Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkely, 1987. / Illustrations of the original dissertation are not included. Includes bibliographical references (p. 283-294).

Cette recherche a pour ambition d'étudier les vitraux, les commanditaires et les peintres-verriers de la fin du Moyen Age au début du XVIIe siècle dans l'Est du Bassin parisien, c'est-à-dire dans un secteur géographique couvrant des territoires où il reste parfois beaucoup de vitraux en place (pays troyen, par exemple) et d'autres où il ne subsiste presque rien, comme dans les Ardennes ou l'Aisne. Cependant, il est possible, grâce aux sources d'archives, de fournir un tableau des foyers de peinture sur verre dans des villes où l'absence de vestiges ne laisse pas supposer qu'on y ait produit du vitrail (Mézières, Laon). Ces sources, comptables, judiciaires, notariales, réglementaires ou techniques, permettent, d'une part, de suivre sur le long terme les mécanismes de commande, de pose et d'entretien des verrières et, d'autre part, d'étudier les familles de peintres-verriers qui ont été actives dans la plupart des cités du territoire couvert par notre étude. Nous avons donc tenté d'élaborer une définition du métier de peintre-verrier tenant compte des circonstances (métier réglementé ou non) ainsi que de la teneur exacte des activités des peintres-verriers qui sont, comme dans de nombreux autres pays, souvent polyvalents, les spécialisations dépendant du contexte artistique, économique et familial. Les source anciennes enrichissent aussi l'approche iconographique en contribuant à affiner notre connaissance des corpus de vitraux posés dans un espace géographique et pour une période donnés : si l'iconographie dépend pour une bonne part du statut du commanditaire et de sa culture, les dévotions locales, la nature de l'édifice et les modes ont aussi joué un rôle. / This project is a study of the stained-glass windows, patrons and painter-glassworkers of the end of the Middle Ages. It focuses on the east Parisian Basin at the 16th and 17th centuries, an area which encompasses regions (such as that around Troyes) where there are many extant windows, and others (such as the Ardennes and Aisne) where almost nothing survives. Using archival sources, however, it is possible to supply a picture of glassmaking centre where no material evidence suggests that glass was manufactured (for example in Mézières and Laon). On the one hand, these sources allow us to trace the processes of patronage, production, installation and maintenance of windows over a period of time. On the other, they provide an insight into the families of glassworkers which were active in most of the cities covered by this study. Drawing on this evidence, this thesis presents an account of the painter-glassworker's craft, taking into account socio-historical circumstances (including guilds), as well as the details of their activities given in the records, which are often, as in other countries, rather vague and general, depending on artistic, economic and familial context for clarification. The historical sources can also enrich an iconographic understanding of the glass by helping to refine our knowledge of the windows within their geographical and temporal contexts : if their subject-matter depends on the status and culture of patrons, the nature of local devotion, the nature of the edifice and fashion must all be taken into account.

The diploma thesis maps the activity of the Zátka family, a significant family from České Budějovice, in the cultural sphere. A view on atmosphere of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century will be presented via selected members of this family (Hynek, August and Vlastislav Zátka). The roots of their extended family will be summarized with emphasis on their role as founders and patrons in founding particular Czech organizations, companies and associations. The first part focuses on Zátkas' impulses and activities in cultural, political and economic sphere. The second part is dedicated to various family monuments, for example buildings (family mansions), statues or collecting activities.

The essay explains why and how Latin American societies, during the period of1930 to 1980, accepted the different variants of populist regimes; why these political systems perpetuated for such a long time; what mechanisms were employed to manage internal order; why and how the destruction occurred in the decade of the 1980s; why at the beginning of the 21st century certain forms of populist-demagogicappeals in the Latin-American political panorama returned to the scene; why the State in Latin America reached such low levels of institutionalism halfway through the 20th century; why the discourse of mixed races transformed itself into the central element, capable of uniting the complex magma formed by structural heterogeneity; and why «old nationalisms» are giving way to new methods and alternative discourses about the concept of identity at the beginning of the 21st century. / El ensayo explica por qué y cómo las sociedades latinoamericanas aceptaron, entre 1930–1980, las diferentes variantes de los regímenes populistas; por qué estos sistemas políticos se perpetuaron durante tanto tiempo; qué mecanismos se emplearon para gestionar el orden interno; por qué y cómo llegaron a su derrumbamiento en la década de 1980; por qué a comienzos del siglo XXI han vuelto a hacerse presentes ciertas formas populistas-demagógicas en el panorama político latinoamericano; por qué el Estado en América Latina alcanzó cotas tan bajas de institucionalidad a mediados del siglo XX; por qué el discurso del mestizaje se convirtió en un elemento central capaz de aglutinar el complejo magma generado por la eterogeneidad estructural; y por qué los viejos nacionalismos están dando paso a comienzos del siglo XXI a nuevas formas y discursos alternativos de la identidad.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa tentará compreender as conturbadas e contraditórias relações entre a Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana no Brasil Colônia, oficialmente sob o domínio do Estado português sob o regime de Padroado régio, mas oferecendo-lhe resistência através das Ordens leias ao papa, vinculadas à Propaganda Fide. O que levou o Brasil Colônia a ter sob seu território duas Igrejas, uma sob o comando do rei, outra que respondia ao papa, será a problemática enfrentada no presente estudo. Levando-se em consideração que relações conflituosas e contraditórias, bem como alianças e convergências são uma constante na história da Igreja de Roma, procuraremos nossa compreensão não apenas na análise da época da vigência do Padroado português no Brasil Colônia, mas tentaremos encontrar as respostas em períodos históricos anteriores, como a Antiguidade Tardia e a Idade Média, onde as relações entre Igreja e Estado também alternaram momentos de tensão, convergências e conflitos, e as formulações ideológicas que deram à Igreja sua mentalidade perante o Estado tiveram sua origem e desenvolvimento, muito antes da Conquista da América. Não objetivamos aqui reescrever a história eclesiástica, porém alguns recortes históricos serão utilizados aqui para nos ajudar a esclarecer as questões propostas. Partiremos do pressuposto de que os conflitos verificados não são apenas disputas de poder entre Roma e Lisboa, mas abrigam mentalidades cristalizadas em ideologias, que deram origem a estruturas mentais que não foram abandonadas pela totalidade da Igreja, e sobreviveram sob uma perspectiva de muito longa duração. Como se formaram tais mentalidades e estruturas e como chegaram até o Brasil colônia, quais foram estas mentalidades e estruturas e como elas se enquadram na longa duração será objeto de análise neste estudo. Tais mentalidades e estruturas tiveram origem na Antiguidade Tardia, antes da Igreja se aliar ao poder estatal, e tiveram, com as devidas transformações, continuidade e desenvolvimento na Idade Média, até chegarem ao Brasil, colônia de Portugal. / This research will try to comprehend the troubled and contradictory relations in the Apostolic Roman Catholic Church in colonial Brazil, officially under the domain of the Portuguese state under the regime of Régios Patronage, but offering resistance through the Loyal Orders of the pope, tied to the Propaganda Fide. The problem that will be confronted in this study is what led Colonial Brazil to have in its territory two churches, one under the command of the king, and the other that responded to the pope. Considering that conflicting and contradictory relations, as well as alliances and convergences are constant in the Roman Churchs history, we will seek our comprehension not only in analyzing the period during the Portuguese Patronage in Colonial Brazil, but we will try to find answers in historic periods previous to this one, like in the Late Antiquity and in the Middle Age, where the relations between the Church and the State also exchanged periods of tension, convergences and conflicts, and the ideological formulations that gave the Church its mentality before the State had its origin and development, way before the Conquest of America. We do not have the objective of rewriting the ecclesiastic history, although some historical clippings will be used here to help us clarify the proposed questions. We will start from the understanding that the verified conflicts arent only power disputes between Rome and Lisbon, but accommodate mentalities crystalized in ideologies, which originated mental structures that were not totally abandoned by the whole Church, and survived under a very long term perspective. So, the object of analysis in this study is how these mentalities and structures were formed and how they got to Colonial Brazil, what were the mentalities and structures and how they can be framed in the long term. These mentalities and structures had their origin in Late Antiquity, before the Church allied itself to the States power, and had, with the due transformations, continuity and development in the Middle Age, until it got to Brazil, Portugals Colony.

Fondée en 1924, la Compagnie Française des Pétroles n’est encore qu’une société pétrolière de taille modeste au sortir de la deuxième guerre mondiale. En 2003, après avoir racheté Fina puis Elf, la désormais nommée Total SA rassemble près de 100 000 salariés, est présente dans toutes les grandes régions pétrolières mondiales et se considère comme une entreprise qui fournit de l’énergie et non plus seulement du pétrole. La thèse étudie cette identité de groupe, à travers les patrons, les salariés et les clients de Total. Comment les patrons successifs ont-ils conduit leur entreprise, quelle culture ont-ils voulu forger ? Quelle politique salariale est menée, dans le domaine de la formation, de la participation et de la subsidiarité ? Comment les clients sont-ils attachés à la marque Total et fidélisés ? Cette dernière question permet d’aborder le rapport de la société française au pétrole et à la voiture. Total groupe mondial n’est pas seulement un fournisseur d’énergie. L’entreprise pense et conceptualise sa responsabilité sociale et environnementale. En miroir de cette implication sociale, Total est aussi attaquée, voire décriée, pour un laxisme environnemental et pour des bénéfices mal redistribués. L’entreprise réagit de façon chaotique à ces accusations. La thèse s’interroge à ce titre sur le rapport affectif que les Français entretiennent avec le fleuron industriel de leur pays, et sur la façon dont ce fleuron essaye de valoriser son image de marque. C’est cette histoire d’hommes, de pétrole, d’identité et de culture, qui est le fil directeur de notre recherche. À travers le cas de Total, la thèse conduit donc une réflexion sur le capitalisme industriel comme acteur économique et social dans notre pays. / Founded in 1924, Compagnie Française des Pétroles is still only a small oil company after the Second World War. In 2003, after buying Fina and then Elf, the company now known as Total SA has nearly 100,000 employees, is present in all the major oil regions of the world and considers itself a company that supplies energy; and not just oil. In about sixty years, it was a global industrial group that was built as much as a human group, endowed with a very strong internal culture.The thesis studies this group identity, through the bosses, employees and customers of Total. How did successive bosses conduct their business, what culture did they want to forge ? What wage policy is being pursued in the field of training, participation and subsidiarity ? How are customers tied to Total and loyalty ? This last question allows us to discuss the French society's relationship with oil and the car. Total global group is not just an energy supplier. The company thinks and conceptualizes its social and environmental responsibility. It conducts a cultural and patronage policy, it encourages its employees to engage in NGOs.In mirroring this social implication, Total is also attacked, even criticized, for environmental laxity and for badly redistributed profits. The company is reacting chaotically to these accusations. The thesis asks about the emotional relationship that the French have with the industrial flourish of their country, and how this jewel tries to enhance its image. It is this history of men, of oil, of identity and of culture, which is the main thread of our research. Through the case of Total, the thesis therefore leads to a reflection on industrial capitalism as an economic and social actor in France.

Essa tese aborda o empresário industrial ascendente no contexto da urbanização e industrialização do Brasil sob a perspectiva da prática do mecenato. Tal ação, catalisada pelo desejo, nesse segmento social, de distinção, respondeu a instituições presentes no ambiente de transformação socioeconômica brasileira na primeira metade do século XX. Trata, portanto, de Economia da Cultura, História Econômica e Economia Institucional, propondo a justaposição instrumental de arcabouços teóricos construídos nesses três campos da ciência econômica. O núcleo duro dos pressupostos aqui assumidos é o de que a instalação do setor urbano-industrial brasileiro no período em estudo foi liderada, em sua maior parte, por imigrantes convertidos em empresários industriais, que capitanearam a prática do mecenato para afirmar sua condição de protagonismo social como uma nova elite. A hipótese do trabalho é a de que o mecenato brasileiro no período posterior à Segunda Guerra Mundial (1947-1960) teve como protagonistas membros desse segmento social. Essa nova elite, ligada à indústria e negócios urbanos, teve papel ativo e preponderante no financiamento à cultura em relação à oligarquia agrária, de riqueza mais antiga e enfrentando decadência econômica. Para esse fim, garantindo foco ao estudo, serviram como referencial de análise o contexto da cidade de São Paulo e a identificação empírica dos doadores que formaram o acervo do Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP), efetivada dentro do período em estudo. Para fundamentação e comprovação dessa hipótese foram acionados como estratégia heurística: a) na esfera teórica, os conceitos da Sociologia da Cultura de Pierre Bourdieu e da Economia Institucional de Thorstein Veblen, balizados por uma revisão teórica das origens étnicas, sociais e atuação econômica do empresário industrial brasileiro; b) na esfera empírica, uma pesquisa de campo no acervo do MASP, identificando todas obras doadas ao museu dentro do período estudado e enquadrando em tipologias de segmentos sociais os respectivos doadores. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho forneceram elementos para corroborar a hipótese da tese, emergindo como corolário que a busca por afirmação social de novas elites de renda, através da distinção simbólica e consumo conspícuo, como resposta a instituições de uma sociedade urbana e industrial é componente relevante para compreendermos o mecenato no Brasil no período estudado. / This thesis discusses the ascending industrial entrepreneur in the context of Brazilian urbanization and industrialization under the perspective of patronage practices. Such action, catalyzed by the wish, in this specific social segment, of distinction, responded to institutions established in the ambience of Brazilian socio-economic transformation in the XX century’s first half. It discusses, therefore, Cultural Economics, History Economics and Institutional Economics, and proposes the instrumental juxtaposition of theoretical framework constructed in these three fields of Economy Science. The hard core of here assumed presuppositions is that the installation of Brazilian urban-industrial sector in the studied period was, in its most part, leaded by immigrants converted to industrial entrepreneurs, who commanded the practice of patronage to affirm their social protagonist condition as a new elite. This work’s hypothesis is that Brazilian patronage in the period immediately after the Second World War (1947-1960) had members of this social segment as protagonists. This new elite, connected to industry and urban affairs, played an active and preponderant role in the financing of culture, in relation to the agrarian oligarchy, of ancient richness and facing economical decadence. For this purpose, the context of the city of São Paulo and the empirical identification of donators who have constituted the collection of the Museum of Art of São Paulo (MASP) from 1947 to 1960 served as reference for analysis. In order to ground and validate this hypothesis, the following strategies have been assumed : a) in the theoretical sphere, the concepts of Pierre Bourdieu’s Sociology of Culture and Thorstein Veblen’s Institutional Economy, delimited by a theoretical review of ethnic and social origins as well as economic praxis of Brazilian industrial entrepreneur; b) in the empirical sphere, a field research in the MASP collection, identifying all works donated to the museum in the studied period and framing their respective donators in typologies of social segments. The results achieved in this work have provided elements to corroborate the hypothesis of the thesis, emerging as corollary that the pursuit of social affirmation by new income elites, through symbolic distinction and conspicuous consumption, as an answer to institutions of an urban and industrial society is a relevant component to comprehend Brazilian patronage in the studied period.

This dissertation introduces a history of the Olešnice parish based on research stemming from an accessible of sources. It focuses first of all on the parish?s creation and then on the state of the parish and how it was affected by Josef?s reforms. The dissertation questions how greatly these reforms influenced its inception and function. Its focus is on an internal organization and parish run, with its act within a state administration. The opening chapter summarizes the literature and other sources used for researching this subject and are followed with chapters about the church administration at the time of late modern period, and also the establishment of the České Budějovice bishopric and the spiritual committee Czech land Gubernia. The studies begin with the history of Olešnice. It first details the important institutions in a village (school, pastorate, authority) and the holding of properties. The next chapter is then focused on the origination and history of the Olešnice parish, with the main focus being on visitations and the churchmen. The end chapters are concerned with the sacred objects within the parish (the church, the chapel and the devotional pillar), patronage in local parish and school matters. The final chapter represent written production of parish and focus on situation of parish registry. Total summary is stated at the end.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho busca analisar a prática do oferecimento de dedicatórias impressas em um Brasil que acabava de se tornar impressor. As dedicatórias, representativas das práticas de homenagem e das relações de mecenato, são símbolo das relações políticas apoiadas na hierarquia vigente, e das trocas efetuadas na busca por poder e influência. Em uma época onde viver da própria pena constituía um desafio, era necessário utilizar-se das convenções para adquirir patrocínio e proteção, e o oferecimento público de lealdade e submissão através das páginas dos livros abria possibilidades de inclusão na sociedade de corte e de aquisição das benesses reais. A abertura da Impressão Régia contribuiu como nenhuma outra medida para o despertar da vida cultural da nova corte, atuando na circulação de escritos, de idéias, e de relações de sociabilidade. Nesse ambiente, a necessidade de conquistar as boas graças do soberano para obter prestígio fez com que as primeiras publicações do início do oitocentos já contassem com páginas destinadas às dedicatórias, cujo tom laudatório visava a convencer sobre o merecimento de mercês e favores. Muitas das obras publicadas Impressão Régia no período foram explicitamente dedicadas a alguma figura social ou política importante, e um número expressivo dirigiu-se ao soberano D. João. Muitos letrados alcançaram uma trajetória bem sucedida, outros não conquistaram sucesso; mas a utilização dos elogios impressos ao longo da carreira literária de muitos permite observar que a prática atravessou o oceano com a Família Real, e perdurou ao longo do oitocentos no Brasil. / The present work seeks to analyze the offering of printed dedications in a Brazil that just begun to print. These dedications, representative of reverence and patronage, are symbols of politics relations based on the effective hierarchy, and of the exchanges seeking power and influence. In a time when live of its own quill was a challenge, it was necessary to make use of the conventions to acquire sponsorship and protection, and the public offer of loyalty and submission through the pages of the books was opening means of inclusion in the court society of and of acquisition of the royal emoluments. The opening of the Royal Impression contributed like no another measure to the awakening of the cultural life of the new court, acting in the circulation of written, of ideas, and of relations of sociability. In this environment, the necessity of conquering the good graces of the sovereign to obtain prestige implicated that the first publications of the beginning of the 19th century disposed already of pages been intended for the dedications, whose laudatory tone it was aiming to convince on the merit of indults and favors. A great deal of the works published by the Royal Impression in the period were explicitly dedicated to some important social or politics figures, and an expressive number went to a sovereign D. John. Many scholars achieved a quite succeeded trajectory, others did not conquer success; but the use of the praises printed along the literary trajectory of many people allows to notice that the practice crossed the ocean with the Real Family, and it lasted a long time along eight hundred in Brazil.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos, (i) verificar a ação dos componentes da patronagem: status, econômico e ideológico sob a tradução e publicação de obras da Literatura Infanto-Juvenil brasileira na hegemônica cultura norte-americana e, (ii) verificar se as estratégias de tradução dos itens de especificidade cultural de Do Outro Mundo de Ana Maria Machado estão em concordância com as normas de tradução de LIJ que, de acordo com Zohar Shavit (2006), pressupõem uma maior liberdade por parte do tradutor para que esse ajuste a trama, os personagens e a língua a capacidade de leitura e ao conhecimento de mundo infantil. A relação entre esses objetivos é verificada na afirmação de Gigeon Toury (1995a, p. 13) de que a posição ocupada pela tradução no sistema da cultura-alvo afeta diretamente as estratégias adotadas pelos tradutores e a composição dos textos traduzidos. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (TOURY, 1995b), o conceito de patronagem introduzido por André Lefevere (1992) associado às considerações feitas por James English (2005) quanto à importância dos prêmios na sociedade atual foram fundamentais para a compreensão da ação dos componentes da patronagem sob a literatura Infanto-juvenil. Outro importante conceito aos objetivos desta pesquisa foi o de item de especificidade cultural de Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). Na análise dos dados desta pesquisa utilizei a reformulação da classificação das estratégias de tradução dos itens de Carla Bentes (2005) nos IEC de Do Outro Mundo e respectiva tradução em inglês From Another World. Os procedimentos de análise do corpus basearam-se no modelo de Lambert e van Gorp (1985) para a análise da tradução literária. Utilizo desse modelo a análise dos dados preliminares e a análise microtextual por atenderem aos objetivos desta pesquisa. O estudo se encerra com considerações a respeito da tradução de literatura Infanto-juvenil brasileira e as implicações sob o público-alvo / The aims of this research are, (i) verify the action of the components of patronage: status, economic and ideologic on Brazilian Childrens Literature translation in the hegemonic American culture and, (ii) verify if the translation of the Culture Especific Items from From Another World by Ana Maria Machado comply with the translation Norms of the genre, as Zohar Shavit (1996), which allow translators a greater freedom in adjusting the plot, characters and language to childrens knowledge and reading. The relationship between these objectives is found at Gideon Tourys affirmation (1995a, p. 13) that the position occupied by the translation system in the target culture directly affects the strategies adopted by translators and the composition of the translated texts. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies (TOURY, 1995b), the concept of patronage introduced by André Lefevere (1992) associated with the remarks made by James English (2005) regarding the importance of the awards in the todays society are fundamental to understand the action of the components of patronage under Children and Youth literature. Another important concept for the purpose of this study is Cultural Specific Item (CSI) by Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). In the analysis of this study data I used Carla Bentes (2005) reformulation of the translation strategies classification of the items of Do Outro Mundo and its English translation From Another World. The corpus analyses procedures were based on the model of Lambert and van Gorp (1985) for literary analysis. I use from this model the preliminary data analysis and microtextual analysis for corresponding to the aims of this research. The study concludes with considerations regarding the translation of Childrens literature in Brazil and the implications for the target audience