The number of women in the Chartered Accounting (CA) profession has continued to rise since the 1970s; women now make up one-third of working CAs in Canada (Tabone, 2007). Yet, the number of women in the upper levels of the profession remains very low. The main purpose of this dissertation is to understand how women CAs experience and talk about the CA profession and to explore the implications of the CA context for the development and maintenance of friendship among women CAs. The ways in which power and agency are exercised in the micro-politics of the everyday lives of women CAs and the nexus of relations through which individuals develop and enact their identities is explored through open-ended interviews and discussion groups with Western Canadian women CAs. <p> The dominant ideology of professionalism constructs both individual and collective identities while structuring workplace relations. The findings of this study demonstrate that female CAs believe strongly in elements of professionalism such as meritocracy, excellence, client service, and commitment but that their understanding is gender-neutral and differs from the dominant masculinist interpretations and practices. The participants narratives reveal a particular pattern of engagement with the profession characterized by stages of early optimism, disillusionment and the glass ceiling, negotiation and the glass box, resignation, and justification. All participants encountered a glass ceiling, or invisible barriers to advancement, as a result of the conflicting meanings of the ideals of professionalism. As the women attempted to negotiate solutions to the constraints imposed by the professions elite, masculinist discourses were mobilized by those in power in new ways resulting in further constraints upon the women, containing them within a glass box that limited their career mobility in all directions and may contribute to gender segmentation in the profession.<p>Masculinist discursive practices have a significant impact not only on the participants career aspirations, but also on their friendship relationships, which are, in part, constituted by their relationship to the profession, their need for support against masculinist strategies, and their choice of gender identity strategy. Friendships do not increase activism as the participants feel powerless to create change and fear reprisals.

The number of women in the Chartered Accounting (CA) profession has continued to rise since the 1970s; women now make up one-third of working CAs in Canada (Tabone, 2007). Yet, the number of women in the upper levels of the profession remains very low. The main purpose of this dissertation is to understand how women CAs experience and talk about the CA profession and to explore the implications of the CA context for the development and maintenance of friendship among women CAs. The ways in which power and agency are exercised in the micro-politics of the everyday lives of women CAs and the nexus of relations through which individuals develop and enact their identities is explored through open-ended interviews and discussion groups with Western Canadian women CAs. <p> The dominant ideology of professionalism constructs both individual and collective identities while structuring workplace relations. The findings of this study demonstrate that female CAs believe strongly in elements of professionalism such as meritocracy, excellence, client service, and commitment but that their understanding is gender-neutral and differs from the dominant masculinist interpretations and practices. The participants narratives reveal a particular pattern of engagement with the profession characterized by stages of early optimism, disillusionment and the glass ceiling, negotiation and the glass box, resignation, and justification. All participants encountered a glass ceiling, or invisible barriers to advancement, as a result of the conflicting meanings of the ideals of professionalism. As the women attempted to negotiate solutions to the constraints imposed by the professions elite, masculinist discourses were mobilized by those in power in new ways resulting in further constraints upon the women, containing them within a glass box that limited their career mobility in all directions and may contribute to gender segmentation in the profession.<p>Masculinist discursive practices have a significant impact not only on the participants career aspirations, but also on their friendship relationships, which are, in part, constituted by their relationship to the profession, their need for support against masculinist strategies, and their choice of gender identity strategy. Friendships do not increase activism as the participants feel powerless to create change and fear reprisals.

Nearing the end of the 20th century, countries across the world have gradually been going into depression, without exception, this effect has also influenced Taiwan. Moreover, with the coming of age of knowledge management and change of the industry structure of the 21st century, thus the industry structure in Taiwan has also gone through some changes, adding many new non-typical jobs into the job market. Some examples include Leased Employess, Telex of Labor, part-time work, multiple job holders. Previous study on part-time work has been focused on the characteristics of the part-time workers and the influence on female part-time workers¡¦ employment and the reasons why companies use part-time work. Less research has been made on the comparison between part-time workers and regular workers. In the Human Resources of Managenment survey made by the Minster of Affairs in1997, the content regarding multiple job holders describes the distribution situation of multiple job holders. Moreover, with the fast growth of knowledge management, there exists a non-equivalency between the structure of knowledge management and the need of such a structure. Does the increasing numbers of part-time workers and multiple job holders mean that the labor market will take on a more important role? What is the difference between the education level, occupations, industry and income of these workers and regular workers? After a comparison between these two, which gains more profit? These are the questions to be answered in this research. The statistical information used in this research is secondary information from Directorate General of Budget Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan, R.O.C regarding the Taiwan region Human Resources of Managenment statistical information, which divides labor into three groups, using work time and income level as a basis to find the characteristics between these three groups. Some implications made from the result of this research has been made for reference for the government. The results of this research are as the following: Part-time work 1¡BHighly educated part-time work are more better off than low educated part-time work because they have relatively higher pay for lesser work. 2¡BThe part-time workers of the higher level labor market are better off than the those from the agricultural, forest, fish and pasture and manufacturing. 3¡BThere is an increase of the laborers in the service sector, and a decrease of those from the agricultural, forest, fish and pasture sector, not much change in the manufacturing and industry sector. 4¡BFrom a comparison of the income of these sectors, those in industry have the highest income, and those in services are second ranking, from the level manufacturing gains the most and industry the least. Multiple job workers 1¡BThese are the least luckiest of the group because they have the highest work hours, but have the same income level as normal workers 2¡BNo matter which profession, multiple job workers are the most laborious because they have more work hours than normal workers but less income than normal workers. 3¡BNo matter which industry, multiple job workers are the most laborious because they have more work hours than normal workers but less income than normal workers. 4¡BThere is an increase of the laborers in the service sector, and a decrease of those from the agricultural, forest, fish and pasture sector, not much change in the manufacturing and industry sector. From a comparison of the income of these sectors, those in manufacturing have the highest income, and those in industry are second ranking, from the level manufacturing gains the most and services the least.

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This thesis investigated patterns in, and perceptions of, labour force participation (LFP) amongst a group of mothers with dependent children. A mixed-methods (i.e. questionnaires, interviews and documentary evidence), single case study approach involving a series of three studies, was utilised, involving employees and ex-employees from the Queensland University of Technology. Using questionnaire data (N = 283), Study One explored the predictive value of seven structural (age of youngest child, education, childcare costs, wages, partner's income, number of children and social security payments) and four attitudinal (attitudes towards working mothers, sex-role attitudes, attitudes towards exclusive maternal care and career salience) factors, in a hierarchical logistic regression model using full-time / part-time work status as the dependent variable. Associations between these factors and hours worked, were also tested for a sub-sample of women with under school aged children (N = 112). Results showed that the factors leading to greater LFP for both samples were having older children, less access to social security payments and more liberal attitudes towards working mothers. Lower levels of partner's income also predicted full-time status for the larger sample and more liberal attitudes towards exclusive maternal care was associated with hours worked for women with under school aged children. Study Two explored the way in which women with under school aged children describe the influences, benefits and trade-offs associated with their LFP decisions. Analysis of data from interviews with a sub-sample of women from Study One, indicated four major categories of issues influenced LFP decisions and/or contributed to benefits or trade-offs following on from those decisions. These categories included financial issues, personal independence, work-related issues and value of maternal care. The salience of this issues varied across groups of at-home, part-time and full-time working mothers. The most important consideration for at-home women was the emphasis on caring for their children themselves, as opposed to using familial or formal childcare. Part-time women appeared to be the most satisfied with their work and parenting arrangements, because they could fulfil their roles as wives and mothers, but also benefit from spending autonomy and competence, by engaging in paid work. Full-time women reported greater opportunities in the workplace than part-time women, although they experienced substantial ambivalence about their full-time status. This conflict was ameliorated by the availability of flexible work and when partner's had reduced working hours. Based on the salience of work-related factors reported in Study Two, Study Three explored the degree of consistency between the espoused values evident in organisational work-family policy documentation and women's reported experiences of these policies (N = 24). For example, options such as flexible work arrangements and part-time work appear to promote values related to balance and integration of the work and family spheres. However, interview data suggests women's experiences of part-time work were inconsistent with assumptions about job commitment and career progression. The research extends the current understanding of the range of variables that influence maternal LFP and the processes by which LFP decisions are made. The findings are interpreted in light of a number of existing theoretical perspectives, as well as suggesting a preliminary model of decision-making that could be tested in other groups of women in future studies. The current research may also inform public policy on issues such as childcare and social security allowances and organisational human resource policy in terms of the implementation of work-family options.

Orientador: Claudio Salvadori Dedecca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T22:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calvete_CassiodaSilva_D.pdf: 716978 bytes, checksum: bcfb9daca77a7a8c843924074174170a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A tese faz uma análise econômica da Redução da Jornada de Trabalho (RJT) para o Brasil. Para tanto, foi realizada uma investigação sobre as condições da economia brasileira em assimila-la como política pública. Também foram analisados, através de um modelo econômico, o potencial dessa política como efeito multiplicador na economia e as conseqüências na geração de postos de trabalho, na massa salarial, na demanda agregada e na produção. Inicialmente, quatro questões polêmicas são examinadas, observando as particularidades existentes no País. A primeira refere-se à capacidade da RJT gerar novos postos de trabalho e de exercer um efeito multiplicador no crescimento econômico. A segunda trata da existência, ou não, de um trade-off, mediado pela jornada, entre emprego e salário. A terceira questão investiga as razões que motivariam o movimento sindical de países em desenvolvimento a lutar pela RJT, com os salários sendo tão baixos e com a constante ameaça de desemprego. E, finalmente, examina as dificuldades adicionais do Brasil para implantar a RJT e se elas são capazes de tornar sem efeito prático a adoção dessa política pública com o fim de gerar novos postos de trabalho. Posteriormente, o estudo detém-se na apreciação dos argumentos contrários à RJT, sendo os principais: a incapacidade das empresas de arcarem com o aumento de custo; a diminuição da competitividade da indústria nacional; e, no caso brasileiro, a ameaça da pressão inflacionária. O estudo conclui que a RJT não pode ser transformada numa panacéia para o combate ao desemprego; que ela pode, sim, ser um instrumento útil, se adotado em período de crescimento econômico e acompanhada de outras medidas que potencializem seus resultados; que, atualmente, seria importante para a geração de novos postos de trabalho que ela fosse significativa e acompanhada de maior limitação da utilização de horas extras, maior controle sobre a intensidade do trabalho, regras mais rígidas no banco de horas, melhoria na fiscalização pelas delegacias regionais do trabalho e maiores restrições às contratações atípicas / Abstract: The present work undertakes economical analyses of work time reduction (WTR) in Brazil. For that purpose, an investigation is made on the Brazilian economical conditions to assimilate WTR as a public policy. A macroeconomic model was used to analyze the potential of such policy to exert a multiplying effect in the economy, along with the consequences on job generation, salary impact, aggregate demand, and production. At first four polemic issues are examined by observing the particularities of the country. The first issue concerns the capacity of WTR to generate new jobs and to have a multiplying effect in economical growth. The second regards whether there is a trade-off, mediated by work time, jobs and salary. The third issue investigates the reasons which could cause the trade unions of developing countries to fight for WTR, even when wages are low and with a constant threat of unemployment. Finally, the fourt issue concerns the additional difficulties Brazil faces to enforce WTR, and whether such difficulties are bound to neutralize the adoption of this public policy. Moreover, this study focuses on the appreciation of arguments contrary to the WTR, which are: the impossibility of companies to tackle the increase in their costs; the decrease of competitivity of national industries; and the threat of a boom in inflation. The results indicate that WTR cannot be made into a panacea to fight unemployment; rather, it can be a useful tool if it is used, along with other measures which can potentialize its results, in a period of economic growth. Moreover, it would be important for it to generate new jobs if it were coupled by a major limitation in the use of extra time, as well as by stricter rules in the bank of hours. Finally, an improvement in the enforcement of WTR in the Labour Councils and higher constraints to the hiring of atypical hiring of workforce can also contribute for the success of adopting such a measure / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

The following paper examines the part-time work in Metropolitan Lima in 2008. The overall objective is to identify the determinants of the incidence of part-time work in Lima. We worked with one Probit econometric model, measured by the National Survey of Households (NSH), which explores the job characteristics of people. This will determine the presence of part-time workers in the areas of trade, health, education and communication; also realized that this group has completed university studies and incomplete, and the woman has a probability of 83,11397% more than men of working part time. / El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los factores determinantes de la incidencia del trabajo a tiempo parcial en Lima Metropolitana en el año 2008. Se trabajó con un modelo econométrico Probit, basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INEI), que analiza las características laborales de las personas. Con este, se determinó la presencia de los trabajadores a tiempo parcial en los rubros de comercio, salud, educación y comunicaciones; asimismo, se distinguió que dicho colectivo posee estudios universitarios completos e incompletos; y que las mujeres tienen una probabilidad de 83,11397% más que los hombres de laborar a tiempo parcial.

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka deltidsarbetande personalvetarstudenters upplevda tilltro till sin egen förmåga. I synnerhet, avser vi bringa kunskap om hur att arbeta parallellt med heltidsstudier bidrar till studenternas tilltro till sin egen förmåga att få anställning efter examen. Materialet som använts i studien samlades in genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer, där personalvetarstudenter som går sista året på programmet på Uppsala universitet intervjuades. Det teoretiska perspektiv som använts är Albert Banduras teori om tilltro till sin egen förmåga, eller engelskans Self efficacy. Begreppet används för att beskriva studenternas tilltro till sin egen förmåga att få anställning efter examen. Materialet undersöktes med hjälp av en tematisk analys där teman och underteman i respondenternas svar analyserades fram. Resultatet visar att respondenterna upplever att de erhållit viktiga kompetenser från deltidsarbetet vilket har ökat deras tilltro till sin egen förmåga att få anställning efter examen. Resultatet visar även att andra aspekter av deltidsarbetet har ökat tilltron, såsom att ha deltidsarbetet ”på pappret”, att ha nått framgångar i sitt arbete och kommit över motgångar samt erfarenheter av att söka jobb. Studenternas tilltro till sin egen förmåga att få anställning efter examen har även ökat till följd av en mer realistisk bild arbetsgivarens förväntningar, erfarenheter av diverse intervjusituationer och möjligheten att observera och interagera med andra programstudenter samt kollegor och chefer. Slutsatsen är att deltidsarbetet har en positiv inverkan på studenternas upplevda tilltro till sin egen förmåga att få anställning efter examen. / This qualitative paper aims to examine part-time working human resource student’s self-efficacy. In particular, this study aims to bring knowledge about how working part-time while studying full-time affects human resource student's self-efficacy toward getting full-time employment post graduation. The data used in this study was collected through semi-structured interviews, where eight human resource students in their last year of studies at Uppsala university were interviewed. The theory used in this paper is Albert Bandura's theory about self-efficacy. The concept of self-efficacy is here used as self-efficacy towards getting a full-time employment post graduation. The data was processed through a thematic analysis where themes and sub-themes were identified and analyzed. The results show that the participants believe that they have retained important skills from their part-time job which has increased their self-efficacy toward getting full-time employment post graduation. The results also show that other aspects of part-time work have increased their self-efficacy, such as having a part-time work on their resumé, having achieved success in their work and overcoming obstacles and experiences of job-searching. Students' self-efficacy towards getting a job after graduation has also increased as a result of a more realistic view of the employer's expectations, experiences of various interview situations and the opportunity to observe and interact with other human resource students as well as colleagues and managers. The conclusion is that part-time work has a positive impact on students’ perceived self-efficacy toward getting employment post graduation.

Hållbar konsumtion och produktion är viktiga delar i omställningen till ett klimatanpassat samhälle, där livsstilsförändringar kan spela en avgörande roll. Syftet med denna studie är att kvalitativt bedöma huruvida minskad arbetstid och inkomst kan ge effekter på personers miljöpåverkan från konsumtion, samt upplevda välbefinnande. För att uppnå detta utförs kvalitativa intervjuer med fem deltidsarbetande anställda på en svensk arbetsplats inom miljöfältet. Studien visar att de studerade personernas konsumtionsvanor i hög grad präglats av ett miljötänk, både innan och efter deltidsövergången, och vissa har sedan länge levt en sparsam livsstil. Minskad inkomst visade sig ha mindre betydelse för de studerade personernas konsumtionsval, men vissa hade minskat sitt sparande vilket kan tolkas som att konsumtion undviks i framtiden. Samtidigt har Covid-19 påverkat hela samhällets konsumtionsmönster, och studien pekar på att flera intervjupersoner förmodligen spenderar mindre pengar till följd av pandemin. Resultatet visar att minskad arbetstid och inkomst kan ge upphov till konsumtionsminskande effekter såsom ett minskat behov av att kompensera tidsbrist med konsumtion, samt ett mer rationellt och medvetet tänk kring privatekonomin. Det står också klart att en övergång till deltid, med motsvarande inkomstminskning, inte nödvändigtvis innebär att den totala inkomsten minskar i praktiken eftersom sidoinkomster och befordringar kan kompensera för inkomstförlusten. Tidsanvändningen är central för intervjupersonernas konsumtionsval. Mycket av deras tid läggs på aktiviteter med låg miljöbelastning, såsom utbildning, ideellt arbete, motion, vila och sociala relationer. Hur tid spenderas är också det mest centrala för hur intervjupersonernas upplevda välbefinnande påverkas, eftersom inkomstminskningen har en nästintill obefintlig negativ påverkan på dem. Mer tid till återhämtning, familj, vänner, vardagsbestyr och fritidsaktiviteter gynnar deras upplevda välbefinnande. Samtliga intervjuade upplever därtill en bättre balans mellan jobb och fritid, även om deltiden för med sig begränsningar i arbetet och fortsatta utmaningar med att anpassa arbetsbördan till den minskade arbetstiden. En arbetstidsminskning kan således leda till att personers miljöavtryck från konsumtion reduceras samtidigt som välbefinnandet ökar, men det kräver att ny fritid spenderas på rätt aktiviteter och att konsumtion minskar och/eller blir mindre miljöbelastande. Om tid i större mån skulle värderas högre än pengar genom minskad arbetstid och inkomst, skulle det kunna ändra konsumtionsnormen, minska konsumtion och produktion på samhällsnivå och därmed dess miljöpåverkan. / Sustainable consumption and production are important elements in the transition into a climate-adapted society, where lifestyle changes could play a crucial role. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively assess whether reduced working hours and income can have effects on people's environmental impact from consumption, as well as perceived well-being. To achieve this, qualitative interviews are conducted with five part-time employees at a Swedish workplace in the environmental field. The study shows that the interviewees’ consumption habits were largely characterized by environmental thinking, both before and after the part- time transition, and some already live a sufficient lifestyle. Reduced income proved to be less important for the interviewees' choice of consumption, however, some had reduced their savings, which can be interpreted as avoiding consumption in the future. At the same time, Covid-19 has affected the consumption patterns of society as a whole, and the study suggests that several interviewees probably spend less money as a consequence of the pandemic. The results show that reduced working hours and income can give rise to consumption-reducing effects such as a reduced need to compensate for lack of time with consumption, as well as more rationality and awareness regarding personal finances. It is also clear that a transition to part-time work, with a corresponding decrease in income, does not necessarily mean that total income decreases in practice, as side incomes and promotions can compensate for the loss of income. The use of time is central to the interviewees' consumption choices. A lot of their time is spent on activities with a low environmental impact, such as education, voluntary work, exercise, rest, and social relationships. How time is spent is also the most important factor in how the interviewees’ perceived well-being is affected, as the reduction in income has an almost non-existent negative impact on them. More time for recovery, family, friends, daily chores, and leisure activities benefit their perceived well-being. In addition, all interviewees experience a better work-life balance, even if part-time work entails limitations in work and continued challenges in adapting the workload to the reduced working hours. Hence, a reduction in working hours might lead to a reduction in people's environmental footprint from consumption while increasing well-being, given that the new leisure time is spent on the right activities and that consumption decreases and/or becomes less environmentally damaging. If time to a greater extent were to be valued over money through reduced working hours and income, it could change the consumption norm and reduce consumption and production at a societal level and thus, its environmental impact.

Yes / This article presents midwives’ views and experiences of flexible working and work-life balance. Both flexible working and work-life balance are important contemporary agendas within midwifery and can have both positive and negative consequences for midwives. Full-time midwives and those without caring commitments feel disadvantaged by flexible working and work-life balance policies as they have to fit when they work around part-time midwives and are increasingly expected to cover extra work. They feel their work-life balance is marginalised and this is fuelling discontent and resentment among midwives and leading to divisions between full and part-time staff that reinforce flexibility stigma. Although flexible working and work-life balance are important for recruiting and retaining midwives they are part of the ongoing tensions and challenges for midwives and the midwifery profession. Keywords flexibility stigma, flexible working, full-time work, marginalisation, midwives, National Health Service,