El objetivo general de esta tesis es presentar una propuesta para el diseño de una Oficina de Dirección de Proyectos (PMO) para la División de Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) en una Empresa de Consultoría. La orientación inicial de la PMO será dar soporte a los diferentes tipos de proyectos de la BPO y de sus clientes. Se busca solucionar el problema de una dirección de proyectos ineficiente como base para el soporte de la aplicación eficiente y eficaz de la Metodología de Dirección de Proyectos que tiene la empresa. Para ello, utiliza las herramientas de gestión, define estándares y métricas, y gestiona el conocimiento de la Dirección de Proyectos. El desarrollo del equipo, el soporte de la planificación, la auditoría de proyectos y la recuperación de proyectos forman parte de esta propuesta de diseño que considera también las relaciones de los clientes, contratistas y proveedores. La tesis presenta seis capítulos. El primero describe la empresa, analiza el entorno y realiza un diagnóstico interno de la organización. El segundo presenta el marco teórico de los principales conceptos. El tercero analiza la situación actual, su misión, visión, valores y objetivos. El cuarto define el tipo de PMO recomendado en base a su situación, necesidades y expectativas. El quinto presenta la justificación y el análisis financiero de la propuesta de la PMO de la BPO. El sexto presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Al finalizar esta tesis, se obtendrá una propuesta real del diseño de la PMO para la División de BPO. / The general objective of this thesis is to present a proposal for the design of a Project Management Office (PMO) for the Business Process Outsourcing Division (BPO) in a Consulting Company. The initial orientation of the PMO will be to support the different types of projects of the BPO and its clients. The aim is to solve the problem of an inefficient project management as a basis for the efficient and effective application of the Project Management Methodology that the company has. To do this, it uses the management tools, defines standards and metrics, and manages the knowledge of Project Management. Team development, planning support, project auditing and project recovery form part of this design proposal that also considers the relationships of customers, contractors and suppliers. The thesis presents six chapters. The first describes the company, analyzes the environment and performs diagnostic or internal organization. The second presents the theoretical framework of the main concepts. The third analyzes the current situation, mission, vision, values and goals. The fourth defines the type of PMO recommended based on their situation, needs and expectations. The fifth presents the justification and financial analysis of the BPO proposal of the BPO. The sixth presents the conclusions and recommendations. At the end of this thesis, a real proposal PMO design for the BPO Division will be obtained. / Trabajo de investigación

In the modern competive situation on globalized market it is extremely important to find a comparative advantage that could place the company on the edge of rivalry on the market, either internal or international. Many companies face the issue of the lack or unaccessibility of resources. In such circumstances companies can find appropriate solution in outsourcing or offshoring their processes. In addition, many companies not only adopt outsourcing into the working process, but also build their business around Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) as a core competency of the company. Outsourcing in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Industry becomes a leading trend in many areas of economy enabled by fast development of communication technologies.      In this paper we studied outsourcing in general, outsourcing in ICT sector as well as the modern  position of Ukraine on the global ITO market and its perspective of cooperation with Nordic companies.     Theoretical data were analyzed in static, reflecting modern state of affairs in this industry branch, and dynamic way, showing the outcomes of development of the industry in the country during the last few years. Empirical study was fulfilled through a case study. Ukrainian ITO industry was shown as an attractive outsourcing destination for companies from Nordic region, with some drawbacks.

Outsourcing is a trend that has penetrated many industries over the last years taking the form of offshore outsourcing in many cases. However the location decision that follows the offshore outsourcing or the offshoring decision is quite complex and almost impossible to be answered through a linear model. A series of frameworks have been developed attempting to facilitate the process above.The focus of this work is the analysis of the location decision making through the reflection of the existing literature and the example of a specific country, Greece. Greece is chosen as a dynamic environment where the recent economic crisis has provoked structural reforms at the country, affecting the attractiveness of the location. The analysis of country is based on an OECD recent survey while the comparison is made with the assistance of a specific location decision model.Based on the findings of this study, it can be claimed that the case of Greece is quite different compared to other countries at the past which have faced similar situations. Further the reforms that take place need more time in order to be projected and trigger the attractiveness of the location.

The thesis "The institutional system struggling with underclared work in the Czech Republic " discusses institutional precautionary measures taken by the Czech republic in the matter of illegal employment. The key institution that has the responsibility to take measures against illegal work is the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic. The fight against illegal employment requires the introduction of a wide range of mechanisms and measures ranging from prevention to repression to discourage employees and employers from benefiting from this phenomenon. Illegal employment jeopardizes economy, weakens the labour market and reduces the number of jobs for citizens who apply for them at the unemployment offices. To combat illegal employment, there have to be precautions against illegal employees on the demand side as well as against employers on the supply side. One of the objectives of the fight against illegal employment is that the measures contribute to the fulfilment of legal obligations, which relates to statutory contributions to social insurance, health insurance and income tax. In order for the combat against illegal employment to be successful, it is imperative to have the support of the whole governing representation including organizational, financial and technical...

Aims and Objectives of Research. 1. To develop a ¿one stop¿ generic decision making matrix (Outsourcing Decision Model) that provides the necessary clarity into defining whether an organisation should proceed with an outsourcing initiative or not. This would be based upon a distillation of existing models and reviewed literature. With the recognition that there may be subsequent advantages following the process, the model will include not only these but a means of evaluation in order to ascertain whether or not an outsourcing initiative may be or was successful or not. This latter aspect must logically be viewed as very important as an outsourcer must be aware of the benefits and also whether or not they were achieved. In addition, the model would include sufficient guidance with potential supporting metrics and their application. 2. To validate the Outsourcing Model through specific case studies using a triangulated approach in comparing the selected automotive OEM with some of its major competitors. Within the context of the case study, the research would also attempt to understand how the subject outsourcing organisation compares to its major competitors in equivalent comparable products and whether or not this reflects in the success of these companies. This case study not only provides a means of reinforcing the remaining case studies by using a triangulated method of application to the research developed outsourcing decision model but also provides a deeper understanding of the context of the supplier and competitors within the industry. 3. To test, via case studies the effect of specificity relating to the outsourced end product rather than the outsourced entity. This aspect provides the deepest application to the researched outsourcing decision model and therefore the most comprehensive validation. In addition, because the case studies are retrospective, they have the benefit of providing data to establish the level of success. This would be very important, particularly as it would enable a focus on particular criteria that failed to highlight a particular outcome and therefore provide a chance to make amendments. Low specificity is a well established criterion in defining an outsourced entity which is reflected within the body of the research. The further extension of this theory towards the outsourcing of and outsourced entity related to an established previously outsourced commodity is a new concept with no identifiable literature or evidence relating to its importance. The fact that it provides an element within the research that is potentially unique and carries no extra task burden it has been captured as an added element within the two important validation case studies: 4. To evaluate if outsourcing performance can be enhanced through the introduction of a second supplier into a single supplier sourcing situation. Subsequent to outsourcing, this aim and objective focuses upon the possibility of enhancing performance through the introduction of a second supplier. Particularly in cases whereby expertise may have been lost from an outsourcer, ultimate results relating to the outsourced entity may be compromised through either opportunism or diminished supplier performance. Whether these aspects are deliberate or unintended, an outsourcer should have some means of mitigating this risk. This mitigation may potentially be enabled through the use of a second supplier in order to provide a degree of competition. 5. To identify a link between Specificity, Commonality and Platform Sharing. The Author's professional role was very heavily based around the modern practices within the Automotive Industry. Outsourcing, platform sharing and commonality are well publicised strategies that have been adopted by various car manufacturers in order to gain efficiencies. Research was carried out in order to provide a better understanding of these strategies and to establish if there is any link between them. A confirmation of any linkages may then provide potential for establishing greater synergies between them. / Ford Motor Company Ltd.

Bakgrund: Globaliseringen samt digitaliseringen har lett till stora förändringar på den globala marknaden. Företag konkurrerar inte längre bara regionalt eller nationellt utan även internationellt. Den dynamiska och volatila marknaden har lett till att det inte räcker att företag utnyttjar sina befintliga resurser utan de måste även vara flexibla, snabba och innovativa för att identifiera nya möjligheter. För att lyckas med det måste företag vara strategiskt entreprenöriella. Den ökade konkurrensen har även gjort att företag tvingas leverera hög kapacitet och effektivitet i samtliga av dess aktiviteter. Det har därmed blivit vanligt att företag väljer att enbart hantera de aktiviteter där de har sina interna styrkor och outsourcar övriga aktiviteter till externa företag genom att vara i nätverksorganisationer. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att skapa en djupare förståelse för strategiskt entreprenörskap och undersöka om och i så fall hur nätverksorganisationer kan balansera entreprenörskap och strategi i sin verksamhet.  Metod: Studien utgörs av en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi som utformats som en fallstudie av företaget Smiling Group. Det empiriska materialet har samlat in via intervjuer, observationer samt genom granskning av skriftligt material.  Slutsats: Vi anser utifrån vår studie att företag i nätverksorganisationer kan balansera strategi och entreprenörskap i sin verksamhet genom att de utnyttjar förutsättningarna som nätverket skapar. Vi vill hävda att en nätverksorganisation bidrar till att de enskilda företagen inom organisationen kan vara av entreprenöriell karaktär och ändå skapa långsiktig konkurrenskraft på marknaden. / Background: The trends of globalization and digitalization have led to huge changes in the global market. Companies do not compete only on a regional or national level but also on an international level. The dynamic and volatile market place have led to the fact that companies do not only have to use their existing resources but they also have to be flexible, fast pace and innovative in order to identify new market opportunities. To succeed companies must be strategically entrepreneurial. The increased competitive situation has also forced companies to deliver high capacity and efficiency in all of its activities. Hence, it has become common that companies choose to perform those activities where they have their internal strengths while outsourcing the other activities to organizations by operating in network environments. Purpose: The purpose of the case study is to provide a greater understanding for the concept of strategic entrepreneurship and evaluate the how the network organizations can balance the entrepreneurship and strategy in its business operations. Method: The study is represented of a qualitative research strategy which has been shaped as a case study of the Smiling Group company. The empirical material has been collected through several personal interviews, various experiences and a review of written documentation.  Conclusion: We conclude out of this case study that firms in network organizations can balance strategic management and entrepreneurship in their operations by utilizing the strategic advantages provided by the network. We claim that network organizations contribute by giving the individual firm the opportunity to take entrepreneurial action and still creating sustainable competitive advantage.

Problembakgrund: Mellan år 1970-2009 utgjordes apoteksmarknaden i Sverige av ett statligt monopol, där Apoteket AB hanterade läkemedelsförsörjning för samtliga landsting i Sverige. År 2009 privatiserades däremot apoteksmarknaden, och landstingen fick nu välja om det skulle hantera läkemedelsförsörjningen i egen regi eller fortsätta upphandla tjänsten till en extern aktör. Åren efter avregleringen har landstingen valt att gå olika vägar, där några valt att fortsätta outsourca denna tjänst och andra har tagit hem tjänsten och hanterar den i egen regi. Med kostnadsbesparingar och vårdkvalitet i fokus för landstingen, är det därför intressant att undersöka varför de hanterar tjänsten olika. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att först kartlägga hur landstingen i Sverige hanterar läkemedelsförsörjningen och därefter undersöka och identifiera vilka kritiska faktorer som finns gällande valet av hanteringssätt. Vidare avser studien att analysera hur valet av hanteringsätt påverkas av dessa kritiska faktorer. Utifrån denna analys är det sedan möjligt att utarbeta en modell för sourcingbeslut gällande läkemedelsförsörjning i svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: I studien genomfördes en surveyundersökning, där avsikten var att utföra strukturerade telefonintervjuer på samtliga landsting i Sverige. Studien utgick ifrån en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med inslag av kvalitativa delar. Detta för att kartlägga landstingens hanteringssätt av läkemedelsförsörjning, samt undersöka drivkrafter och kritiska faktorer vid valet av hanteringssätt. Slutsats: En beslutsmodell i form av ett beslutsträd utformades för sourcingbeslut gällande läkemedelsförsörjningen för svenska landsting. Beslutsmodellen utgick ifrån tre huvudområden som var kritiska vid valet av hanteringssätt gällande läkemedelsförsörjning – fokus på kärnverksamhet, kostnadsbesparingar och vårdkvalitet. Dessa utgjorde grunden i beslutsmodellen, och var avgörande vid beslutsfattandet gällande hanteringssättet. / Background: During the years of 1970-2009 the pharmacy market In Sweden was run by the government, where Apoteket AB managed drug supply for all counties in Sweden. In 2009, however, the pharmacy market was privatized and the county councils, which are responsible for the Swedish health care, now had to choose whether it would manage the drug supply in-house, or continue to procure the service from an external player. The years after deregulation county councils decided to go different ways with this, where some chose to continue to outsourcing this service and other decided to manage it in-house. With cost savings and quality of care as the main focus of the county councils, it is interesting to examine why they handle this service differently. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to first identify how the county councils in Sweden handle their drug supply, and then examine and identify the critical factors by outsourcing this service or by managing it in-house. Furthermore, the study will analyze how the choice of managing this service in-house or outsource it is affected by these critical factors. Based on this analysis, it is then possible to develop a model for sourcing decisions regarding drug supply in the Swedish health care. Method: The study was conducted using a survey study, where structured telephone interviews were used as a data collection method on the county councils in Sweden. The study was based on a quantitative research strategy, with some qualitative elements. This was considered necessary to map out how the county councils managed their drug supplying, and to examine the driving forces and critical factors in choosing between outsourcing or in-house. Conclusion: A decision model in the form of a decision tree was designed for sourcing decisions regarding drug supply for the Swedish county councils. The decision model was based on three main areas that were established as critical in the selection of management methods regarding the drug supplying – focus on core activities, cost savings and quality of care. These areas formed the basis of the decision model, and were established instrumental in sourcing decisions regarding drug supplying in Swedish health care.

Public sectors in the developed and emerging economies have been witnessing a period of intense change over the past three decades as a result of the development of free-market economy across the globe. In the UK, the public sector in 1970s (that comprised of nationalised industries) was severely criticised for being wasteful, and subject to political intervention, thereby making them inefficient systems for delivering public services. To put matters right, successive governments from the late 1970s embarked on public sector reforms. These reforms centred on increasing the role of private sector in delivering public services. Privatisation, the implementation of accruals-based accounting and application of compulsory competitive tendering in the public sector were some of these reforms. Public-private partnerships, including private finance initiatives (PFIs), introduced in the 1990s, were a continuation of these reforms. In the defence sector, various reforms carried out prior to 1990s failed to completely remove cost and time overruns in defence projects. PFIs were introduced to further rectify the failures of previous reforms in the defence sector because they were purported to provide better value for money. Defence PFIs are long-term agreements whereby the Ministry of Defence, MoD, contracts to purchase quality services on a long-term basis from the private sector (through the special purpose vehicle, SPV) in which the private sector provides all the finance required in constructing the asset that is used to provide the services. Value for money of PFIs is about economy, efficiency and effectiveness. The question, though is whether, Defence PFIs provide value for money as claimed by the MoD? The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of three categories: 1) accommodation, 2) equipment and 3) training of Defence PFIs by assessing the financial robustness (over a six-year period) of the SPVs engaged in their delivery. This research employs a multi-method methodological approach to gather data. Qualitative research methods were employed in exploring and understanding customer-supplier relationships and included, PPPs, PFIs in general (and Defence PFIs in particular), the public sector reforms that brought about private sector integration, 4 defence reforms, and Defence PFI policies. Quantitative research was used to collect and evaluate financial data on SPVs (used in Defence PFIs). Research analysis provided mixed results regarding the financial robustness of SPVs employed in the delivery of Defence PFIs. The profit margins of SPVs involved in the delivery of Defence PFIs relating to the category of accommodation were the highest. This is followed by SPVs in the category of Defence equipment and then by SPVs in the category of Defence training. Interestingly, the majority of SPVs involved in the delivery of Defence PFIs relating to accommodation have sound financial health. On the other hand, most SPVs relating to the other two categories have serious financial problems and therefore show cause for concern. Based on research findings of this study, a number of important policy recommendations are advanced to raise the effectiveness of PFIs in the defence sector and the wider public sector.

I denna undersökning har vi valt att studera outsourcing av fastighetsförvaltning. Medproblemformuleringen ”Hur fungerar outsourcing av fastighetsförvaltning i Sverige?” harundersökningen avgränsat sig både geografiskt och efter en bransch. Syftet medundersökningen är att beskriva hur outsourcingen av fastighetsförvaltning fungerar i Sverigeoch redovisa såväl kunden som leverantörens perspektiv. Den teoretiska referensrameninkluderar kärnkompetensteorin, transaktionskostnadsteorin, agentteorin och relationsteorin.Med en fallstudieansats av sju undersökningsenheter har semistrukturerade intervjuergenomförts. Undersökningen inkluderar tre respondenter från leverantörssidan, tvårespondenter från kundsidan samt två respondenter utanför branschen vilka används som enjämförelsebas i undersökningen. En egentillverkad analysmodell som fokuserar på de olikateoriernas inflytande vid de olika stegen i outsourcingprocessen har lett fram till att det finnsinslag av alla teorier under de olika stegen. Transaktionskostnadsteorin visar sig vara mestframträdande (i steg 1) när respondenterna redovisar grunderna till sina val att outsourca ochrelationsteorin har inslag i samtliga steg vilket visat sig att många undersökningsenheter strävarefter men som sällan uppnås.Slutsatsen är att branschspecifika och även organisationsspecifika omständigheter har visat sigha en stor inverkan på outsourcingprocessen. Att undersökningsfallen har likheter ochskillnader däribland, skillnader i involveringsgraden (valet att outsourca alla fastighetsrelateradefrågor eller enbart fastighetsförvaltningen), hur styrningen av dessa fungerar medincitamentsmodeller samt upplevelsen från kundens sida om hur stor kontroll de besitter.Likheterna för outsourcingprocessen är att kostnadspressen fortfarande har stor betydelse, attsynergier är viktigt och att samtliga respondenter har en stor förståelse för desskärnkompetenser och kärnkompetensernas betydelse i outsourcingsprocessen.

本文文旨在探討不同委外模式對文創園區運作成效的影響。以財政資源流用與人事任用的運作架構為主要分析焦點，從合產(coproduction)分析委外運作的良窳。政府將廢棄國有工廠整建後，變更用途為文創園區再委託外部團體經營，是我國目前最常見的文創園區經營方式。選擇委外經營的主要考量在於人事任用的鬆綁以及減輕政府財政府負擔。隨著委外風潮日盛，政府委託民間參與公共服務的形式也更加細緻，類型也更加多元，不同類型的委外模式更因政府民間互動基礎相異或是委託團體性質的不同，而有不同的運作結果。 本研究選擇華山文創園區與松山文創園區為比較的案例，細究園區的委外經營模式，可以發現因為園區內各區塊因為使用功能不同，而有不同的的委外模式。本文以華山的ROT區，與松山的古蹟區作為比較研究的標的，二者分別由企業與公設財團法人經營。 研究結果發現，公設財團法人的運作，雖然有助於提供文創相關的扶持計畫，但因組織運作與架構與政府相當貼近，反而不利於政府與民間各自提供所長，共同提供公共服務而形成綜效。委託企業營運在公益性考量較受質疑，政府為解決爭議，除透過契約規定定期監督外，更透過強制企業成立基金會提供公共服務，取得公益與營利之間的平衡。委託企業經營後，政府對園區發展無須再投入預算，且可以獲得企業的回饋金。但是基金會的人事任命與預算撥用的過程由政府主導，使基金會難以脫離政府結構與政治力的影響。若以人事任用的鬆綁與減輕政府財政負擔兩個面向來看，企業經營更有助於和政府相互補合作、提高服務的產出。 / This study examines two types of outsourcing governance in promoting cultural and creative industry via rejuvenizing the abadended historic sites: by coutracting out to private company (in Huashan) versus setting up a government-sponsered foundation to run the business (in Songshan). Intensive interviews with key persons were conducted to find out the political backgrounds of the decisions. Effectiveness of two different institutional arrangements are compared to illustrate major concenrs of outsourcing decision and essential factors contributing to a successful management such cultural and creative parks. Policy implication is also mentioned in conclusion.