteristics of VLC, in particular the LED which is the key component allowing to provide both lighting and communication. The method used for the optical channel simulation is based on ray-tracing method associated with Monte-Carlo technique permitting a complex modeling of the studied scenario. From VLC channel study, it is shown that in order to carefully predict performance, it is important to model the presence of the patient’s body and to consider the variations induced by its movement on the position and the orientation of the wearable device. Moreover, the impact of body’s reflectivity optical properties cannot be neglected. The overall performance of the Infrared/Visible bidirectional link is then discussed in terms of outage probability for several data rates and qualities of services corresponding to several medical data types. The results highlight the feasibility of the considered monitoring scenario and the potential of optical wireless communication as an alternative for radiofrequencies regarding remote transmission. To conclude, some experimentations contribute to validation for the infrared uplink. Finally, the development of an experimental test bed on the visible downlink opens the way for future tests in order to validate the overall theoretical performances.

It is commonly agreed among energy experts that smart meters (SMs) are the key component that will facilitate the transition towards the smart grid. Fast-peace innovations in the smart metering infrastructure (AMI) are exposing countless benefits that network operators can obtain when they integrate SMs applications into their daily operations.  Following the amendment in 2017, where the Swedish government dictated that all SMs should now include new features such as remote control, higher time resolution for the energy readings and a friendly interface for customers to access their own data; network operators in Sweden are currently replacing their SMs for a new model, also called the second generation of SMs. While the replacement of meters is in progress, many utilities like Hemab are trying to reveal which technical and financial benefits the new generation of SMs will bring to their operations.    As a first step, this thesis presents the results of a series of interviews carried out with different network operators in Sweden. It is studied which functionalities have the potential to succeed in the near future, as well as those functionalities that are already being tested or fully implemeneted by some utilities in Sweden. Furthermore, this thesis analyses those obstacles and barriers that utilities encounter when trying to implement new applications using the new SMs. In a second stage, an alarm system for power interruptions and voltage-quality events (e.g., overvoltage and undervoltage) using VisionAir software and OMNIPOWER 3-phase meters is evaluated. The results from the evaluation are divided into three sections: a description of the settings and functionalities of the alarm, the outcomes from the test, and a final discussion of potential applications. This study has revealed that alarm functions, data analytics (including several methods such as load forecasting, customer segmentation and non-technical losses analysis), power quality monitoring, dynamic pricing, and load shedding have the biggest potential to succeed in Sweden in the coming years. Furthermore, it can be stated that the lack of time, prioritization of other projects in the grid and the integration of those new applications into the current system seem to be the main barrier for Swedish utilities nowadays. Regarding the alarm system, it was found that the real benefits for network operators arrive when the information coming from an alarm system is combined with a topology interface of the network and a customer notifications server. Both applications could improve customer satisfaction by significantly reducing outage time and providing customers with real-time and precise information about the problems in the grid.

Le contexte de cette thèse est celui des communications optiques sans fil pour des applications en environnements indoor. Pour discuter des performances d'une liaison optique sans fil, il est nécessaire d'établir une étude caractéristique du comportement du canal de propagation. Cette étude passe par l'étape de la mesure ou de l'estimation par la simulation de la réponse impulsionnelle. Après avoir décrit la composition d'une liaison et passé en revue les méthodes de simulation existantes, nous présentons nos algorithmes de simulation dans des environnements réalistes, en nous intéressant à leurs performances en termes de précision et de temps de calcul. Ces méthodes sont basées sur la résolution des équations de transport de la lumière par du lancer de rayons associées aux méthodes d'intégration stochastique de Monte Carlo. La version classique de ces méthodes est à la base de trois algorithmes de simulations proposés. En utilisant une optimisation par des chaînes de Markov, nous présentons ensuite deux autres algorithmes. Un bilan des performances de ces algorithmes est établi dans des scénarios mono et multi-antennes. Finalement, nous appliquons nos algorithmes pour caractériser l'impact de l'environnement de simulation sur les performances d'une liaison de communication par lumière visible, à savoir les modèles d'émetteurs, les matériaux des surfaces, l'obstruction du corps de l'utilisateur et sa mobilité, et la géométrie de la scène de simulation. / The context of this PhD thesis falls within the scope of optical wireless communications for applications in indoor environments. To discuss the performance of an optical wireless link, it is necessary to establish a characteristic study of the behavior of the optical wave propagation channel. This study can be realized by measurement or by the simulation of the channel impulse response. After describing the composition of an optical wireless link and reviewing existing simulation methods, we present our new simulation algorithms channel in realistic environments by focusing on their performances in terms of accuracy and their complexity in terms of computation time. These methods are based on solving the light transport equations by ray-tracing techniques associated with stochastic Monte Carlo integration methods. The classical version of these methods is the basis of three proposed simulation algorithms. By applying an optimization using Markov Chain, we present two new algorithms. A performance assessment of our simulation algorithms is established in mono and multi-antenna scenarios of our simulation algorithms. Finally, we present the application of these algorithms for characterizing the impact of the simulation environment on the performances of a visible light communication link. We particularly focus on the transmitter models, surface coating materials, obstruction of the user's body and its mobility, and the geometry of the simulation scene.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude théorique et à la conception pratique de schémas de codage conjoint réseau/canal adaptés à différents scénarii de communications dans les réseaux sans fil. Contrairement aux hypothèses conventionnelles retenues dans la littérature (accès multiple orthogonal, absence d'erreurs sur certains liens), les caractéristiques de diffusion et de superposition des signaux propres au canal radio et la présence d'évanouissements lents et de bruit sur tous les liens sont prises en compte dans la formulation du problème et exploitées. Différentes stratégies de coopération au niveau du ou des relais sont examinées et comparées. Le point commun entre toutes ces stratégies est que le système doit fonctionner même en absence de coopération. Seuls le ou les relais et la destination sont informés d'une coopération. Ni les sources, ni le ou les relais ne connaissent l'état du canal à l'émission.
Le premier volet de la thèse porte sur le canal à accès multiple avec relais unique (slow fading MARC). Le problème du codage et décodage conjoint canal/réseau (JNCC/JNCD) est étudié sur un plan théorique et pratique. Différentes hypothèses au niveau de l'accès multiple (semi-orthogonal et non-orthogonal) et différents modes de fonctionnement du relais (half-duplex et full-duplex) sont envisagés. Une nouvelle stratégie de coopération adaptative (SDF pour selective decode and forward) est définie dans laquelle le relais calcule et retransmet une fonction déterministe des messages de sources qu'il a pu décoder sans erreur. Le ré-encodage, défini sur un corps fini (corps binaire), est également conçu de manière à assurer que la performance finale au niveau de la destination atteint bien un ordre de diversité 2.
Le modèle de canal MARC est par la suite étendu à plusieurs relais (slow fading MAMRC). Une analyse théorique est conduite et des nouveaux schémas JNCC/JNCD permettant de s'approcher des limites théoriques sont décrits. Afin d'assurer la diversité pleine, nous proposons de combiner un codage canal binaire et un codage réseau non-binaire.
Pour les deux types de canaux, nous montrons que l'interférence naturellement induite par la diffusion des signaux dans un environnement sans fil, n'est pas un inconvénient mais bien un avantage dès lors qu'on est en mesure de la traiter via des techniques de codage et de décodage sophistiquées (turbo codes et leur décodage, turbo détection). Les gains en termes de capacité (rapportée à une certaine probabilité de coupure) obtenus avec un accès multiple semi-orthogonal ou non-orthogonal sont substantiels comparés à un accès multiple orthogonal (référence).
Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, la stratégie de coopération SDF est comparée à deux autres stratégies de coopération s'appuyant sur un procédé de décodage-et-retransmission "souple" (sans prise de décisions intermédiaires) : l'une basée sur les rapports logarithmiques de probabilité a posteriori sur les bits codés et l'autre basée sur l'estimation de l'erreur quadratique moyenne (MSE). Nous vérifions que la stratégie de coopération SDF fonctionne bien dans la plupart des configurations, les stratégies de coopération souples n'améliorant légèrement les performances que dans certains cas extrêmes. / With the rapid growth of wireless technologies, devices and mobile applications, the quest of high throughput and ubiquitous connectivity in wireless communications increases rapidly as well. Relaying is undoubtedly a key concept to provide coverage extension and capacity increase in wireless networks. Network coding, which allows the intermediate nodes to share their computation capabilities in addition to their resource and their power, has grabbed a significant research attention since its inception in information theory. It has become an attractive candidate to bring promising performance improvement, especially in terms of throughput, in relay-based cellular networks. Substantial research efforts are currently focused on theoretical analysis, implementation and evaluation of network coding from a physical layer perspective. The question is, what is the most efficient and practical way to use network coding in wireless relay-based networks, and whether it is beneficial to exploit the broadcast and multiple-access properties of the wireless medium to perform network coding. It is in such a context, that this thesis proceeds. In the first part of the thesis, the problem of Joint Network-Channel Coding (JNCC) for a Multiple Access Relay Channel (MARC) is investigated in the presence of multiple access interferences and for both of the relay operating modes, namely, half-duplex and full-duplex. To this end, three new classes of MARC, referred to as Half-Duplex Semi-Orthogonal MARC (HD-SOMARC), Half-Duplex Non-Orthogonal MARC (HD-NOMARC), and Full-Duplex Non-Orthogonal MARC (FD-NOMARC) have been introduced and studied. The relaying function in all of the classes is based on a Selective Decode-and-Forward (SDF) strategy, which is individually implemented for each source, i.e, the relay forwards only a deterministic function of the error-free decoded messages. For each class, an information-theoretic analysis is conducted, and practical coding and decoding techniques are proposed. The proposed coding schemes, perform very close to the outage limit for both cases of HD-SOMARC and HD-NOMARC. Besides, in the case of HD-NOMARC, the optimal allocation of the transmission time to the relay is considered. It is also verified that exploiting multiple access interferences, either partially or totally, results in considerable gains for MARC compared to the existing interference-avoiding structures, even in the case of single receive antenna. In the second part of the thesis, the network model is extended by considering multiple relays which help multiple sources to communicate with a destination. A new class of Multiple Access Multiple Relay Channel (MAMRC), referred to as Half-Duplex Semi-Orthogonal MAMRC (HD-SOMAMRC) is then proposed and analyzed from both information theoretic and code design perspective. New practical JNCC schemes are proposed, in which binary channel coding and non binary network coding are combined, and they are shown to perform very close to the outage limit. Moreover, the optimal allocation of the transmission time to the sources and relays is considered. Finally, in the third part of the thesis, different ways of implementing cooperation, including practical relaying protocols are investigated for the half-duplex MARC with semi-orthogonal transmission protocol and in the case of JNCC. The hard SDF approach is compared with two Soft Decode and Forward (SoDF) relaying functions: one based on log a posterior probability ratios (LAPPRs) and the other based on Mean Square Error (MSE) estimate. It is then shown that SDF works well in most of the configurations and just in some extreme cases, soft relaying functions (based on LAPPR or MSE estimate) can slightly outperform the hard selective one.