Följande frågor driver denna studie framåt. Hur upplever invandrarkvinnor det svenska samhällets krav på egen försörjning i förhållande till deras förutsättningar gällande familjens förväntningar på dem själva? Hur balanserar de samhällets förväntningar kring egen försörjning i förhållande till familjens förväntningar på sig själva inom familjen?   Den svenska arbetsmarknaden kan vara svår att integrera sig på för alla, inte minst för invandrare som inte behärskar språket. Därtill är det ännu svårare för en kvinna som lever i en patriarkal familjestruktur att ta sig ut på arbetsmarknaden, eftersom en sådan struktur bygger på att mannen styr i familjen och att männen därför står högre i rang än kvinnorna. Detta innebär att kvinnorna alltid måste fråga mannen först innan de tar sig för något, vad det än handlar om. En sådan struktur är enligt enförsörjarmodellen och det är mannen som arbetar, kvinnan ska vara hemma och ta hand om barn och hushåll. I ett nytt samhälle där tvåförsörjarmodellen styr blir det därför en stor vändning när kvinnan plötsligt ges möjlighet att arbeta.   Studien lägger fram, genom kvalitativa intervjuer, hur sju kvinnor flydde till Sverige från Kosovo på 90-talet och deras upplevelser av möjligheter till integration på den svenska arbetsmarknaden i förhållande till deras familjetradition. Resultatet visar att de invandrade kvinnorna vill jobba men att de stöter på hinder i form av familjens traditioner och deras upplevelse av omgivningens förväntningar. Kvinnorna känner sig väl bemötta av myndigheter, men upplever att de inte får den hjälp de egentligen är i behov av med tanke på deras familjetraditioner. Detta i sin tur gör det svårt för dem att balansera samhällets förväntningar kring egen försörjning i förhållande till familjens förväntningar på sig själva. / Following questions drive this study forward. How do immigrant women experience the Swedish society’s demands for self-sufficiency in relation to their requirements regarding the family's expectations of themselves? How do they balance the society’s expectations of self-sufficiency in relation to their family’s expectations on themselves within the family? The Swedish labor market can be hard to be integrated in for anyone, not at least for immigrants who do not master the language. In addition, it is even harder for a woman who lives in a patriarchal family structure to establish herself on the labor market, because such structures are based on the man ruling the family and that the men therefore have higher rank than the women. This means that the women always have to ask for their husbands’ permission before they do anything, no matter what it is. In such a structure only one supply for the family and the man works while the woman stays at home and takes care of the children and the household. Therefore, in a new society where both men and women supply for the family, it makes a large change when the woman suddenly is given the opportunity to work. This study presents, through qualitative interviews, how seven women fled to Sweden from Kosovo in the 90s and their experiences of opportunities for integration in the Swedish labor market in relation to their family tradition. The result shows that the immigrated women want to work but that they meet obstacles in terms of family traditions and their experiences of the expectations from the surroundings. The women feel that they are well received by the authorities, but they experience that they do not get the help that they truly need, considering their family traditions. This, in turn, makes it harder for them to balance society’s expectations concerning their own provision in relation to the family’s expectations on themselves.

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent and reasons for teacher/learner sexual abuse in South Africa. Using a case study design, the researcher collected contextual data on this phenomenon at six schools in the Limpopo Province. With a view to determining whether or not national and provincial attitudes to school-based sexual abuse affect sexual behaviour at local levels, she also collected relevant national and provincial data. The combination of the three sets of data enabled her to draw not only contextual, but also general conclusions on this phenomenon. Using interview schedules and questionnaires as instruments, the researcher collected information on school-based sexual abuse from selected school principals, Grade 11 learners, departmental officials, and representatives of various organisations. Informed by the assumption that context and culture affect behaviour, the researcher recorded her observations of the physical and emotional climate and culture of the schools serving as research sites. She also collected statistical data on the incidence of sexual abuse, analysed official documents dealing with sexual issues, and consulted academic literature on the topic. The researcher used an inductive approach to data analysis, making use of open, axial and selective coding methods. Qualitative data provided information on the nature and causes of school-based sexual relations. Quantitative data provided numerical information on the extent of the problem. Together, the data enabled her not only to paint a picture of the nature and extent of school-based sexual relationships, but also to uncover the role that socio-cultural factors play in this regard. <-p> The particular significance of this study lies in the fact that it approaches sexual abuse from a socio-cultural perspective. More specifically, it investigates the possibility that teacher/learner sexual abuse has, over the years, become part of African culture, and that the silence on such practices might be rooted in traditional, patriarchal views on gender and social justice. The research findings indicate that there might well be a growing resistance to what is regarded by some communities as the imposition of liberal, urban, value systems on traditional, rural African people. Finally, the study provides evidence that legal, administrative and managerial approaches do not have the potential to resolve cultural conflict. This research opens the door to different ways of approaching a difficult problem like sexual abuse. In exploring other strategies, particularly those more tuned to the needs of traditional communities, the occurrence of sexual abuse at schools might be resolved. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

The research is focusing on understanding the problems that are caused by the patriarchal set-up and which become stumbling blocks for the rights of women in the church and society. The research is done by application of the liberation theology from the reality of the experiences of the oppressed women. The research will: - Use the practical case studies as an experience of the victimized society in order to understand their pain and need. - Study the biblical passages that helps to understand more about how men and women are expected to relate to each other by God. - Study the African traditional understanding about how men and women should relate to each other. - Give guidelines on how men and women can be equal participants for the kingdom of God, without undermining the rights of women and the biblical message on the view of women. Liberation theology pioneered by James Cone will be used pastorally and therapeutically to help the women as victims of gender oppression both in the church and in the society. / Thesis (PhD (Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

History has proved that too much power, in any form, is detrimental to the greater good of the society concerned. People at the hands of the power-hungry face discrimination and are often subjected to extreme violence and abuse. Society has undergone several changes and progressions through time, including economic, political and social changes. One thing that has remained unchanged however, is man‟s power over woman. Patriarchal power is present in all sectors and scenarios of society, from the home to the international legal system. My study focuses on the notion that an abundance of power leads to fear, violence and total disarray at the micro and macro levels of society. I argue that the essential problem in the relationship between man and woman is not a man‟s abuse of power, but rather that he has too much power in the first place. A culture of entitlement breeds among men, enabling them to treat women as inferior, sub-human objects. Definitions of male and female prove to be concreted into specific roles and gendered identities within the home and the greater society. People fall automatically into these roles, blindly and unquestioningly. It is for this reason that I maintain all members of society ensure the survival of patriarchy – even if they do so unconsciously. While the difference in the understanding of rape and sexual intercourse should be stark, it is blurred because they are defined according to male terms. Man‟s entitlement allows him to think it his right to take sex from a woman, even if she does not offer it willingly. Culture and tradition serve as major obstacles in any possibility of society‟s progression. Culture has proved such an undisputed order in society that it even trumps the international legal system of human rights. Culture justifies, or at least trivialises, the abuse of women. The social stigmatisation of sexual abuse silences women, providing further endorsement for men to continue asserting their power. A woman‟s life, as determined by male hierarchy, gender bias, culture and social stigmas, is therefore fated. It is with this in mind that I strongly question the progression of society into a true form of liberality and equality. In order for society to attain such a transcended state, it will have to disregard everything that it knows and deconstruct everything that has defined it up to that point. Until this is achieved, women will continue to live their lives in fear of the silent weapon in war and peace. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Sammanfattning Denna studie handlar om socialsekreterares uppfattningar kring begreppet hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck och vilka förutsättningar de har i sitt arbete. Studien fokuserar på att lyfta fram socialsekreterarnas definition av HRV och vilka möjligheter och utmaningar de upplever i sitt arbete. För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar har intervjuer genomförts med ett antal socialsekreterare. Dessa intervjuer visar att hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är en komplex problematik, som förknippas med familjens heder, kultur och kollektivt tänkande. Studiens resultat visar att det inte finns en sammanhängande definition av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck, men samtliga socialsekreterare håller med om att det handlar om heder, kultur och patriarkala synsätt. Socialsekreterare upplever många utmaningar i sitt arbete med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Resultatet av studien lyfter fram att socialsekreterare upplever att det är svårt att komma fram till utsatta personer och erbjuder det stöd som de behöver. Dessutom kommer offren ofta från familjer som präglas av ett kollektivt tänkande och de har svårt att fatta sina egna beslut och söka hjälp. Studien visar att det behövs en mer omfattande definition av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck samt att erbjuda mer information om hur socialtjänsten kan stödja och hjälpa personer som har blivit utsatta för HRV. / abstract This study concerns how social workers perceive the concept of honor-related violence and oppression, and how they relate to that in their work. The study focuses on highlighting the social workers’ definition of honor-related violence and oppression, and the possibilities and challenges that they encounter in their work. To answer the study’s main questions, interviews were conducted with 6 social workers. The results of the study show that the social workers have varying definitions of honor-related violence and oppression. However, they all agree that it is closely related to honor, culture and patriarchal views. Social workers experience many challenges in their work with honor-related violence and oppression. The study’s results highlight that social workers find it difficult to reach people exposed to such violence and provide the needed support. Moreover, the victims of honor-related violence come from families with a collective mentality and they find it hard to make their own decisions and ask for help. The study indicates that a broader and clearer definition of honor-related violence and oppression is needed. Apart from that, the social services need to offer more information about how they can support or help people that have been victims of honor-related violence and oppression.

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This thesis is set within a framework of the revivalist Christians’ Inner Mission, and presents as a case-study their mission to conscripts stationed in military exercise areas and garrison towns across Sweden. The revivalists’ evangelical zeal is given special attention. This is in contrast to much of the earlier research, which worked with the secularization paradigm formulated by the founders of sociology. Conscription in the early 20th century was regarded in various civilian and military circles as a platform for social and national integration, although these attitudes remain largely unstudied in Sweden’s case. Those engaged in missionizing the army were also drawn to this ‘School of the Nation’. The thesis shows that the motives of those involved in this home mission to soldiers were grounded in religion. However, the expansive missionary work was strengthened by the positions held by its male protagonists in the power structures of society. The mission was maintained by social contacts between an informal alliance of upper-class officers from among the mission’s military members, and by civilian missionaries from lower social classes. A decisive contextual factor for the army-mission as an educational project was that Sweden remained at peace. The civilian contribution to the mission grew as it spread more widely through the country. It is argued in this thesis that the soldiers’ homes were dominated by a discourse of domesticity. This discourse designated a place, a relationship, and a state of mind for the conscript during his free time at the military base. The missionaries were convinced that contact with the domestic and family values of civilian society should be preserved by the soldiers’ homes. The discourse of domesticity also looked ahead to the conscript’s subsequent life in civilian society: the missionaries wished to train up conscripts to be sober, moral family breadwinners.

The present dissertation deals with attitudes towards rape in early modern Sweden. The narratives from rape cases show certain similarities and differences, all of which provide a basis for a categorization. In somewhat generalized form, the documents identify a cast of six different-type characters: the unruly soldier, the despotic household head, the foul-minded hired hand, the honorable wife, the naive servant girl and the innocent under-aged girl. Reports by representatives of any one of these types, display a common view, judgmental elements often included. Views of rape between 1600 and 1800 were subject to changes of four kinds. One is, the woman is made an active subject, whose will and actions come under sharper focus in rape trials. A second type can be termed the sexualizing of the crime, where attack and assault aspects of a rape crime diminish, but purely sexual aspects increase, in importance. Amounting to a third change is growing interest in the remaining physical aspects of the rape crime. With this type as with the second type, brighter light falls on material and physical sides of the crime, while social matters and matters of honor became of less concern. A fourth change is that discussions of male authority run high at the outset of the period under study, but in time give way to talk of female qualities and morals. On the conceptual level the change can be interpreted as due to the shift which now linked violence and sexual practice directly to the individual and his/her morals, instead of as before to his/her social position in patriarchal society. On the immediate plane the actions of a single male individual were under review in a rape case, but on a larger scale the main issue was how much authority and power the male should have by virtue of the position he held. There was yet a scale where questions lurked concerning the legitimacy of the patriarchal system as a whole and of political power in any form.

The thesis will focus on the issue of slavery and its reflection in Brazilian society and in Brazilian historiography of the 20th century. This phenomenon decisively affected the Brazilian history, society and culture. The work focuses on the personality and work of Gilberto Freyre, whose review of the importance of slavery in Brazilian history marked an important intellectual turning point. This paper is an analysis of his most important work. The final section focuses on the most important Freyre's theory and the opinions of other experts.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur personer som utsatts för sexuellt våld upplever den hjälp, stöd och vård som samhället tillhandahåller. Syftet är att betrakta detta utifrån ett genusperspektiv för att undersöka hur föreställningar om sexualitet och kön påverkar möjligheten till hjälp, stöd och vård. Uppsatsens empiriska material består av två kvalitativa delstudier. Den första delstudien är genomförd med hjälp av en enkät via Google formulär som spridits på sociala medier, där 89 personer svarar. Den andra delstudien syftar till att ge en fördjupad förståelse om det valda ämnet och empirin är insamlad genom mailkontakt med de personer som i den tidigare delstudien samtyckt till att svara på fler frågor. För att analysera denna empiri används följande teorier och begrepp: Pierre Bourdieus (2004) teori om det symboliska våldet, Simone de Beauvoirs (2017) teori om det andra könet samt Erving Goffmans (2011) begrepp stigma. I resultatet synliggörs hur föreställningar om sexualitet och kön mynnar ut i patriarkala strukturer, vilka påverkar den utsatte på flera plan då det kommer till att söka och få tillgång till hjälp, stöd och vård. Resultatet visar även på socialtjänstens osynlighet i sammanhanget och att få personer valt att vända sig dit för att få stöd. Utöver detta synliggör resultatet att god kompetens och ett gott bemötande är nyckeln för att den utsatte ska vara behjälpt av stöd och vård. / This essay examines how people who have been subjected to sexual violence experience the help, support and care that society provides. The purpose is to look at this from a gender perspective to examine how conceptions of sexuality and gender affect the possibility of help, support and care. The essay's empirical material consists of two qualitative sub-studies. The first sub-study was conducted using a survey via Google form that was distributed on social media, in which 89 people responded. The second sub-study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the chosen topic and the empirical data is collected through e-mail contact with the people who in the previous sub-study agreed to in-depth interviews. To analyze this empiricism the following theories and concepts are used: Pierre Bourdieu's (2004) theory of symbolic violence, Simone de Beauvoir's (2017) theory of the second sex and Erving Goffman's (2011) concept of stigma. The result highlights how conceptions of sexuality and gender result in patriarchal structures, which affect the vulnerable at several levels when it comes to seeking and accessing help, support and care. The result also shows that Social Services, in this context, are perceived as invisible and that the majority of the respondents choose not to request support from them. In addition to this, the result shows that good skills and good care are the key to the victim being assisted by support and care.