Sociala medier har blivit ett givet sätt att kommunicera genom och att vara en del av den sociala gemenskapen på Internet har sina fördelar. Men vad många inte tänker på är vad som händer med den information vi delar med oss av i olika sociala forum på Internet. Att det finns en kontroll över oss, subtil eller inte, är självklart. Vi övervakas dagligen och många gånger utan att vi ens vet om det. Google som sökmotor på Internet har under det senaste decenniet uppnått en enorm popularitet. Det vardagliga användandet av företagets söktjänst över hela världen har kommit att bli så stor att det har verbaliserats – Idag söker vi inte information på Google, vi googlar. Föreliggande uppsats tittar på Google som företag och hur deras tjänst har en stor del i individers informationssökning på Internet. Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att undersöka på vilket sätt Google förmedlar sin nya sekretesspolicy och vilket eller vilka budskap som förs fram. Därefter kommer detta sättas i in ett övervakningsperspektiv, där ambitionen är att se huruvida Internet som fenomen, framför allt användandet av Googles tjänster, har kommit att problematisera den privata integriteten hos användarna. Syftet besvaras med hjälp av två frågeställningar: Vad förmedlar Google med sin nya policy? Hur påverkas den enskilda användarens integritet i Googles nya policy? Det teoretiska ramverket för uppsatsen består av Michel Foucaults vidareutveckling av begreppet panopticon, samt Thomas Mathiesens icke-panoptiska begrepp synopticon. De båda begreppen tas upp som metaforer för övervakning idag. Studien genomfördes genom att först titta på Googles sekretesspolicy som nylanserades i mars 2012. Denna policy analyserades genom att använda Carol Lee Bacchis metod – What’s the problem represented to be (WPR). Denna analytiska metod har ett kritiskt förhållningssätt till policys med inspiration från Foucaults maktdefinition och handlar om att granska problematiseringen i en policy. När sekretesspolicyn analyserats med hjälp av den valda metoden, sattes detta resultat in i ett övervakningsperspektiv. Jag framhåller att Google genom att beskriva processen vid informationsinsamlandet lägger fokus på varför information samlas in om sina användare, som ett resultat av det faktum att information samlas in. De fördelar som Google menar kommer med varför information samlas in om sina användare, används som incitament, med vilket företaget legitimerar denna subtila form av övervakning. Denna form av övervakning som kommer av informationslagring menar jag dock inte nödvändigtvis, ensidigt, bör ses som en nackdel. Slutsatsen för uppsatsens analys argumenterar för att vi som konsumenter på Internet kan se såväl fördelar som nackdelar med detta informationsutbyte då vi, mer eller mindre, deltar i denna maktprocess.

In the twenty-first century that we are living, most of the contemporary metropolises are under constant visual electronic surveillance under the name of security and public safety. Istanbul as being one of the big cities has joined this surveilled metropolises / its streets and public spaces are under constant watch by the invisible watchers behind the MOBESE cameras. The way that the system works on how to impose power on the citizens with the constant observation has it roots in the design principle of Panopticon that Jeremy Bentham created long time ago. Today, Bentham&rsquo / s eighteenth century design Panopticon has dispersed and merged into the urban scale and replaced by these surveillance cameras. The observation tower and the guardian in panopticon have transformed into the main control room and the cameras. Citizens in Istanbul are under a panoptic power of surveillance. Ordinary citizen is being watched by the invisible guardians behind the cameras. The ones behind the cameras constantly see everything, but never seen by the citizens. This thesis attempts to discuss this assumption of Istanbul becoming an urban panopticon and its affects on the physical layout together with the social aspect of it in Istanbul. One of the main objectives is to investigate the consequences of this visual surveillance on the way that the public life and public spaces of Istanbul is affected.

abstract: From its founding, the United States has always claimed to be a nation of immigrants, yet in the past century the issue of immigration has become an even more contentious political issue surrounded by heated rhetoric filled with passion, but devoid of information. This thesis hopes to interrupt this rhetoric with a thorough analysis of immigration politics in Arizona through a legal lens, a theoretical lens and an empirical lens. While this thesis by no means looks at all facets of immigration politics, it informs in a manner that adds depth by providing information on the history behind, and legal arguments surrounding, the most contentious piece of immigration legislation in the United States at the moment. It then provides a theoretical analysis of how immigration legislation has created carceral networks and a panoptic gaze in Arizona specifically. It ends with a recommendation for further empirical research to partner with both the legal and theoretical frameworks. This thesis concludes that, fortified with over a century of case law, the plenary power doctrine is unwavering, and it makes federal immigration legislation an overly powerful tool in our political system from which the courts can offer little if any protection. Congress walks a fine line between preempting immigration regulation and devolving immigration regulation. SB 1070 and the 287(g) program are two contested areas of immigration regulation, which both exhibit and alter the power relationships of immigration politics in Arizona. Additionally, the application of the theories of Michel Foucault illuminates the power relationships at play in Arizona - from the power relationships among nation states in the broader political arena of geopolitics and colonialism to the face-to-face power relationship between a police officer and a stopped/detained/arrested person in a Foucauldian carceral network. This thesis ends with a call for empirical research that would yield an opportunity to analyze these relationships. This thesis discusses the importance of empirical study. It situates the study within the genre of surveillance studies and its theorists. It analyzes similar studies, and identifies the variables the most illuminating for this analysis. This thesis is written in the hope that a researcher will pick up where this thesis has left off. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2011

This thesis uses ideas found in Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish and related works as a theoretic framework for examining daily life in North Korea to understand what type of disciplinary techniques North Korean citizens are subjected to by the North Korean state. This paper will define several disciplinary strategies discussed by Foucault and then show how these strategies are deployed against the North Korean population through multiple examples. Analysis will demonstrate that these disciplinary strategies prevent political instability and suppress ideas dangerous to the North Korean regime, even while the North Korean regime fails to provide basic services for its population. As a result, the reader will have a better understanding of why the North Korean people seem so disciplined and do not rebel against the North Korean regime in the face of state-made disasters and hardships. / Master of Arts

Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon is a theoretical prison that was developed in 1787 as a way to punish and reform people convicted of crime. It involved a circular building with a central guard tower, from which an omnipresent and omniscient warden would constantly surveille the inmates who were kept in solitary confinement. Although the prison was never physically constructed, elements of the panopticon are present in many aspects of our social structure and power systems. This paper explores Bentham’s original work, the post-modern responses to it, and present day manifestations of the panopticon through a bioethics lens in order to develop a metaphorical tool that can be used examine and explain how power is systematized and functionalized by those who control it, the effects on those who are subject to it, and how the systems are exploited to the point of dysfunction. / Urban Bioethics

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As a consequence of the exposure of scandals involving targeted advertising and data collection, privacy concerns have arisen among users of social media, in particular Facebook. Previous research studies demonstrate that consumers have little knowledge about online behavioural advertising and hold misconceptions about it. According to a recent study by Internetstiftelsen (2021), 85% of Swedish internet users are concerned about big companies collecting data about them, and most people are unaware of the extent to which their online behaviour and activities are monitored. This study aims to examine how Swedish users on Facebook experience the platform's advertisements that are tailored to them. Moreover, this study also explores users’ privacy concerns in relation to advertising on the platform. To implement this study, qualitative interviews have been carried out with eight respondents in the age group 30-50 years of age. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis to answer the study’s research questions. The theoretical frameworks that have been implemented in this study are the “Big brother effect”, the panopticon effect and the digital panopticon. These concepts about surveillance have been complemented by previous research on algorithmic decision-making technologies, privacy concerns, perceptions about targeted advertising and personalisation. Based on the conducted interviews in this study, the results show that Swedish people between the ages of 30-50 years feel that they are being monitored on the platform and this, in turn, raised concerns about a violation of privacy among some of the users, in particular when they feel that Facebook monitors private conversations or intercept them. Participants in this study are more concerned about how much and what data Facebook collects rather than data being utilised for commercial purposes. The result further showed that most of the respondents do not read Facebook's terms and policies even though they claim that they do not trust Facebook with their personal information. Users in this study experience that there is too much advertising on Facebook, while also finding it more pleasant and preferable to get ads that are based on their interests and behaviour rather than receiving randomised ads. / Som en följd av att skandaler med riktad reklam och datainsamling avslöjats har det uppstått oro kring integriteten bland användare på sociala medier, särskilt på Facebook. Tidigare forskningsstudier visar att konsumenterna har lite kunskap om beteendestyrd reklam på nätet och har felaktiga uppfattningar om den. Enligt en nyligen genomförd undersökning från Internetstiftelsen (2021), är 85% av svenska internetanvändare oroliga över att stora företag samlar in uppgifter om de och de flesta är omedvetna om i vilken utsträckning deras beteende och aktiviteter på nätet övervakas. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hur svenska användare på Facebook upplever plattformens annonser som är skräddarsydda för dem. Vidare undersöker denna studie även användarnas oro för integritet i relation till reklam på plattformen. För att genomföra denna studie har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med åtta respondenter i åldersgruppen 30-50 år. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. De teoretiska ramverk som har implementerats i denna studie är "Big brother-effekten", panoptikon-effekten och det digitala panoptikonet. Dessa begrepp om övervakning har kompletterats med tidigare forskning om algoritmiskt beslutsfattande teknologier, oro för integritet, uppfattningar om riktad reklam och personlig marknadsföring. Baserat på de genomförda intervjuerna i den här studien visar resultaten att svenskar i åldrarna 30-50 år känner att de övervakas på plattformen och detta i sin tur väckte oro för kränkning av integriteten hos vissa av användarna, särskilt när de känner att Facebook övervakar privata samtal eller avlyssnar dem. Respondenterna i denna studie är mer oroade över hur mycket och vilka uppgifter Facebook samlar in snarare än att uppgifterna används i kommersiella syften. Vidare visade resultatet att de flesta av de tillfrågade inte läser Facebooks villkor och policyer trots att de hävdar att de inte litar på Facebook när det gäller deras personliga information. Användarna i denna studie upplever att det ibland blir för mycket reklam på Facebook, samtidigt som de tycker att det är bättre att få annonser som är baserade på deras intresse och beteende snarare än att få slumpmässiga annonser.

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<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Watching eyes – for better or worse (Vakande ögon – på gott eller ont?)</p><p>Number of pages: 34 (41 including enclosures)</p><p>Author: Josefine Nyberg</p><p>Tutor: Göran Svensson</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies C</p><p>Period: Autumn term 2007</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University.</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is partly to make a study about how people understand camera supervise, and partly discuss what their opinions are concering the subject.</p><p>Key Questions: Which or what is the mainpurpose of camerasurveillance? What does the public think about the subject? When can there be an insult against the integrity while using the cameras? What is private and what is public? What is the posibilities and threats in the future?</p><p>Material/Method: A qualitative method has been used. Four interviewes, one personale interview with a policeofficer from Uppsala and three focusgroupinterviwes with people from Stockholm, have been done. Then the results from the interviewes have been compared with earlier theories and reaserches. By reading publicdocuments, press releases and reports from the government, I have gather information for the essay.</p><p>Main results: Even if the public are aware of the cameras and knows that they allmoust allways are whatched by the electronic eye, they don´t seem to care that much about the constant surveillance. Even if they observe the cameras at first they quickly forget about them. The cameras real purpose is working fairly good, even if the public thinks that thecameras should obstruct all the crimes. Allthough the cameras are preventing manycrimes and discourage people from committing minor crime, just by its appearance.</p><p>Keywords: Attitudes, opinions, interviews, Panopticon, public, camera supervise, privacy and public.</p>

This thesis develops a new way of engaging emotion in a large organisation and develops a new form of organisational practice entitled “Reflective Emotional Practitioning.” The thesis argues that the concept of emotional intelligence as accepted in organisations represses rather than embraces emotion. The conceptual framework centres the inquiry on the problem of organisational power as an obstacle to the creative harnessing of emotion at work. The thesis reverses the organisations’ centralised power by placing the individual at the centre so that the individual learns to reflect upon and embrace emotion in collective and self inquiry, and demonstrates how this may lead to creative and ethical work. The thesis is divided into two parts: in the first, the author carried out action research workshops on emotional intelligence and performance management, but it became clear that power was an issue, repressing emotions. But through reflection this became a turning point after the author engaged in deep self-reflection in meditative supervisions, writing and reflective practice. This enabled the author to process experience into a methodological shift towards a self-ethnography and research action applied to the work situation in what became called Reflective Emotional Practitioning (REP). The REP model was used as a tool to venture further on a visceral pathway, uncovering the author’s relationship with emotion. The author began to recognise that the self and the other could be held in reflexive practice and writing. In the second part evidence comes through further vignettes representing the author’s pathway and shone a light on a dialogical process between the self and others. Freedom and space were revealed and the research began to demonstrate the inner- and outer-selves working through emotion. Through this process emotion became conceptualised as “felt energy”. Felt energy was triggered by the outer world, but also a place of knowing from which further action could be taken, and then further reflected upon. The reflexive writing process used vignettes to illustrate how emotion was engaged, fed back and stored as a “return to the self” in a continual learning process. Through illuminating a new way of both conceptualising and working with emotions, the author shows how, over several years of reflective practice, the method underpinned some major innovative and sustainable work projects. The thesis concludes by defining the contribution of this research as a transferable approach that can engage emotion in self-empowered actions within an organisation’s power regime. The contribution is to both methodology and knowledge about the way emotion is experienced, used and conceptualised, although the author acknowledges and discusses the difficulty of producing knowledge through writing the self, particularly within the confines of a large public sector organisation. However, the struggle to write the self has produced a rich text that conveys the possibilities of transferring the approach for other organisational researchers and reflective practitioners engaging emotion in their different personal and organisational contexts.