Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-30T14:00:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VICENTE DA CUNHA PASSOS JÚNIOR.pdf: 1833783 bytes, checksum: 6ca43e7c9f248f4a89ee437a368daa84 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-30T14:11:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VICENTE DA CUNHA PASSOS JÚNIOR.pdf: 1833783 bytes, checksum: 6ca43e7c9f248f4a89ee437a368daa84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-30T14:11:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VICENTE DA CUNHA PASSOS JÚNIOR.pdf: 1833783 bytes, checksum: 6ca43e7c9f248f4a89ee437a368daa84 (MD5) / O tema da presente pesquisa é a possibilidade de aplicação do princípio da solidariedade para a ampliação do conceito de superendividamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi perquirir se o princípio da solidariedade extraído da Constituição Federal de 1988 seria capaz de ampliar o conceito de superendividamento, diante da importância dessa situação e pela constância desse problema em tempos de crises econômicas. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi dividida em três partes. Na primeira discorreu-se sobre as modificações ocorridas na teoria geral dos contratos, abordando o atual papel dos princípios contratuais na sociedade, tendo em vista que o superendividamento é significativamente causado por relações contratuais, especialmente as de fornecimento de crédito ou, até mesmo em outros tipos de contrato que comprometam sua capacidade de honrar seus compromissos. Na segunda parte, analisou-se a situação do hiperconsumo e o superendividamento, com o objetivo de demonstrar quais as relações que existem entre tais figuras, e apresentando qual o posicionamento doutrinário sobre o superendividamento, já que será proposta a ampliação do conceito deste instituto. Por fim, no último capítulo, buscou-se demonstrar que o princípio da solidariedade, com amparo no princípio da dignidade humana e preocupado com a preservação do mínimo existencial, pode servir de fundamento para a ampliação do conceito de superendividamento, para que outras pessoas possam receber a tutela legal protetiva de seus direitos em situações ainda não admitidas pela doutrina nem pelo Projeto de Lei 3.515/2015 que trata do tema, razão pela qual sugerimos a ampliação do conceito para o superendividamento. / The present research's theme is the possibility of expansion of the concept of over-indebtedness by the application of the principle of solidarity. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to inquire if the principle of solidarity extracted from Brazil's Constitution of 1988 is apt to extend the concept of over-indebtedness, considering the importance of the situation and the constancy that it occurs during economic crisis. To archive so, the research was divided in three parts. The first discussed about the modifications that happened to the contract theory, approaching the current role from the contractual principles in society, contemplating that the over-indebtedness is significantly caused by contractual relations, especially as credits supply or, even by contracts that compromise the ability to honor its obligations. At the second part, was analyzed the hyperconsumerism and the over-indebtedness, aiming to demonstrate the relation between the figures, and displaying what is the doctrinal position about over-indebtedness, since there will be proposed a extension of its concept. Lastly, in the final piece, was attempted to show that the principle of solidarity, as an assistance in the principle of the human dignity and the concern about the preservation of the minimum existential, can be used as foundation for an expansion of the concept of over-indebtedness, so that other people can receive the legal protection of their rights in situations not yet admitted not even by Bill nº 3515/2015 that contains the theme, reason that suggests extends the concept for over-indebtedness.

This diploma thesis deals with the current amendment of the Insolvency Act. It was written by the Ministry of Justice of the Czech Republic. There is introduce the current amendment focuses on personal bankuptcy. The thesis introduces the legislative process of this amendment. For the identification of the actors was used the theory of advocacy coalitions. It shows their conflict of opinions. Two very different coalitions were defined in this problem amendment of Insolvency Act. Based on expert interviews were identified weaknesses of personal bankruptcy and devided into several groups. The study works with the concept of social stratification. It is used to ilustrate quantitative analysis. It contains the research sample of 91 and it completed insolvency proceedings (personal bankruptcy with repayment schedule). The sample were chosen from the relevant courts in Prague, Liberec region and Ústí nad Labem region. The results have been compared in the context of each area and as a whole sample.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the over-indebtedness of Czech households, its impacts and prevention methods. There are theories of education and consumerist society theories applied as basic theoretical concepts. The thesis analyses the scope and the over- indebtedness ways in the Czech Republic, it describes the causes and the implications of over- indebtedness of households and possibilities or over-indebtedness solution via the form of the debt relief. One of the possibilities how to prevent the over-indebtedness is to increase the financial literacy. The publically political tool used by the state is the financial education within the primary and secondary school systems. There was carried out a research in a particular family struggling with the over-indebtedness within this thesis. There was described the indebtedness origin and the development, the subsequent over-indebtedness and the way how to solve it. It was also described how the education for management of family finances was carried out, what the educational level of the married couple is and what the financial literacy level is. There was a questionnaire research performed within a secondary integrated school based on this research. The aim was to find out the relation among the final receivers of financial education to...

The thesis "Analysis of the Causes of Over-Indebtedness" consists of a detailed analysis of issues leading up to over-indebtedness. It also aims to point out the most serious consequences of over-indebtedness. The thesis brings attention to the relation between causes and effects which, in many cases, take the form of the opposite and vice versa. The boundary between cause and effect can often be indistinct, and it is essential to distinguish between the two in order to find a solution for an over-indebted client. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the issue of a loss of income which may lead to over-indebtedness, draws attention to the important role of education in the area of financial literacy, and notes on the most serious consequences of over-indebtedness, which it sees in the loss of housing, homelessness, and other negative effects. The research part concentrates on a social group which belongs to one of the most threatened with social exclusion, welfare applicants. The research attempts to analyse their debt situation in relation to their age, education, housing, unemployment period, willingness to change their situation, and willingness to repay their debt.

[pt] A prevenção e o tratamento do superendividamento passaram a integrar o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a partir da promulgação da Lei número 14.181/2021, a qual alterou o Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) para tratar da matéria. A definição e a tutela do mínimo existencial trazidos no texto da Lei se mostram ponto central e merecedor de atenção, sobretudo pela inexistência de regulamentação que observe preceitos constitucionais e possibilite a aplicabilidade das novas disposições do código consumerista. Nesse sentido, a responsabilidade patrimonial do consumidor superendividado, à luz do Direito Civil-Constitucional, deve se dar na medida que preserva o patrimônio mínimo para subsistência digna de seu titular, cumprindo, assim, o fundamento constitucional de promoção da pessoa humana. / [en] The prevention and treatment of over-indebtedness became part of the Brazilian legal system after the enactment of Law No. 14,181/2021, which amended the Consumer Defense Code (CDC) to address the matter. The definition and protection of the existential minimum brought in the text of the Law are a central point and worthy of attention, especially due to the lack of regulation that observes constitutional precepts and allows the applicability of the new provisions in the consumer code. In this sense, the patrimonial responsibility of the over-indebted consumer, taking the Civil-Constitutional Law into consideration, must occur to the extent that it preserves minimum patrimonial resources for a dignified subsistence of its holder, thus fulfilling the constitutional foundation of promotion of the human person.

Liest und verfolgt man die diversen in der jüngeren Vergangenheit ergangenen Pres­severlautbarungen und Stellungnahmen zum Thema Überschuldung im Allgemeinen und dem insolvenzrechtlichen Überschuldungsbegriff im Besonderen, drängt sich einem der Verdacht auf, dass ein wie auch immer geartetes Problembewusstsein zu diesem Thema gewollt in die Bedeutungslosigkeit geschrieben worden ist. Nach überwiegend herrschender Meinung seien die insolvenzrechtliche Überschuldung und der damit einhergehende Insolvenzantragsgrund mittlerweile obsolet. Dieser Meinungsstand verwundert doch stark angesichts der nach wie vor hohen Anzahl an Unternehmensinsolvenzen, insbesondere im Bereich mittelständischer Unternehmen. Obgleich bei einem Gutteil der betroffenen Unternehmen als Insolvenzantragsgrund die Zahlungsunfähigkeit angegeben worden ist, darf dies nicht darüber hinweg täuschen, dass einer Illiquidität in aller Regel eine Überschuldung vorausgeht. Dabei spielt es objektiv betrachtet keine Rolle, ob es sich um eine bilanzielle, rechnerische oder insolvenzrechtliche Überschuldung handelt; in allen Fällen vermag das Vermögen die Schulden nicht mehr zu decken, m.a.W.: die Schuldendeckungsfähigkeit ist nicht mehr gegeben. Die Erhaltung der Schuldendeckungsfähigkeit eines Unternehmens ist so gesehen der erste Schritt zur Insolvenzprophylaxe. Allerdings sind die normierten handelsrechtlichen Rechnungslegungsvorschriften aus vielerlei Gründen nur bedingt geeignet, die Schuldendeckungsfähigkeit eines Unternehmens verlässlich zu überprüfen. Insoweit erscheint es folgerichtig, gerade für die mittelständische GmbH eine Ergänzung der aktuellen Rechnungslegung durch eine permanente Schuldendeckungskontrolle, wie sie bereits durch die ältere Zerschlagungsstatik bzw. statische Interpretation der Bilanz gefordert wurde, vorzusehen und damit den organschaftlichen Vertreter der mittelständischen GmbH in die Lage zu versetzen, im Rahmen seiner Selbstinformationsverpflichtung den Bestand des Unternehmens zu sichern und die externen Gläubiger angemessen zu schützen. Die präventive Anwendung der insolvenzrechtlichen Überschuldungsprüfung nach § 19 InsO zur Schuldendeckungskontrolle ermöglicht dem organschaftlichen Vertreter zweierlei: In Abhängigkeit von der Frühzeitigkeit der Vornahme einer solchen Prüfungshandlung kann deren Informationsgehalt entweder insolvenzprophylaktisch im Sinne einer erfolgreichen außergerichtlichen Sanierung wirken oder aber zumindest den Weg zu einer rechtzeitigen und geordneten Insolvenzantragstellung weisen. Das Ergebnis der Überschuldungsprüfung kann so dazu beitragen, erste Indikatoren bestehender Fehlentwicklungen und Schieflagen bereits im Vorfeld einer sich abzeichnenden Krise aufzuzeigen. Anzeichen dieser Art sind in aller Regel schon lange vor Eintritt der Insolvenzantragspflicht im Zahlenwerk der betreffenden Unternehmen erkennbar.

This work deals with the topic how to help the over-indebted clients. The theoretical part describes the term over-indebtedness, its forms and the ways of help provided to the people with such problems. The closer interest is put on how these people can be helped by social work, which methods are suitable and relevant to this type of work and how these methods are defined in specialized literature and corresponding legislation. The practical part of this work focuses on the form of help to these people within a specific organization that provides social services and works for the over-indebted clients. Using some case studies the work describes some particular cases and methods of work which were applied. Concerning the methods of work with these clients, the thesis describes the elements of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis which are used by social workers while working with their clients. Further on, the thesis describes the social workers' attitudes, their experiences with their clients and points out some existential questions they deal with, especially from the perspective of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis.

L’extrême complexité de notre droit contemporain conduit de plus en plus de juristes à rechercher la spécialisation, synonyme d’approfondissement et donc de compétence. Mais si une telle démarche a d’évidents aspects positifs, elle recèle parfois l’inconvénient de laisser dans l’ombre les questions qui se trouvent à l’intersection de plusieurs disciplines. Or là, dans ces conflits ou coordinations de droits spéciaux, gisent souvent de nos jours de beaux sujets de thèse. Dans la législation de l'insolvabilité, les pays doivent trancher un certain nombre de questions du fond et de la forme. Nonobstant la diversité des questions du fond à résoudre, la législation de l'insolvabilité est d'une nature procédurale. Les règles de la procédure collective sont conçues pour jouer un rôle crucial dans la répartition des risques entre les divers acteurs de la procédure judiciaire. La question de procédure est de savoir quels sont les facteurs déclenchant pour l’introduction d’une procédure collective. La première partie de l’étude montre que les critères d’insolvabilité existaient toujours mais leur sens a changé à travers le temps et dépendaient du système juridique du pays en question. La seconde partie de cette recherche est consacrée au contenu des critères d’insolvabilité en France, en Ukraine et dans l’UE. Un second enjeu de la recherche est de voir comment le troisième critère (l'insolvabilité imminente) est apparu dans le droit commun français et à quel moment la réforme de la législation de l’insolvabilité en Ukraine s’arrêtait. L’internationalisation de l’économie engendre nécessairement des situations de défaillance d’entreprises multinationales ou/et possédantes d'actifs à travers toute la planète. Nous allons donc essayer d'élaborer une approche commune dans un droit européen qui s’inscrirait dans la suite logique des législations nationales. / The extreme complexity of the modern law leads that more and more lawyers are looking for a specialization, in-depth knowledge and therefore synonym to skill. But if this approach has an obvious positive aspect, it sometimes receives a disadvantage to leave in a shadow the issues that are in the intersection of several disciplines. In the conflicts and subordination of special legal rights, nowadays the interesting thesis topics can be found. In the insolvency law, the countries have to solve a number of questions, the formal and the substantial aspects. Notwithstanding the diversity of background issues to be solved, the insolvency legislation is a law of a procedural character. The rules of the collective proceedings are vested to play a crucial role in the allocation of the risks between the various actors during the judicial process. However, the key question of the procedure is to define the trigger criteria for the introduction of collective proceedings. The first part of the study demonstrates that the insolvency criteria exist always but their meaning has been changing over the years and has been depending upon the system of law of the country. The second part of this research is devoted to the content of the insolvency criteria in France, Ukraine and in the EU. A second issue of the research is to see how the third criterion (the imminent illiquidity) has been appeared in the French and Ukrainian law and when the reform of insolvency law in Ukraine has stopped. The internationalization of the economy necessarily leads to the situations of possible dysfunction of the multinational companies (or even their failure) and / or possessing assets across the globe. We will try to develop a common approach in a European commercial law that would fit into the logical continuation of national legislation.

The behaviour of taking out unsecured loans to purchase goods or services is in danger of causing over-indebtedness, especially among young adults. The lending of consumer credits is closely associated with inadequate creditworthiness assessments as well as high interest rates, which implicates that borrowers with narrow margins are granted loans that they are later unable to repay. Consumer information in the form of loan terms and pre-purchase information is not sufficient to give the consumer an understanding of the long-term effects that a consumer credit may have on the personal finance. The aim of this study is to explore how the Swedish Consumer Agency can use cautionary tales to influence young adults’ (18–29 years) attitudes towards consumer credits. The research objective is to present a design proposal for a narrative, as part of a public communication campaign with the Swedish Consumer Agency as messenger. To develop an understanding of possible reasons why young adults take out consumer credits, as well as the consequences for those who cannot repay their loans, quantitative as well as qualitative data was collected from government publications and official statistics. Based on the findings from the data collection, a narrative for a campaign video was created in the format of a screenplay. The narrative's potential impact was then evaluated with the help of prospective users of the campaign video. The results from the user testing show that the narrative activated psychological processes in the participants which are associated with attitudinal impact. Thus, the results suggest that a cautionary tale, which explains potential causes and effects of over-indebtedness that is relatable to young adults, can influence young adults' attitudes towards consumer credits. / Att ta lån utan säkerhet för att köpa varor eller tjänster är ett beteende som särskilt bland unga vuxna riskerar att leda till överskuldsättning. Utlåning av konsumtionskrediter är nära förknippad med bristande kreditprövning så väl som höga räntekostnader, vilket medför att låntagare med små marginaler beviljas lån som de senare inte förmår att betala tillbaka. Konsumentinformation i form av lånevillkor och förköpsinformation är inte tillräckliga för att ge konsumenten en förståelse för vilka effekter konsumtionskrediter kan ha på privatekonomin långsiktigt. Syftet med denna studie är att utforska hur Konsumentverket kan använda varnande berättelser för att påverka unga vuxnas (18–29 år) attityder till konsumtionskrediter. Målet med studien är att utforma ett gestaltningsförslag till ett narrativ, som en del i en offentlig kommunikationskampanj med Konsumentverket som avsändare. För att utveckla en förståelse för varför unga vuxna tar konsumtionskrediter, liksom vilka konsekvenserna blir för dem som inte kan betala sina skulder, samlades kvantitativa så väl som kvalitativa data från statspublikationer och officiell statistik. Med utgångspunkt i fynden från datainsamlingen utformades ett narrativ till en kampanjfilm, gestaltat som ett filmmanus. Narrativets potential till attitydpåverkan utvärderades därefter med hjälp av presumtiva användare av kampanjfilmen. Resultaten från användartesterna visar att narrativet aktiverade psykologiska processer hos testdeltagarna som är associerade med attitydpåverkan. Resultaten föreslår således att en varnande berättelse som redogör för möjliga orsaker till och konsekvenser av överskuldsättning som unga vuxna kan relatera till, kan påverka unga vuxnas attityder till konsumtionskrediter.

Gauteng, one of the nine provinces of South Africa, has a high number of households as compared to the other provinces. Geographically the province has the smallest land size, however it forms the central part of the South African economy. From the total value of credit granted in all provinces, Gauteng has the highest. The province has a high number of registered debt counsellors and an increasing number of consumers who apply for debt counselling because of over-indebtedness. The high number of the registered debt counsellors and consumers seeking debt counselling service gave rise to the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study was to assess the role of debt counselling services provided by debt counsellors to consumers on the one hand, and to also assess whether debt counselling has had a positive effect on the personal financial well-being of consumers who participated in the debt counselling process on the other hand. Furthermore, the study aimed at developing a framework that will empower consumers to be self-sufficient with their finances. From the purpose of the study, two research questions were proposed: (1) How does the debt counselling service provided by debt counsellors assist consumers to manage their finances effectively? (2) Which role does the debt counselling service provided by debt counsellors play in terms of the personal financial well-being of consumers? In an attempt to answer research questions, the theoretical framework of both personal finance and debt counselling were studied. The importance of personal finance, personal financial planning, the evolution of debt counselling, the effectiveness and the ineffectiveness of debt counselling services were identified. A two-phased sequential design (qualitative and quantitative) was used. Fifteen debt counsellors were selected (for the first phase of the study) by making use of a purposeful sampling. These debt counsellors were interviewed and further requested to identify and send questionnaires to consumers whom they have rendered debt counselling service between the years 2007 and 2013. In the second phase of the study, 300 over-indebted consumers were surveyed through a snowball non-probability sampling technique and a response rate of 61% was realised. Data was analysed using ATLAS.ti and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for the first and the second data collected respectively. Furthermore, the exploratory factor analysis was used to analyse the data, and the factorability of the data was assessed by means of two statistical measures, namely Bartlett’s test of sphericity and Kaizer Meyer-Olkin. It was observed that most debt counsellors lack financial management knowledge and do not have mechanisms to verify their clients’ financial well-being after debt counselling service had been completed. In addition, there was no evidence that consumers who received debt counselling improved in their financial well-being and that consumers also lacked personal financial management skills. The study concluded that, although debt counselling is essential, it does not necessarily assist consumers to effectively manage their finances. The study purports to suggest the following: Debt counsellors should be subjected to formal financial management training prior to their registration, debt counsellors should provide personal financial management education to their clients, and assess the financial management conduct of their clients once debt counselling process is complete, and debt counsellors should establish debt counsellors’ forums. The South African government (in conjunction with the Department of Education and Training) should introduce and implement personal financial management education in both primary and high schools’ curricula. Personal financial management should continue to be offered at adult learning centres as well as other institutions of higher learning. Employers should appoint employee wellness officers who will provide personal finance training to employees. Credit providers should take the responsibility of educating their clients on how to manage their accounts and the importance of paying debts on time. The South African media should also be used by the government and the NCR to educate and inform consumers about finance-related matters. Finally consumers should seek guidance and advice before making financial commitments. The study concluded by suggesting a framework that should help consumers to manage and sustain their financial well-being. / Business Management / DCOM (Business Management)