The purpose of this research journey is twofold: 1. To deconstruct the Christ-church metaphor in Ephesians 5:21-33 in pastoral marital therapy. To find a more ethical interpretation of this metaphor which can be used as an aid in marital therapy in order to deconstruct patriarchal stereotypes in marriage. 2. To discover the possible value of such an interpretation for marital therapy as well as to describe the journey with a couple who helped to determine the process by which this interpretation could be used as and aid to deconstruct patriarchal discourses in marriage. / Practical Theology / (M.Th. (Specialisation Pastoral Therapy))

Afrikaans text / Hierdie studie spreek die beperkte en eensydige beriggewing oor vroue en vroulike skoonheid in die Hebreeuse Bybel en ander antieke geskrifte aan, asook die ondergeskikte posisie wat vroue in die patriargale Ou Testamentiese samelewing beklee het. ‘n Argeologiese benadering word gevolg en beskikbare literêre bronne word gebruik. Daar word gelet op die redes waarom ‘n mooi voorkoms vir vroue so belangrik was. Hul posisie ten opsigte van staatkundige, wetlike, godsdienstige, ekonomiese en huishoudelike aangeleenthede en hul lewensverloop word bespreek. Die studie fokus hoofsaaklik op vroue van ou Israel en Egipte – vir ‘n goeie vergelyking. Inligting oor vroue van die ou Nabye Ooste en Mediterreense wêreld word waar van toepassing ook in aanmerking geneem. Vroue se skoonheidsmiddels, parfuums, juweliersware en kleredrag word bespreek – asook die invloed van vroue se skoonheidspraktyke op die ekonomie en handel van antieke tye. Die slot- hoofstuk maak sekere afleidings en dui enkele onderwerpe vir verdere navorsing aan. / This study addresses the limited and one-sided reporting about women and female beauty in the Hebrew Bible and other ancient literary sources, as well as the subservient position the women experience in the patriarchal Old Testament society. An archaeological approach is followed, although literary sources are also used. Attention is given to women’s position with reference to governmental, legal, religious and domestic issues, their course of life and the reasons why a beautiful and attractive appearance was important. The research focuses mainly on the women of ancient Israel and Egypt – for the purpose of comparison. Information on women of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean world is also taken into account. Women’s cosmetics, perfumes, jewelry and clothing are discussed – as well as the influence of women’s beauty practices on the economy and trade of ancient times. The final chapter makes certain deductions and some aspects are recommended for further study. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M. A. (Biblical Archaeology)

The present study shows and analyses how bodies codified as women’s bodies can resist in an extreme violence context situated in Ciudad Juárez on the México-U.S. border. To be resistant or to make resistance in these circumstances can be represented in different ways, through social and civic movements, art, literature and weapons. How these women’s bodies seem and how their resistance is and what they represent is the line of investigation of this study. This resistance is a direct confrontation to the feminicide and the diverse forms of violence against bodies codified as women exercised by men. As well as the peripheral feminisms it is a confrontation to a cis hetero-patriarchal capitalist context. Women’s bodies are the territory or the stage where violence, terror, power and exploitation converge. The reaction and rejection to this situation by a diverse collective of women highlights the struggle and the activism that these groups have as a way of life, a way of dissent and finally a way of resistance.

Jouée par María Elena Velasco depuis la fin des années 1960, la India María met en scène une indienne « authentique » qui, malgré son statut et ses limitations sociales, dénonce le traitement des institutions auxquelles elle est soumise : les systèmes politique, judiciaire, économique et religieux. Néanmoins, lors des premières projections des films sur le grand écran, la critique portait essentiellement sur les aspects superficiels et a réprouvé la façon dont les indiens et le Mexique étaient représentés, car jugée réactionnaire. Au début des années 1990, des chercheurs ont commencé à étudier ses films en proposant une lecture « négociée » : ils s’intéressent à l’effet humoristique produit sur le public par sa performance et ses aventures, en même temps qu’ils reconnaissent l’ambigüité du personnage et des narrations, tout en soulignant les discours ethnique et de classe. À travers l’analyse de Tonta, tonta pero no tanto (Bête, bête, mais pas trop) de Fernando Cortés (1972), Ni de aquí ni de allá (Ni d’ici ni de là-bas) de María Elena Velasco (1988), et Sor Tequila (Sœur Tequila) de Rogelio González (1977), mon mémoire contribue à cette lecture en étudiant trois sujets : le stéréotype cristallisé dans ce personnage, afin de démontrer comment celui-ci permet une critique de la société mexicaine ; les nouveaux enjeux culturels auxquels le système néolibéral affronte les autochtones ; et la transformation du masculin et du public à travers une construction alternative du féminin. / Played by María Elena Velasco since the late 1960s, La India María brings to life an “authentic” indigenous woman who despite her social standing and limitations, denounces the treatment of institutions to which she’s subjected: the political, judicial, economic, and religious systems. However, since her first appearances in theaters, critics have focused more on superficial aspects of her performance, judging that indigenous peoples and Mexico were represented in a reactionary way. Since the beginning of the 1990s, researchers have proposed a “negotiated” reading of her movies: they paid attention to the effects Velasco’s humorous performance and adventures had on her audience, but they also recognized the ambiguity of the character and storylines, all the while stressing the ethnic and class discourses. Through the analysis of Tonta, tonta pero no tanto (Foolish, Foolish But Not so Much) by Fernando Cortés (1972), Ni de aquí ni de allá (Neither From Here nor From There) by María Elena Velasco (1988), and Sor Tequila (Sister Tequila) by Rogelio González (1977), my thesis contributes to this reading by studying three subjects: the stereotype as represented by this character, in order to show how it criticizes Mexican society; the new cultural challenges that the Neoliberal system presents to indigenous peoples; and the transformation of masculine gender models and the public through an alternative construction of feminine gender models. / Representada por María Elena Velasco desde finales de la década de 1960, La India María encarna una indígena “auténtica” que no obstante sus limitaciones y su posición social es capaz de denunciar el tratamiento de instituciones a las cuales está sometida: el sistemas político, el judicial, el económico y el religioso. Sin embargo, desde su debut en la pantalla grande, la crítica se concentró esencialmente en los aspectos superficiales de su interpretación, juzgándola reaccionaria por la manera de representar a los indígenas y a México. Desde comienzos de la década de 1990, algunos investigadores comenzaron a estudiar sus cintas proponiendo una lectura “negociada”: teniendo en cuenta los efectos cómicos que su interpretación y sus aventuras tenían sobre su audiencia, pero reconociendo la ambigüedad del personaje y de las narrativas, y considerando los discursos étnico y de clase. A través del análisis de Tonta, tonta pero no tanto de Fernando Cortés (1972), Ni de aquí ni de allá de María Elena Velasco (1988), y Sor Tequila de Rogelio González (1977), mi memoria contribuye a esta lectura con el estudio de tres temas: el estereotipo encarnado por la India María para demostrar que su uso critica a la sociedad mexicana; los desafíos culturales para los indígenas con la entrada del sistema neoliberal; y la transformación de lo masculino-público a través de una construcción alternativa de lo femenino.

This Master thesis focuses on the dynamic of the development and rethinking of the concept of the traditional Latino patriarchal family built up around male dominance. This work explores the changes of the traditional concept under the pressure of society of the United States in novels written in English by authors of Latino origin awarded for their novels after 2000. The most significant of them being Junot Díaz and his The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao; the other two are Mexican Female authors Stella Pope Duarte with If I Die in Juárez and Reyna Grande with Across a Hundred Mountains. The first part is purely theoretical, stemming from the concepts of traditional Latino masculinity, the role of the female and children in the patriarchal family in order to explain the clash of values and family crises which Latinos undergo once they are confronted with the different system of values of the United States and the consequences for all family members. In the second part, all three books are analyzed on the basis of the male - female polarity. Consequences for families are explored as seen by Latino/a authors. Finally, solutions and possible ways of escaping the vicious spiral of violence and tensions created by the changed paradigm penetrating the Latino family life as suggested in the novels are...

Bildungsroman refere-se a uma forma romanesca de origem germânica. Trata-se de uma forma literária que expressa o conflito entre o indivíduo e o mundo de um personagem durante seu período de formação (Bildung). No século XX, esse gênero firmou-se como um conceito produtivo em quase todas as literaturas nacionais de origem europeia ou americana. Neste trabalho, analisamos momentos relevantes da trajetória de formação da protagonista, Margarida Clark Dulmo, em que ela entra em conflito com a mentalidade provinciana da sociedade patriarcal açoriana do início do século XX, a fim de investigar a hipótese de que Mau Tempo no Canal, de Vitorino Nemésio, possa ser considerado como um romance de formação (Bildungsroman) açoriano. / Bildungsroman relates to a novel form of Germanic origin. It is a literary form that expresses the conflict between the individual and the world of a character during his training period (Bildung). In the twentieth century, this genre has established itself as a productive concept in almost all national literatures of European or American origin. In this paper, we analyze relevant moments of the trajectory of formation of the protagonist, Margaret Clark Dulmo where it conflicts with the provincial mentality of the Azorean patriarchal society of the early twentieth century, in order to investigate the hypothesis that Bad Weather in Canal Vitorino Nemesio, can be considered as a \"formation romance\" (Bildungsroman) Azores.

<p>Denna uppsats baseras på en fältstudie genomförd i Faridabad, Indien våren 2007. Syftet är att undersöka vilken roll hinduiska gudinnor spelar för kvinnor. För att uppfylla det syftet studeras också de intervjuade kvinnornas underliggande uppfattningar om jämställdhet.</p><p>För att kunna uppfylla syftet med uppsatsen har en kvalitativ metod använts och 19 intervjuer har genomförts. Informanterna har fått svara på frågor som handlar om att vara kvinna i det hinduiska samhället och deras åsikter om hur kvinnors situation bör ändras. När resultaten från intervjuerna analyserats har jag inspirerats av tidigare forskning om genus och Hinduism.</p><p>I den hinduiska mytologin finns både gudar och gudinnor. Att dyrka gudinnor kan ses som en källa till makt och inspiration för kvinnor. Därför har jag studerat om informanterna ser på gudinnorna som förebilder. Resultaten visar att det är svårt att avgöra om så är fallet. Ungefär hälften av informanterna sade att det ser gudinnorna som förebilder. I motsats till tidigare forskning nämnde inte informanterna de gudinnor som representerar de egenskaper som den ideala hustrun ska besitta, istället nämndes stridsgudinnan Durga. Tidigare forskning visar dock att även de självständiga gudinnorna som beskrevs av informanterna som förebilder är en del av den patriarkala strukturen. Under intervjuerna framgick att rollen att vara en bra hustru och mor värdesätts högt av informanterna. Detta kan, enligt mig, kopplas till det mest framträdande resultatet som framkom i synen på vad jämställdhetsuppfattningen baseras på. Det gäller uppfattningen om att män och kvinnor föds med olika egenskaper. I motsats till genusteori förstås inte skillnader mellan män och kvinnor som främst socialt konstruerade.</p> / <p>This report is based on a field study that was carried out in Faridabad, India in the spring of 2007. The aim is to study what role the Hindu goddesses play for Hindu women. To fulfil this purpose I am also studying the interviewed women’s underlying understanding regarding gender equality.</p><p>To fulfil the aim a qualitative method was chosen and 19 interviews were completed. The informants answered questions about being a woman in the Hindu society and their opinions on how to change women’s situation. While analysing the results I was inspired by previous research on gender and Hinduism.</p><p>In the Hindu mythology there are both gods and goddesses. Worshipping goddesses can be seen as a source of power and inspiration for women. Therefore I wanted to study if the informants look at the goddesses as role models. The results show that it is difficult to determine whether or not that is the case. Approximately half of the informants said that they looked at the goddesses as role models. In contrast to previous research the informants did not mention the goddesses that are represented with qualities that the ideal wife should posses, instead Durga, the fight goddess, was mentioned. However, previous research also shows that the independent goddesses that were described as role models by the informants are a part of a patriarchal structure. During the interviews the role of being a good wife and a mother is described as the most important thing for the informants. This can, according to me, be related to the most significant result on what the understanding of gender equality is based on. This is the opinion that men and women are born with different qualities. In contrast to the gender theory, the differences between men and women are not understood as primarily socially constructed.</p>

Eudora Welty’s characterization of George Fairchild (Delta Wedding) queers the heroic masculine ideal, St George, whose legendary exploits have been popularized in narrative literature, Catholic iconography, and children’s fairy tale. Lauded by the Fairchild women for his “difference,” George’s sexuality offers him an identity apart from the suffocating Fairchild family myth. George Fairchild’s queer sexuality and homoeroticism augments our critical understanding of Delta Wedding, the character, as well as other characters. The author’s subtly politicized construction of the novel’s ostensible hero subverts literary tradition, the gender binary, and patriarchal myth.

Denna uppsats baseras på en fältstudie genomförd i Faridabad, Indien våren 2007. Syftet är att undersöka vilken roll hinduiska gudinnor spelar för kvinnor. För att uppfylla det syftet studeras också de intervjuade kvinnornas underliggande uppfattningar om jämställdhet. För att kunna uppfylla syftet med uppsatsen har en kvalitativ metod använts och 19 intervjuer har genomförts. Informanterna har fått svara på frågor som handlar om att vara kvinna i det hinduiska samhället och deras åsikter om hur kvinnors situation bör ändras. När resultaten från intervjuerna analyserats har jag inspirerats av tidigare forskning om genus och Hinduism. I den hinduiska mytologin finns både gudar och gudinnor. Att dyrka gudinnor kan ses som en källa till makt och inspiration för kvinnor. Därför har jag studerat om informanterna ser på gudinnorna som förebilder. Resultaten visar att det är svårt att avgöra om så är fallet. Ungefär hälften av informanterna sade att det ser gudinnorna som förebilder. I motsats till tidigare forskning nämnde inte informanterna de gudinnor som representerar de egenskaper som den ideala hustrun ska besitta, istället nämndes stridsgudinnan Durga. Tidigare forskning visar dock att även de självständiga gudinnorna som beskrevs av informanterna som förebilder är en del av den patriarkala strukturen. Under intervjuerna framgick att rollen att vara en bra hustru och mor värdesätts högt av informanterna. Detta kan, enligt mig, kopplas till det mest framträdande resultatet som framkom i synen på vad jämställdhetsuppfattningen baseras på. Det gäller uppfattningen om att män och kvinnor föds med olika egenskaper. I motsats till genusteori förstås inte skillnader mellan män och kvinnor som främst socialt konstruerade. / This report is based on a field study that was carried out in Faridabad, India in the spring of 2007. The aim is to study what role the Hindu goddesses play for Hindu women. To fulfil this purpose I am also studying the interviewed women’s underlying understanding regarding gender equality. To fulfil the aim a qualitative method was chosen and 19 interviews were completed. The informants answered questions about being a woman in the Hindu society and their opinions on how to change women’s situation. While analysing the results I was inspired by previous research on gender and Hinduism. In the Hindu mythology there are both gods and goddesses. Worshipping goddesses can be seen as a source of power and inspiration for women. Therefore I wanted to study if the informants look at the goddesses as role models. The results show that it is difficult to determine whether or not that is the case. Approximately half of the informants said that they looked at the goddesses as role models. In contrast to previous research the informants did not mention the goddesses that are represented with qualities that the ideal wife should posses, instead Durga, the fight goddess, was mentioned. However, previous research also shows that the independent goddesses that were described as role models by the informants are a part of a patriarchal structure. During the interviews the role of being a good wife and a mother is described as the most important thing for the informants. This can, according to me, be related to the most significant result on what the understanding of gender equality is based on. This is the opinion that men and women are born with different qualities. In contrast to the gender theory, the differences between men and women are not understood as primarily socially constructed.

Jouée par María Elena Velasco depuis la fin des années 1960, la India María met en scène une indienne « authentique » qui, malgré son statut et ses limitations sociales, dénonce le traitement des institutions auxquelles elle est soumise : les systèmes politique, judiciaire, économique et religieux. Néanmoins, lors des premières projections des films sur le grand écran, la critique portait essentiellement sur les aspects superficiels et a réprouvé la façon dont les indiens et le Mexique étaient représentés, car jugée réactionnaire. Au début des années 1990, des chercheurs ont commencé à étudier ses films en proposant une lecture « négociée » : ils s’intéressent à l’effet humoristique produit sur le public par sa performance et ses aventures, en même temps qu’ils reconnaissent l’ambigüité du personnage et des narrations, tout en soulignant les discours ethnique et de classe. À travers l’analyse de Tonta, tonta pero no tanto (Bête, bête, mais pas trop) de Fernando Cortés (1972), Ni de aquí ni de allá (Ni d’ici ni de là-bas) de María Elena Velasco (1988), et Sor Tequila (Sœur Tequila) de Rogelio González (1977), mon mémoire contribue à cette lecture en étudiant trois sujets : le stéréotype cristallisé dans ce personnage, afin de démontrer comment celui-ci permet une critique de la société mexicaine ; les nouveaux enjeux culturels auxquels le système néolibéral affronte les autochtones ; et la transformation du masculin et du public à travers une construction alternative du féminin. / Played by María Elena Velasco since the late 1960s, La India María brings to life an “authentic” indigenous woman who despite her social standing and limitations, denounces the treatment of institutions to which she’s subjected: the political, judicial, economic, and religious systems. However, since her first appearances in theaters, critics have focused more on superficial aspects of her performance, judging that indigenous peoples and Mexico were represented in a reactionary way. Since the beginning of the 1990s, researchers have proposed a “negotiated” reading of her movies: they paid attention to the effects Velasco’s humorous performance and adventures had on her audience, but they also recognized the ambiguity of the character and storylines, all the while stressing the ethnic and class discourses. Through the analysis of Tonta, tonta pero no tanto (Foolish, Foolish But Not so Much) by Fernando Cortés (1972), Ni de aquí ni de allá (Neither From Here nor From There) by María Elena Velasco (1988), and Sor Tequila (Sister Tequila) by Rogelio González (1977), my thesis contributes to this reading by studying three subjects: the stereotype as represented by this character, in order to show how it criticizes Mexican society; the new cultural challenges that the Neoliberal system presents to indigenous peoples; and the transformation of masculine gender models and the public through an alternative construction of feminine gender models. / Representada por María Elena Velasco desde finales de la década de 1960, La India María encarna una indígena “auténtica” que no obstante sus limitaciones y su posición social es capaz de denunciar el tratamiento de instituciones a las cuales está sometida: el sistemas político, el judicial, el económico y el religioso. Sin embargo, desde su debut en la pantalla grande, la crítica se concentró esencialmente en los aspectos superficiales de su interpretación, juzgándola reaccionaria por la manera de representar a los indígenas y a México. Desde comienzos de la década de 1990, algunos investigadores comenzaron a estudiar sus cintas proponiendo una lectura “negociada”: teniendo en cuenta los efectos cómicos que su interpretación y sus aventuras tenían sobre su audiencia, pero reconociendo la ambigüedad del personaje y de las narrativas, y considerando los discursos étnico y de clase. A través del análisis de Tonta, tonta pero no tanto de Fernando Cortés (1972), Ni de aquí ni de allá de María Elena Velasco (1988), y Sor Tequila de Rogelio González (1977), mi memoria contribuye a esta lectura con el estudio de tres temas: el estereotipo encarnado por la India María para demostrar que su uso critica a la sociedad mexicana; los desafíos culturales para los indígenas con la entrada del sistema neoliberal; y la transformación de lo masculino-público a través de una construcción alternativa de lo femenino.