In 1991, British novelist Patricia Barker published Regeneration, the first of three novels that portrayed the exploits of both factual and fictional characters during the darkest days of WWI. Barker's Eye in the Door (1993), followed by The Ghost Road (1995) for which she won the Booker Prize for Fiction, completed the series that explored the effects of combat on the human psyche. What emerges as a dominant feature of Barker's war novels is her depiction of the ocular sense. Reminiscent of Orwellianism, Barker's texts contain a seemingly ubiquitous ocular presence. For example, neurasthenic patients are scrutinized by army psychiatrists, objectors and subversives are spied upon or imprisoned so that their activities may be observed, and combatants are faced with the challenge of reconciling the horrifying events they have witnessed in combat. This study investigates the role and importance of Pat Barker's depiction of eyes and visuality in her war trilogy. The overreaching goal of the thesis to examine Barker's aestheticized notion of ocularity. It is my aim to come some conclusions about how vision / ocularity signal the emergence of a few central themes in the texts such as power relationships, objectification, exposure and the transgression of boundaries. The social and linguistic theories of Michael Foucault, Roland Barthes, Georges Bataille, Martin Jay and others who have addressed the themes of perception and ocular symbolism will be introduced into my discussion with the aim of providing a theoretic foundation to many of my assertions. Chapters will begin with an interpretation of a piece of theoretical writing by one of these authors followed by an analysis of Barker's texts that incorporates the major tenets of that theory. These tenets will serve as a basis to my discussion and it is my hope that, through the creative application of theoretical writing, I will address a number of aspects of Barker's work, especially in relation to her ocular imagery, that that have thus far gone unexplored.

本篇論文試圖以米歇爾•傅柯的權力分析為理論基礎來分析和討論瑪格麗特•愛德伍的小說《使女的故事》。透過書中女主角奧芙弗雷德的論述，我們看到的是一個不熟悉且極權統治的國度。小說中描述的高壓政策是對美國八十年代政治和社會趨勢的反諷，也呈現給讀者基列共和國中權力運作的刻畫和剖析；在此國度的權力運作中，不論男女都深受權力網絡的控制。小說中嵌入的是一個全面性且集中的權力機制。因此，本篇論文將以傅柯的權力觀為理論出發點，對於《使女的故事》中的權力機制做一個全面性的閱讀和探究。本論文中所強調的並不是舊權力觀中以壓迫和禁忌為主的權力。此處的權力是落實在策略和技術層面上，而這些手法顯現了權力的負面特性更強調正面的生產特性。權力足以生產出一個模範讓人們仿效，權力更有能力使人們內化這個模範並成為社會認可的正常人。這樣精細的權力運作是為了便於管理和控制。本論文將就傅柯的權力分析來探究小說中所彰顯的權力負面和正面特質。《使女的故事》的情節就像是揉和了傅柯的一些主要論點。小說和理論的對話呈現在權力與論述、與規訓懲罰、與性機制的關係，這些論點將會在內文中逐章討論。這些權力機制製造出奧芙弗雷德的歸順，也產生反抗。反抗則會巔覆既有的權力關係。本論文的最後結論將會說明權力的不確定性和易變性是如何反映在主角的反抗行為中。權力關係並不是統治者和被統治者之間的二元對立，而是一個變動的關係。這樣的不穩定性使得權力永遠呈現出流動和拉距的現象。 / This thesis attempts to scrutinize Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale in terms of Michel Foucault’s analytics of power. Through Offred’s discourse, we perceive a totalitarian regime foreign to us. The description of the extremely high-pressure policy is a satiric response to the political and social developments in the United States in the 1980s. This novel also presents us with an anatomy of power that lays bare the exercise of power in the Republic of Gilead, in which both men and women are caught up in the dense web of power. An overwhelming and compressive mechanism of power is embedded in this novel. Therefore, my argument will be based on Foucault’s elucidation of power to analyze The Handmaid’s Tale in a more panoramic perspective. The concept of power elaborated in this thesis is not the one that always says no through prohibition and interdiction. Instead, power is materialized in all kinds of strategies and techniques. These tactics reveal the repressive and the productive characteristics of power. Power is capable of producing the norm for individuals to follow and also of transforming them into the “normal” ones for the purpose of administration and domination. Following Foucault’s analytics of power, this thesis will explore the productive and repressive manipulation of power reflected in this novel. The Handmaid’s Tale serves as an exemplary literary dramatization of some of Foucault’s major ideas. The correspondence between Atwood’s work and Foucault’s propositions of power will be discussed in three separate chapters, in which the mechanisms of power are revealed in discourse, discipline and punishment, and sexuality. Offred’s submission is produced by those power mechanisms, yet power also produces resistance that subverts established power relations. The final chapter will conclude that Offred’s resistant behavior reflects the contingency and vulnerability of power. Power relations are not the binary opposition between rulers and the ruled but the mobile and negotiable relations, in which power flows quickly from one area to another.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Rocha Daud.pdf: 882702 bytes, checksum: 0f64f19095c7945f5db96610e608fca6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The interdisciplinary field defined by psychoanalytic and juridical practises and their mutual interactions is necessarily a disputed field, raising problems and disagreements either political, ideological and theoretical. On the one hand we find a colonization of psychoanalysis by law, mainly when the later builds on natural law conceptions which make in a broad sense coincident both human nature and the fundamental rights inherent to it. On the other hand, we find a colonization of law by psychoanalysis, which may build on conceptions less strict theoretically but apt to be used in juridical practise whenever it faces aporiae which are not of normative nature, but due to society and its conflicts. I propose to use some base categories, namely, incidence of law, norm, ideal and superego, as means of establishing a promising conversation between the two disciplines, and less subjected to vices and prejudices prevalent with so much persistence in this field. I face the controversy of accomodating the social and the individual, resuming the freudian text so as to find once again the social in the individual, and the individual in the social, casting aside the schematic opposition between the two and searching for the proper mechanisms that permits transition between the one and the other, building on aforementioned categories. Norm, as juridical and general category, serves to accuse the metaphoric nature of the notion of Law as foundation of subjectivity, and replaces the later as recourse, although needed, for the subject to resort to when dealing with the vicissitudes and anguishes of being in the world, allowing for more or less autonomy in face of symptoms and inhibitions. Therefore, there is no correspondence between norms of society and of the subject, since there is not a norm of the subject that isn t internalized from norms obtained in his social context. The process of this internalization, for its part, built upon identification phenomena, implies modes of generational transmission of such norms, by means of which, not as much of their substance is transmitted as is their incidence models themselves, which perpetuate, at the same time yielding to the discontents inherent to culture and enabling significant modifications in normative contents that reign over civilization at each given place and moment / O campo interdisciplinar definido pelas práticas psicanalíticas e jurídicas e suas interações é necessariamente um campo em disputa, levantando problemas e oposições políticas, ideológicas e teóricas. De um lado, encontramos uma colonização da psicanálise pelo direito, mormente quando este parte das concepções jusnaturalistas que fazem coincidir, em larga medida, a natureza humana e os direitos fundamentais inerentes a ela. De outro lado, encontramos uma colonização do direito pela psicanálise, a partir de concepções teoricamente pouco rigorosas, porém aptas a serem utilizadas na prática jurídica quando esta se depara com aporias que não são normativas, mas próprias à sociedade e a seus conflitos. Propomos a utilização de algumas categorias base, quais sejam, a incidência da lei, a norma, o ideal e o superego, a fim de estabelecer um diálogo promissor entre as duas disciplinas, e menos submetido aos vícios e preconceitos que vigoram com tanta insistência nesse campo. Enfrentamos a problemática da adequação entre o social e o individual, retomando o texto freudiano a fim de encontrar novamente o social no indivíduo, e o indivíduo no social, afastando a oposição esquemática e buscando, a partir das categorias mencionadas, os mecanismos próprios pelos quais a transição se efetua de um para o outro. A norma, como categoria jurídica e geral, visa apontar o caráter metafórico da noção de Lei como fundante da subjetividade, aparecendo em seu lugar como um recurso, embora necessário, do qual se vale o sujeito para lidar com as vicissitudes e angústias do estar no mundo, permitindo em maior ou menor medida sua autonomia frente a sintomas e inibições. Dessa forma, não existe correspondência entre as normas da sociedade e do sujeito, por não haver norma do sujeito que não seja internalizada a partir das normas obtidas do contexto social em que se acha. O processo dessa internalização, por sua vez, sustentado a partir dos fenômenos identificatórios, significa modos de transmissão geracional dessas normas, através dos quais é menos o conteúdo delas que se transmite, muito mais seus modelos de incidência, os quais se perpetuam, a um tempo produzindo o mal-estar inerente à cultura e possibilitando alterações significativas nos conteúdos normativos que regem a civilização em cada momento e lugar

The strive for control over employees has developed throughout the years. This paper has its focus on how normative control can work as a powerful method to create and uphold a sought for behavior. Many companies have found an interest in a higher moral stance to get competitive advantages, and offer their customers and partners a more ethical product. This phenomenon has in Sweden resulted in a sphere of companies who has earned the R-licens. The R-licens is earned by companies if they fulfill ethical and cultural criteria. This paper explores how a telemarketing company reinforce these ethical guidelines and how the company use normative control to reassure what they consider ethical behavior. The paper has a social constructionist view and the data was gathered by semi-structured interviews. The data was analyzed via discourse analysis.The conclusion is that the normative control effectively has created an environment of a ethical perspective in the company. The control is due to a dualistic surveillance (horizontal and vertical) and that the employees take a stand against external conceptions of how telemarketing works and how competing companies operate. Their beliefs and trust in their moral standings and methods of selling is better and more honest (compare to their competition) makes them justify and reinforce the culture and its surveillance over them. Their shared beliefs are so strong that actions outside the culture are unacceptable and may result in lay-offs. The contribution of this paper is a window of observation, how normative control works to ground the ethical phenomenon on the company.

George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four, first published in 1949, is a vision of socialism gone wrong. The setting of Oceania is a world ruled over by an oligarchical collective, “The Party,” which wields absolute power through a formidable combination of surveillance technology and the operation of the principles of “panoptic control,” a concept drawn from Jeremy Bentham’s model prison design of the late 1700s and revived by Foucault in the mid 1970s. The combination of surveillance technology and panoptic control is central to the functioning of power in Orwell’s novel, a union which has created a self-sustaining form of totalitarianism dependent on the oppression of individual identity for its automatic perpetuation. This essay offers a reading of Nineteen Eighty-Four as an implicit critique of Bentham’s Panopticon which in many ways foreshadowed the later work of Michel Foucault on the functioning of power within this specific type of physical and social architecture. / George Orwells roman 1984, vilken publicerades första gången 1949, är en framtidsvision om socialism som gått fel. Romanen utspelas i Oceania, en värld som styrs av ett oligarkiskt kollektiv, “Partiet,” vilket utövar absolut makt genom en utstuderad kombination av övervakningsteknik och teorin om “panoptisk” kontroll, ett begrepp sprunget ur av Jeremy Benthams fängelsemodell från sent 1700-tal, vilket återskapades av Michel Foucault i mitten av 1970-talet. Kombinationen av övervakningsteknologi och panopticism har i Oceanien skapat en totalitarianism som fungerar med automatik och förtrycker individuell identitet för att befästa statens makt. Denna uppsats närmar sig Orwells 1984 som en underförstådd kritik av Benthams arbete. Vidare identifier i romanen 1984 många av Foucault’s idéer om hur makt fungerar i en panoptisk struktur.

This thesis is a critical examination of the UK defence discourse. It is an exploration of the dominant explanation of defence in the UK in 2015, as evidenced by the artefacts of the discourse - most importantly, by the voices of those within the community. In doing so, this thesis seeks to challenge the notion that there is only one right way to manage and judge the notion of defence, highlighting the cultural and contextual dependence of such ideas, and the dangers which arise from it. In asking the simple question what is defence? I have aimed at identifying the references and experiences, through the deployment of an ethnographic approach, which are drawn on to construct the dominant understanding. In doing so, I have sought to distinguish that which is considered legitimate by the dominant managerial narrative and in what contexts. My findings are illustrated in the form of a power structure within which language and symbolism, and their influence on practice, together build the defence community's expression of identity. The predominance of managerialism in today's explanation of defence in the UK and the failings I have identified as a result, are perceivable throughout the UK public sector. Therefore, the restrictive nature of the narrative in excluding creativity and innovation in the defence sector, also has implications for wider public sector reform in the UK and abroad. The primary contribution this thesis makes rests in the application of the ethnographic approach and a post-structuralist three-pillared framework to a discipline which has traditionally been analysed from an organisational or political perspective. The hope is that, in applying this same approach in multiple contexts, a greater understanding of the mechanisms sustaining dominant explanations can be gained, as well as of the importance of legitimised spaces for innovation and creativity in reform processes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:41:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia de Souza.pdf: 1498152 bytes, checksum: c786dd86d92aa2f9c69f8b38cd2e3885 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-12 / This dissertation is the result of a research on the relationship between power and knowledge, and among discipline, surveillance by the disciplinarian and vigilant society present in the idea of panoptism peculiar to contemporary society, pointed out by Michel Foucault, and the electronic form called Lattes CV (of CNPq National Council of Technological and Scientific Development) used for registering data concerning the academic output of researchers linked to higher education in Brazil. Based on studies related to Michel Foucault s concepts expounded in his works that deal with this subject, it is an attempt at understanding the main theoretical foundation with a view to establishing the similarities between such concepts and the electronic form, taken as a mechanism for the disciplining and control of academic research in the country. To this end, we make a historical survey of the beginnings of higher education in Brazil in order to explain the characteristics of this process which contributed to the development of control mechanisms such as the Lattes CV, which has become a national reference for the recording of research activities. We try to identify the characteristics of this technological device starting with a historical survey of its beginnings and of its reception on a national level. We also describe which characteristics approximate it to the Foucaultian theories by adopting the term Virtual Panopticon of contemporary society, and how this device affects the behavior of human subjects particularly in the arts area linked to higher education institutions. In order to ascertain such perceptions we resorted to field research, carrying out interviews with CNPq members and, on the other hand, with artists who are researchers from relevant universities, holding academic titles and teaching in undergraduate and graduate courses in the arts area. This investigation allowed us to understand the power relations represented by the device in the academic milieu as well as clarify the configuration of a productivity culture by means of pre-established questions which may, through a control device and serving specific interests, impose a conduct on professors and researchers to answer the demands of the Brazilian university institution scenery / Essa dissertação consistiu numa pesquisa acerca das relações de poder-saber, de disciplina e vigilância da sociedade disciplinar e sociedade vigilante presentes na idéia de panoptismo próprio da sociedade contemporânea apontados por Michel Foucault, e o formulário eletrônico Currículo Lattes, do CNPq, para o cadastro de dados relativos à produção acadêmica de pesquisadores vinculados ao Ensino Superior do Brasil. Procuramos apreender, a partir dos estudos correspondentes à conceituação de Michel Foucault, os principais pressupostos teóricos com a finalidade de estabelecer uma relação de semelhança entre tais conceitos e o formulário eletrônico entendido como um mecanismo de disciplina e controle das pesquisas acadêmicas do país. Assim, procedemos com um levantamento histórico acerca do surgimento do Ensino Superior no Brasil com a finalidade de apreender características deste processo que contribuíram para o surgimento de mecanismos de controle como o Currículo Lattes, tornado referência nacional para o registro de tais atividades. Buscamos identificar as características deste dispositivo tecnológico a partir de um panorama histórico de seu surgimento e de sua repercussão em âmbito nacional. Identificamos ainda quais características o assemelham às teorias foucaultianas adotando o termo Panopticon Virtual da contemporaneidade e como este dispositivo age nos comportamentos dos sujeitos humanos - em especial da área de Arte - vinculados a instituições de Ensino Superior. Para apreender tais percepções recorremos a pesquisa de campo, com a realização de entrevistas com membros ligados ao CNPq e, por outro lado, pesquisadores artistas de instituições de relevância em Arte no contexto acadêmico, com titulação em Arte, com atuação em cursos de graduação e pós-graduação nesta Área de Conhecimento. Esta investigação permitiu compreender as relações de poder que o dispositivo representa no meio acadêmico, bem como clarificar a configuração de uma cultura de produtividade a partir de quesitos pré-estabelecidos que podem, por meio de um dispositivo de controle e vigilância, impor, a partir de interesses específicos, uma conduta de professores e pesquisadores frente às demandas do cenário institucional universitário brasileiro

The aim of this thesis is to explore how different competing discourses inthe historical context of the Swedish education development have qualifiedand disqualified different constructions of national curriculum. How andafter what kind of principles is the curriculum constructed? What qualifywho are going to be recognized as the author and addressee of the curriculum?These key questions of the study are discussed in the first part of thethesis. My point of departure is that the curriculum can be understood as arelation between freedom and control. In an educational system this relationshipreflects the problematic tension between the external demandsfrom an authoritative center and the local need to independently reflectover educational issues. How these concepts are defined by the prevailingsocial discourses affect specific relations and constructions of curricula as asteering tool and a producer of specific teacher identities. In this sense, Iclaim that curriculum is constructed in different ways depending on whichof the didactic questions are emphasized and answered and who is judgedas the legitimate author. Based on this, three models of curriculum constructionare formulated; the content based, the result based and the processbased. These models are subsequently used as an analytical tool to examinethe historical development of Swedish national curricula.The second part of the thesis investigates the Swedish education systemand the production of the national curriculum as a product of rival discourses.The historical investigation begins 1842 when the first state curriculumwas issued and the inquiry concludes in 2008. The findings indicatethat no one single construction has been totally dominant and thatthere has been an on-going discursive struggle between different alternativeand opinions about what teachers must do and be.

L’œuvre de Michel Foucault est communément divisée en trois périodes : la période archéologique traitant d’épistémologie, la période généalogique consacrée à l’analyse des relations de pouvoir, et la période esthétique portant sur les « cultures de soi » gréco-romaines. Chacune d’entre elles se définit par une méthodologie particulière et une constellation de thèmes que nous récapitulons en partie dans cet ouvrage. Ce survol sert de travail préparatoire afin de relever une préoccupation qui semble parcourir l’ensemble de son œuvre. Elle concerne les « marges »; question qui se pose tantôt à l’aune d’un rapprochement entre littérature et folie, tantôt en lien aux concepts de « résistance » et de « bataille », et enfin, à travers l’étude des manières atypiques de se gouverner/subjectiver. Ainsi, notre enquête s’articule essentiellement autour des interrogations suivantes : « peut-on attribuer une fonction bien définie aux marges au sein de la (ou des) théorie(s) foucaldienne(s)? »; « quelles sont les figures de la marginalité et comment interagissent-elles avec les thèmes foucaldiens majeurs? »; « à quelles difficultés se heurte le lexique des marges, lequel inclut des notions telles que le dehors, la désubjectivation et les hétérotopies? ». / Michel Foucault’s work is generally divided into three periods: the archaeological period dealing with epistemology, the genealogical one devoted to the analysis of power relations, and the aesthetic period centered on the « cultures of the self » as understood by the Greeks and Romans. Each of these periods is defined by a particular methodology and a constellation of themes that we’ll partly recapitulate in this paper. This overview serves as a preparatory work in order to underline a preoccupation which seems to be constant all throughout his philosophical journey. It’s concerning the « margins »; a question raised at times with regards to the topic of madness and literature, or in relation to the concept of « resistance » and « battle », and finally, through the study of the atypical manners in which one’s self can/should be governed. Thus, our inquiry is essentially articulated around the following questions: « can we attribute a well defined function to the margins in the theoretical framework(s) of Foucault? »; « what are the figures of marginality and how do they interact with the main Foucauldian themes? »; « what are the difficulties proper to the lexicon of marginality which includes notions such as the outside, desubjectivation and heterotopy? ».

MA (English Literature) / Department of English / This study examines a selection of Post-2000 Southern African prison narratives. It primarily focuses on fictional narratives that were written in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Little critical attention has been given to fictional prison writing in Southern Africa considering that much critical attention has been accorded to autobiographies by political prisoners. The demise of autobiographical writing has led to the rise in the production of prison novels, hence the need to examine this evolving genre. This study is driven by the need to examine the construction and representation of subjectivity in the selected narratives. It explores how the prison is experienced, by paying attention to issues of criminality, identity, gender and power. This study begins with the examination of criminality and the representation of the function of the prison in Red Ink by Angela Makholwa (2007), followed by the exploration of gender and identity issues in A Book of Memory by Petina Gappah (2015). It further examines how the notions of power and counter-discourse are portrayed in The Violent Gestures of Life by Tshifhiwa Given Mukwevho (2014). This study employs the method of close textual analysis of the selected narratives. It is underpinned by post-colonial theory, the paradigm of the Panopticon which is foregrounded by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison (1977) and Daniel Roux’s perceptions of the prison in Doing Time under Apartheid (2013). This study contends that notions of detention and imprisonment continue to play a central role in the production of selfhood in literary works. It is clear in the study that the prison is used as an institution to critique different phenomena regarding the prison experience. In this study, I clearly show that the selected narratives can be read as platforms for resistance against social ills that prevail in the post-apartheid/post-colonial society. I also argue that there is a thin line between fiction and non-fiction, apartheid/colonial and post-apartheid/post-colonial prison systems. The narratives I explore in this study reveal more continuities than discontinuities from the apartheid/colonial prisons. / NRF