The e-commerce revolution in business can help African countries expand their tourism industry. Africa, with its great wealth in wildlife and unique resorts, can benefit from the ever increasing user population of the Internet, particularly in the USA and Western Europe where most of the tourists to Africa come from (Internet World Stats, 2004). E-commerce which runs on the backbone of the Internet can help the African tourism industry break into international tourism, thus increasing the flows of the much needed foreign currency. As there was little empirical data on the e-commerce activities in the African tourism industry the researcher first and foremost examined a large number of websites in order to paint a picture of the nature and extent of the e-commerce activities in four -African countries. For comparison, websites of tourism organisations from USA and Western Europe were also examined. The surveys revealed that few of the African organisations are embracing e-commerce and that although some websites were comparable to those of their western counterparts the majority had room for considerable improvement. After examining the websites another survey was carried out to find the current progress of e-commerce adoption and usage from the perspective of the African tourism organisations. Analysis of the data collected showed that e-commerce adoption among the tourism organisations was slow. This led to more surveys being carried out to find the barriers to e-commerce among tourism organisations with information-only websites and those whose websites had limited interactive facilities. These surveys revealed that tourism organisations with information-only websites faced more barriers than those with websites which had limited interactive features. They also revealed that the most common barriers were technological and security and legal barriers. The ultimate survey involved finding out from tourism organisations with fully-fledged e-commerce websites how they overcame the e-commerce barriers. The methods used by these organisations to overcome e-commerce barriers together with recommendations made in the surveys carried out earlier were used to formulate recommendations and guidelines for those organisations intending to adopt and e-commerce. The recommendations and guidelines were tested and results showed that they are helpful and easy to follow.

Decision-makers for road and stormwater infrastructure across America are faced with numerous problems that require immediate action. These decision-makers are faced with an option when the time arises to consider alternatives for these infrastructure systems: abide to the status quo solution or attempt a different strategy. Typically, these stakeholders choose solutions that are built to be rebuilt. Roadways and stormwater infrastructure provide two examples of infrastructure that requires constant modification and addition. However, other solutions provide opportunities that go against traditional decision-making and provide an opportunity to transform the surrounding land. Road diets remove lanes instead of building more. Green infrastructure such as river daylighting relies on natural land systems to solve problems. Both solutions share the ability to solve their respective problems while also revitalizing, or transforming the land surrounding them. However, barriers are presented to these solutions, such as scope uncertainty and funding sources. Case study research of the Indianapolis Cultural Trail and the Lick Run Greenway reveals that collaborative planning, goal framing, and unique funding structures are a few examples of overcoming barriers to innovative infrastructure. / Master of Science / As roadways and stormwater infrastructure across America is placed in an increasingly precarious position, decision-makers are tasked with designing innovative solutions. Typically, the solutions that are drawn up have been used countless times over decades of research. However, in the face of an uncertain climate and population effects, old solutions are less able to solve newer, bigger problems. Innovative infrastructure can not only perform its traditional duties, but also act as an attractor to cities. Road diets, which are projects that remove vehicle lanes, and river daylighting, which are projects that unearth piped streams to collect stormwater, are two types of transformative infrastructure. This research utilizes case studies of both to understand their barriers and how to overcome these barriers. The barriers that were found include uncertainty in the scale of the project as well as how to procure funds for the project. To overcome these barriers, a few findings include active community planning through open forums as well as selectively framing information of the projects to highlight their benefits.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:47:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise Orlandi Collus.pdf: 1611840 bytes, checksum: dea0bba6d60f57b13b7fea4d3ed456e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / The objective of this research work was to identify and analyze the variables that contributed to the adaptation to the aging process by refugees aged over 55 years in the city of São Paulo. A review of the literature on refugees and aging was undertaken to assist in understanding the issue selected for study: aging away from home: refuge and old age. Based on the oral life history - obtained through open interviews - of nine refugees from different nationalities, some variables were identified that were similar among the interviewees regarding life experience and/ or expectations about aging. Among the variables that may increase the likelihood of successful aging are autonomy, mastery of the host country s language, religious beliefs, hospitality, family and freedom. However, three other features can hinder adaptation to old age: financial dependency, disease and family vulnerability. The result of the research supports this assertion, and reveals these refugees extraordinary capacity to overcome challenges, which derives perhaps from the abilities they were forced to develop throughout their lives marked by challenges and achievements / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar as variáveis que contribuíram para a adaptação ao processo de envelhecimento por parte refugiados com mais de 55 anos de idade na cidade de São Paulo. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica acerca do refúgio e do envelhecimento para subsidiar a compreensão do problema selecionado: envelhecer longe de casa: refúgio e velhice. Com base na história oral obtida por meio de entrevistas abertas com nove refugiados de distintas nacionalidades, identificaram-se algumas variáveis que foram similares entre os pesquisados quanto à sua vivência e/ ou expectativa de envelhecer. Dentre as variáveis que podem aumentar a probabilidade de um envelhecimento bem-sucedido destacam-se a autonomia, domínio da língua falada no país da acolhida, crença religiosa, hospitalidade, família e liberdade. Entretanto, três outras características podem dificultar essa adaptação à velhice: a dependência financeira, a doença e a vulnerabilidade da família. O resultado da pesquisa corrobora tal afirmação, e revela uma capacidade extraordinária de superação desses refugiados, capacidade talvez advinda das muitas habilidades a que foram obrigados a desenvolver ao longo de vidas marcadas justamente por desafios e superações

Metodika: Tyrimas buvo atliekamas 2012 metų rugsėjo-gruodžio mėnesiais Mykolo Romerio universitete (MRU). Tyrimui atlikti naudotas apklausos metodas, duomenų rinkimo instrumentu pasirinktas klausimynas raštu. Tyrimo imtį sudarė atsitiktiniu būdu atrinkti MRU studentai. MRU populiacija yra 22 000, taikant 5 proc. paklaidą apskaičiuota, kad siekiant gauti statistiškai reikšmingus rezultatus reikia apklausti 519 studentų. Iš viso užpildyta 509 klausimynai, 10 klausimynų buvo sugadinti arba negražinti. Apklausti visų kursų studentai – tiek bakalaurai, tiek magistrantai. Tiriamųjų amžius – nuo 19 iki 35 metų. Tyrime dalyvavo 369 (72,5 proc.) moterys ir 140 (27,5 proc.) vyrų. Tyrimo organizavimas buvo grindžiamas savanoriškumo ir genoriškumo principais. Rezultatų apdorojimui buvo naudojamas programinis statistinių duomenų paketas SPSS 20.0. Tyrimo duomenys laikyti statistiškai patikimais, jei p<0,05. Rezultatai: Stresas, tai organizmo būsena, kuri atsiranda dėl įvykių, kuriuos asmuo laiko grėsmingais ir sunkiai įveikiamais. Stresoriai skirstomi į tris veiksnių grupes: fizinius, socialinius ir psichologinius. Stresas didina fizinės ir psichinės sveikatos sutrikimų riziką ir mažina atsparumą neigiamam aplinkos poveikiui. Dažniausiai streso įveikimo strategijos skirstomos į problemą ir į emocijas orientuotus įveikimo būdus. Dauguma MRU studentų (90 proc.) patiria stresą, moterys statistiškai reikšmingai dažniau už vyrus. Pagrindiniai studentų stresoriai yra egzaminai ir atsiskaitymai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Methods: investigation was carried out September 2012 to December 2012 in the university of Mykolas Romeris. For investigation was used survey method, data collection instrument selected written questionnaire. The investigation consists of randomly selected students from university of Mykolas Romeris. The population of university Mykolas Romeris is 22 000, with a 5 percent error calculatedin order to obtain statistically significant results 519 students should be surveyed. Completing a total of 509 questionnaire, 10 questionnaire has been damaged or does not return. Interviewed all of the courses students - both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Investigated age of students is from 19 till 35 years old. Investigation included 369 (72,5 percent) women and 140 (27,5 percent) men. Organization of the investigation was based on a voluntary and benevolence principles. Proccesing of the results consisted of statistical software package for data SPSS 20.0 Survey data was considered statistically reliable if p < 0.05 Results: stress is the body's reacton caused by events that persons find sinister and difficult to overcome. Stressors are devided into three groups of factors: physical, social and psychological. Stress increases physical and mental health risks and reduces resistance to environmental stress. Often stress coping strategies are devided to problems and emotion oriented ways of overcoming. Most students (90 percent) from university of Mykolas Romeris experience... [to full text]

The oratorio August 4, 1964 is a twelve-movement work for orchestra, chorus, and four soloists written by Steven Stucky. The premise for the libretto, adapted by Gene Scheer, is the confluence of two events during one day (August 4, 1964) in the life of Lyndon B. Johnson. Although the main idea of the libretto focuses on these two events of this one day, many cultural references of the 1960's in general can be found as well, such as quotations from the well-known song "We Shall Overcome." Stucky borrows from a motet he wrote in 2005 for another quotation source utilized in this oratorio, "O Vos Omnes." My goal in this thesis is to reveal and analyze the many different levels of quotations that exist within August 4, 1964, to explore each quotation's individual function within the oratorio (as a cultural gesture, commentary or remembrance), and to examine the structural coherence that emerges as a result of their use within the oratorio.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Lopes Faggiano.pdf: 5844871 bytes, checksum: 78e8a18987a4c12c0dc4afc6d143acf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In our transition process to the production and reproduction of capital mode through a colonial via, we plated a particular colonial capitalism in the tropics. Colonial, since it develops itself in atrophy, not completely, keeping and reinforcing Brazil as an subaltern bond of the imperialism. Considering the particularity of each author, I remark the works of Caio Prado Jr., Francisco Oliveira, Florestan Fernandes, José Chasin, Octavio Ianni e Maurício Tragtenberg as fundamentals in the marxist formulation of the Brazilian thoughts. The current work starts from The Brazilian March to West, searching our historical particularity. Moved by a late industrialization of the country, the myth of development takes violently all Brazilian people to be submitted to this cause, while the profits pass to be concentrated, even more, in the hands of farmers, national and international dealers. The domination of value of change by the value of use, contradictory present in the products of capitalist civilization, together with the transformation of lands to capital- private property, reaches the limits of Parque Indígena do Xingu (MT) and, slowly, charmingly penetrates the daily life of the aldeias. Considering the studies made since 1965 by the anthropologist Carmen Junqueira, this work intends to critically analyze the arriving of the goods with its values and of the capital-social relation in the aldeia Kamaiurá from Ipavu, analyzing the way the sociability of capital breaks up the existing collectivity, besides pointing out the arrangements and adjustments made by the Kamaiurá when facing the destructive process of our colonial capitalism. This work, contemporary to the capital s crisis era, searches to confront the Brazilian reality without loosing its human horizon, ontological. At last, it defends that the Kamaiurá s way of life, anchored in the collective element of their land, may be put, humanly, against the capital and open, consciously, free paths among the rubble of the amplified production and reproduction of life under the capital / Em nosso processo de transição ao modo de produção e reprodução do capital através de uma via colonial, forjamos um capitalismo particular nos trópicos. Colonial, sim, pois se desenvolve de maneira atrófica, de modo incompleto, perpetuando e acentuando o Brasil como elo subalterno do imperialismo. Sem apagar as particularidades de cada autor, destaco os estudos de Caio Prado Jr., Francisco Oliveira, Florestan Fernandes, José Chasin, Octavio Ianni e Maurício Tragtenberg como essenciais na formulação marxista do pensamento brasileiro. O presente estudo parte da Marcha para o Oeste brasileiro, buscando adentrar na particularidade histórica brasileira. Impulsionado pela industrialização hiper-tardia do país, o mito do desenvolvimento alça violentamente todo povo brasileiro aos mandos desta causa, enquanto o lucro passa a ser concentrado, ainda mais, nas mãos de fazendeiros e empresários, nacionais ou internacionais. A dominação do valor de troca pelo valor de uso, presente contraditoriamente nas mercadorias da civilização capitalista, junto com a transformação da terra em capital-propriedade privada, chega aos limites do Parque Indígena do Xingu (MT) e, aos poucos, penetra sedutoramente no cotidiano das aldeias. Com base nos estudos realizados desde 1965 pela antropóloga Carmen Junqueira, esta obra pretende analisar criticamente a chegada de mercadorias com seus valores e do capital-relação social na aldeia Kamaiurá de Ipavu, analisando de que modo a sociabilidade do capital fragmenta a coletividade ali existente, além de apontar os arranjos e rearranjos Kamaiurá em frente ao processo desestruturante de nosso capitalismo de extração colonial. Este trabalho, contemporâneo aos tempos de crise do capital em todo globo, procura enfrentar a realidade brasileira sem perder seu horizonte humano societário, ontológico. Por fim, defende-se que o modo de exteriorização da vida Kamaiurá, ancorado no elemento coletivo de suas terras, possa se colocar, humanamente, frente ao capital e abrir, de maneira consciente, caminhos livres por entre os escombros do modo de produção e reprodução ampliada da vida sob o capital

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Lopes Faggiano.pdf: 5844871 bytes, checksum: 78e8a18987a4c12c0dc4afc6d143acf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In our transition process to the production and reproduction of capital mode through a colonial via, we plated a particular colonial capitalism in the tropics. Colonial, since it develops itself in atrophy, not completely, keeping and reinforcing Brazil as an subaltern bond of the imperialism. Considering the particularity of each author, I remark the works of Caio Prado Jr., Francisco Oliveira, Florestan Fernandes, José Chasin, Octavio Ianni e Maurício Tragtenberg as fundamentals in the marxist formulation of the Brazilian thoughts. The current work starts from The Brazilian March to West, searching our historical particularity. Moved by a late industrialization of the country, the myth of development takes violently all Brazilian people to be submitted to this cause, while the profits pass to be concentrated, even more, in the hands of farmers, national and international dealers. The domination of value of change by the value of use, contradictory present in the products of capitalist civilization, together with the transformation of lands to capital- private property, reaches the limits of Parque Indígena do Xingu (MT) and, slowly, charmingly penetrates the daily life of the aldeias. Considering the studies made since 1965 by the anthropologist Carmen Junqueira, this work intends to critically analyze the arriving of the goods with its values and of the capital-social relation in the aldeia Kamaiurá from Ipavu, analyzing the way the sociability of capital breaks up the existing collectivity, besides pointing out the arrangements and adjustments made by the Kamaiurá when facing the destructive process of our colonial capitalism. This work, contemporary to the capital s crisis era, searches to confront the Brazilian reality without loosing its human horizon, ontological. At last, it defends that the Kamaiurá s way of life, anchored in the collective element of their land, may be put, humanly, against the capital and open, consciously, free paths among the rubble of the amplified production and reproduction of life under the capital / Em nosso processo de transição ao modo de produção e reprodução do capital através de uma via colonial, forjamos um capitalismo particular nos trópicos. Colonial, sim, pois se desenvolve de maneira atrófica, de modo incompleto, perpetuando e acentuando o Brasil como elo subalterno do imperialismo. Sem apagar as particularidades de cada autor, destaco os estudos de Caio Prado Jr., Francisco Oliveira, Florestan Fernandes, José Chasin, Octavio Ianni e Maurício Tragtenberg como essenciais na formulação marxista do pensamento brasileiro. O presente estudo parte da Marcha para o Oeste brasileiro, buscando adentrar na particularidade histórica brasileira. Impulsionado pela industrialização hiper-tardia do país, o mito do desenvolvimento alça violentamente todo povo brasileiro aos mandos desta causa, enquanto o lucro passa a ser concentrado, ainda mais, nas mãos de fazendeiros e empresários, nacionais ou internacionais. A dominação do valor de troca pelo valor de uso, presente contraditoriamente nas mercadorias da civilização capitalista, junto com a transformação da terra em capital-propriedade privada, chega aos limites do Parque Indígena do Xingu (MT) e, aos poucos, penetra sedutoramente no cotidiano das aldeias. Com base nos estudos realizados desde 1965 pela antropóloga Carmen Junqueira, esta obra pretende analisar criticamente a chegada de mercadorias com seus valores e do capital-relação social na aldeia Kamaiurá de Ipavu, analisando de que modo a sociabilidade do capital fragmenta a coletividade ali existente, além de apontar os arranjos e rearranjos Kamaiurá em frente ao processo desestruturante de nosso capitalismo de extração colonial. Este trabalho, contemporâneo aos tempos de crise do capital em todo globo, procura enfrentar a realidade brasileira sem perder seu horizonte humano societário, ontológico. Por fim, defende-se que o modo de exteriorização da vida Kamaiurá, ancorado no elemento coletivo de suas terras, possa se colocar, humanamente, frente ao capital e abrir, de maneira consciente, caminhos livres por entre os escombros do modo de produção e reprodução ampliada da vida sob o capital

The textile industry in Kenya was once an important sector in the country but due to theliberalisation of trade and the second hand industry’s impact, the industry has declined inrecent years. The increased competition from import has boosted the costs of raw material andoutrivaled the local textile production. Further, the government’s lack of investments in thecountry’s electric power supply has also contributed to the current situation. Consequently,the domestic textile entrepreneurs are today facing a complex and competitive marketplacebut despite these obstacles there are women that have managed to overcome the entrancebarriers.It is an unfavourable climate for being a woman entrepreneur in Kenya since the socioculturalnorms restrain women to work outside their homes and in some business sectors. Though, ourfindings have shown that the Kenyan women have the handicraft skills but lack access tofinancial resources as well as management skills to start-up businesses in the textile industry.Access to credit is regarded as one of the main obstacles to establish a firm. There are lendinginstitutes but the interest rate is high and the collateral requirements hard to fulfil. Moreover,there are micro-loan institutes but the loans are not sufficient to companies with growthpotential.The purpose of this study was to map-out key success factors for becoming a womanentrepreneur in the competitive textile marketplace in Nairobi, Kenya. We aimed tounderstand how some entrepreneurs have managed to overcome the obstacles women face intheir social- and cultural context and how mapping of their shared supportive variables canencourage other females to become entrepreneurial.Our results find that there is not one way to handle difficulties along the dynamic andcompetitive textile market in Kenya. The respondents come from different social- and culturalcontexts that in diverse ways have influenced their management ways. We have though beenable to map out shared factors that have been supportive when overcoming obstacles in theprocess of a business start-up; being a visionary and opportunity seeker, counterbalancemissing knowledge, effective use of limited resources, fighter instinct, find a niche in themarketplace, networking skill and manage employees and unsupportive surroundings.Textilindustrin i Kenya var en gång en betydelsefull sektor för landet men under de senareåren har dess relevans minskat på grund av ett ökande inflytande från frihandeln samt enväxande försäljning av andrahandskläder. Konkurrensen från import har lett till högreråvarukostnader som succesivt spelat ut den lokala textilproduktionen. Vidare har regeringenvarit sparsam med att investera i landets elförsörjning vilket också har bidragit till denrådande situationen. Följaktligen står den inhemska textilindustrins företagare idag inför enkomplex och konkurrensutsatt marknad, men trots många hinder finns det kvinnor som harlyckats övervinna inträdesbarriärerna.För kvinnliga entreprenörer i Kenya är företagsklimatet ogynnsamt då det föreliggersociokulturella normer vilka begränsar kvinnor att arbeta utanför hemmet och även inom vissabranscher. Vår studies resultat har visat att kenyanska kvinnor besitter ett hantverkskunnande,men saknar tillgång till finansiella resurser samt färdigheter för att starta och leda ett företag itextilindustrin. Tillgängligheten till ekonomiska medel har betraktas som ett av de störstahindren för att upprätta en verksamhet. Det finns utlåningsinstitut, men där är räntan hög ochkraven på kreditsäkerhet svåra att uppfylla. Det finns dessutom mikrolånsinstanser men lånensom ges där är inte tillräckliga för företag med tillväxtpotential.Intentionen med denna studie var att kartlägga viktiga framgångsfaktorer för att bli enkvinnlig företagare på den konkurrensutsatta textila marknaden i Nairobi, Kenya. Vårt syftevar att förstå hur vissa entreprenörer lyckats övervinna hinder som kvinnor möter i sinsociala- och kulturella kontext samt kartlägga gemensamma stödjande variabler som i sin turkan inspirera andra kvinnor till att bli företagare.Vårt resultat belyser att det finns flera sätt att hantera svårigheter på den dynamiska ochkonkurrensutsatta textila marknaden i Kenya. Respondenterna i denna rapport kommer frånolika sociala- och kulturella kontexter vilket på olika sätt har påverkat deras sätt att hanteraföretag. Vi har dock kunnat kartlägga gemensamma faktorer som har hjälpt att övervinnahindren i processen med att starta företag; vara en visionär och en möjlighetssökare, hanteraavsaknad av kunskap, effektivt använda begränsade resurser, ha en kämparinstinkt, hitta ennisch på marknaden, vara skicklig på att använda sitt nätverk och att hantera sina medarbetaresamt en icke stödjande omgivning. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 juliane.M.pdf: 1712261 bytes, checksum: 0bde91f6f03b36bc385cc27b12746e54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Bolsa Família is the major brazilian conditional cash transfer program. It provides money to poor families contingent on investments in human capital, such as sending children to school or bringing them to health centers. This work aims to investigate if this program, in its normative structure, can be considered an appropriate policy of income redistribution and if it is able, appliances of the Welfare State model in the brazilian society and to approach the program in two different ways: as an alternative to more traditional social assistance programs and as a demand-side complement to the supply of other social needs. We will work on the thesis that the program by itself can not provide vulnerable populations with enough means to overcome poverty and to participate effectively on the market. According to this assumption, this paper is going to consider the reasons why tackling income necessary, along with the program, that the Government - in both federal and local spheres shall place major investments in critical areas like education and health. / O trabalho procura avaliar se o Programa Bolsa Família, em sua estrutura normativa, representa uma forma justa de distribuição de recursos sociais às camadas menos favorecidas e se constitui uma possibilidade teórica de superação da pobreza através de mecanismos de capacitação profissional, entre outros. Em suma, trata-se aqui de averiguar a consistência teórica da intervenção do Estado na área social através desse programa público, tendo como preocupações iniciais a dependência gerada pelo programa na população, suas implicações na dinâmica do mercado e a superação das perspectivas assistencialistas. O presente estudo tem como hipótese substantiva a tese de que o Programa Bolsa Família não consegue sozinho proporcionar a seus beneficiários, a médio prazo, a aquisição de capacidade para superar a pobreza e participar de modo economicamente ativo na sociedade. Dessa forma, não consistiria o programa, por si só, em uma distribuição justa de riquezas sociais para as camadas mais desfavorecidas da sociedade, capaz de propiciar a inclusão destas na cidadania, fazendo-se necessário, ainda, articulá-lo com outros programas de promoção do desenvolvimento social. Neste sentido, dentre os instrumentos existentes, poder-se-ia mencionar programas de melhoria da qualidade de ensino, de acesso à saúde e à educação, de apoio às atividades produtivas, oficinas profissionalizantes, tudo isso em concomitância com programas de renda mínima também de Estados e Municípios, de modo a alcançar o objetivo da superação da pobreza e a saída autônoma do Programa.

This project proposes and uses co-creation design methods, a design approach based on allowing users to play a design role; by creating a project. The design process comprises design specialists and participants from various specialties and ages, then finding common ground and interests to develop a future work plan. Collective creation designers can provide tools and workshops to support and develop a fledgling community initiative that works within design and change. After the Syrians were exposed to a movement towards world countries, forming a diaspora condition within their families and host societies. This project was implemented in January 2021, with two collaborating students of the Bachelor of Design + Change at Linnaeus International University in Sweden, titled ‘’Syrians of The Diaspora’’. The project deals with collective creation in addressing issues to which immigrants are exposed, several issues that cause feelings of despair, and loss of creative value, influenced by their neglected skills and life experiences. To create a ‘’vocational cultural knowledgeable club’’ in the host country that employs their skills and presents them to the host community, facilitating integration plans.