Människor lämnar alla efter sig ett miljöavtryck när man inhandlar matvaror. Hur stort miljöavtryck man upplever att man lämnar efter sig är dock inte alltid korrekt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om upplevelsen av en köprundas miljöavtryck påverkas särskilt av huruvida köprundan inleds med ett miljövänligt val eller avslutas med ett miljövänligt val. Detta för att få en bredare förståelse om kognitiva mekanismer som ligger till grund för miljörelaterat beteende. I denna kvantitativa studie så studerades psykologin i människors upplevelse av miljöpåverkan genom att undersöka hur miljömärkning påverkar upplevelsen av miljöavtryck från konsumentval. Studien undersökte ifall miljömärkta varor har större effekt på denna upplevelse om de märkta varorna inhandlas i början eller i slutet i en sekvens av inköp. Detta utfördes genom ett digitalt test som 32 deltagare (17 kvinnor, 15 män) vars ålder var mellan 22 och 63 år (M=32,31 år, SD=10,92) fick delta i och skattade sin miljöpåverkan som deltagarna tror att varorna hade under den fiktiva köprundan. Genom att undersöka ifall ordningen från första eller sista miljövalet har betydelse så får man en primacy eller en recency effekt. Denna studie indikerar på att under en köprunda när den avslutas med ett miljövänligt val så kommer människor uppleva att ens köprunda har lägre miljöavtryck i sin helhet. Studien visar alltså på en recency effekt samt duration neglect, däremot ingen primacy effekt. / Every single person who buys food products leave an environmental footprint. How big of an environmental footprint you feel you leave behind is not always accurate. The purpose of the study was to examine whether the experience of a shopping round's environmental footprint is particularly affected by whether the shopping round begins with an environmentally friendly choice or ends with an environmentally friendly choice. This is to gain a broader understanding of cognitive mechanisms which are the basis of environmental behaviour. In this quantitative study, the psychology of people's experience of environmental impact were studied by examining how environmental labelling affects the experience of environmental footprint from consumer choices. The study examines whether eco-labelled goods have a greater effect on this experience if the labelled goods are purchased at the beginning or at the end of a sequence of purchases. This is done through a digital test that 32 participants (17 women, 15 men) aged between 22 and 63 years (M=32,31 år, SD=10,92) can take part in where they estimate their environmental impact that the participants think the goods have had during the fictitious shopping round. By checking the order, if the first or last choice is important, you get a primacy or a recency effect. This study indicates that during a shopping spree when it ends with an environmentally friendly choice, people will experience that one's shopping spree has a lower environmental footprint as a whole. The study thus shows a recency effect and a duration neglect, but no primacy effect.

Det ställs allt högre krav på interaktiva system idag. Centralt är att de ska tillgodose användarens behov – inte minst användarens känslor och upplevelser. Enligt tidigare forskning kan starka känslomässiga ögonblick under ett händelseförlopp och upplevelsen av dess slut påverka hur vi bedömer en tidigare upplevelse (Kahneman, Fredrickson, Schreiber & Redelmeier, 1993; Redelmeier, Katz & Kahneman, 2003). Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida peak-end rule har en effekt på den retrospektiva användarupplevelsen av ett digitalt gränssnitt. Detta genom att jämföra två versioner av en prototyp vars interaktion var avsedd att efterlikna ett formulär på en webbsida. De två versionerna var identiska förutom att slutet manipulerades i syfte att framkalla ett positivt slut i den ena versionen och ett neutralt slut i den andra versionen. Totalt 22 deltagare skattade sin generella användarupplevelse efter att ha interagerat med varje version. Därefter svarade de på frågor rörande val av preferens samt upplevd ansträngning. Resultatet visade att peak-end rule hade en signifikant påverkan på val av preferens. Däremot fanns inget stöd som talar för att den totala användarupplevelsen eller upplevda ansträngningen påverkades av slutets utformning. Detta innebär att slutet av en interaktion kan påverka användarupplevelsen i viss mån men att det samtidigt råder en viss tvetydighet kring resultatet. Studerandet av peak-end rule är ännu i en tidig fas inom sammanhanget människa-datorinteraktion. Det krävs således vidare forskning för bättre förståelse om dess effekt för användarupplevelse av interaktiva system. / Today there are ever higher demands on interactive systems. Central is that they should meet the user's needs – not least the user's feelings and experiences. According to previous research, strong emotional moments during the course of events and the experience of its end can affect how we assess previous experiences (Kahneman, Fredrickson, Schreiber & Redelmeier, 1993; Redelmeier, Katz & Kahneman, 2003). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether peak-end rule has an effect on the retrospective user experience of a digital interface. This is done by comparing two versions of a prototype whose interaction was intended to resemble a form on a web page. The two versions were identical except that the ending was manipulated in one version in order to evoke a positive ending and a neutral ending in the other version. A total of 22 participants rated their overall user experience after interacting with each version. They then answered questions regarding the choice of preference and perceived effort. The results showed that the peak-end rule had a significant influence on the choice of preference. On the other hand, there was no evidence to suggest that the overall user experience or perceived effort was affected by the design of the end. This means that the end of an interaction can affect the user experience to a certain extent, but that at the same time there is a certain ambiguity about the result. The study of peak-end rule is still in an early phase within the field of human-computer interaction. Further research is thus required for a better understanding of its effect on the user experience of interactive systems.

Listening to music usually elicits emotions that can vary considerably in their intensity over the course of listening. Yet, after listening to a piece of music, people are easily able to evaluate the music's overall emotional intensity. There are two different hypotheses about how affective experiences are temporally processed and integrated: (1) all moments' intensities are integrated, resulting in an averaged value; (2) the overall evaluation is built from specific single moments, such as the moments of highest emotional intensity (peaks), the end, or a combination of these. Here we investigated what listeners do when building an overall evaluation of a musical experience. Participants listened to unknown songs and provided moment-to-moment ratings of experienced intensity of emotions. Subsequently, they evaluated the overall emotional intensity of each song. Results indicate that participants' evaluations were predominantly influenced by their average impression but that, in addition, the peaks and end emotional intensities contributed substantially. These results indicate that both types of processes play a role: All moments are integrated into an averaged value but single moments might be assigned a higher value in the calculation of this average.

Submitted by Eduardo Igreja (eduigreja@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T17:45:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Qual é o preço da ação-loteria - Eduardo Igreja.pdf: 724444 bytes, checksum: bcda476394ddd2f0ba0080acd3f680b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2018-04-12T19:08:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Qual é o preço da ação-loteria - Eduardo Igreja.pdf: 724444 bytes, checksum: bcda476394ddd2f0ba0080acd3f680b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T19:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Qual é o preço da ação-loteria - Eduardo Igreja.pdf: 724444 bytes, checksum: bcda476394ddd2f0ba0080acd3f680b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / A lottery-type stock is a stock that presents a small probability of achieving a big positive return. If investors have utility functions based on Kahneman and Tversky’s Prospect Theory, they overestimate low probabilities. Other behavioral bias may occur when investors, analyzing data sample in retrospective, use peak-end rule, focusing their attention in the maximum point (PEAK) and at the end of sample (end). Sell the first quartile of stocks ranked by PEAK of daily returns in the last month (the 25% which had the higher PEAKS) and buy the last quartile of stocks (the 25% which had the lower PEAKS) is a profitable strategy with statistical significance (t-statistic of 2,38) in the 2000-2017 data sample of Brazilian stock market. These findings are not explained by 3-factor model of Fama-French (6,5% alpha), momentum, skewness, volatility, or traditional value-indicators, such as price-to-earnings and book-tomarket ratio / Ação-loteria é definida como uma ação que apresenta uma pequena probabilidade de alcançar um grande retorno positivo. Se os investidores possuem função utilidade segundo a Teoria da Perspectiva (Prospect Theory) de Kahneman e Tversky (1979), estes investidores sobre-estimam pequenas probabilidades. Outro viés comportamental pode ocorrer quando investidores, ao analisarem em retrospecto um período de dados, utilizam a heurística do pico-fim, concentrando-se nos momentos de máxima magnitude (PICO) e no final da amostra (fim). Vender o primeiro quartil de ações ordenadas por PICO de retorno diário no mês anterior (as 25% que obtiveram os maiores PICOS) e comprar o último quartil (as 25% com menores PICOS) é uma estratégia com ganhos estatisticamente significantes (t-estatístico de 2,38) no período de 2000 a 2017 no mercado de ações brasileiro. Os resultados não são explicados pelo modelo de Três Fatores de Fama-French (alfa de 6,5% ao ano), momento, assimetria, volatilidade, ou múltiplos tradicionalmente associados a valor, como razão lucro-preço e preço-valor patrimonial.

Listening to music usually elicits emotions that can vary considerably in their intensity over the course of listening. Yet, after listening to a piece of music, people are easily able to evaluate the music's overall emotional intensity. There are two different hypotheses about how affective experiences are temporally processed and integrated: (1) all moments' intensities are integrated, resulting in an averaged value; (2) the overall evaluation is built from specific single moments, such as the moments of highest emotional intensity (peaks), the end, or a combination of these. Here we investigated what listeners do when building an overall evaluation of a musical experience. Participants listened to unknown songs and provided moment-to-moment ratings of experienced intensity of emotions. Subsequently, they evaluated the overall emotional intensity of each song. Results indicate that participants' evaluations were predominantly influenced by their average impression but that, in addition, the peaks and end emotional intensities contributed substantially. These results indicate that both types of processes play a role: All moments are integrated into an averaged value but single moments might be assigned a higher value in the calculation of this average.

<p>  </p> <p>Extensive evidence supports the effectiveness of retrieval practice as a powerful method for promoting long-term learning. For students to obtain the maximum benefit from retrieval practice they need to incorporate the strategy into their study routines as a learning tool that is used early and often. Unfortunately, many students avoid retrieval practice and instead rely primarily on less effective learning strategies such as rereading, and existing interventions that encourage students to practice retrieval are rare. Given this troubling gap in the literature, this dissertation sought to create and experimentally evaluate a novel intervention that attempted to improve students’ evaluations of and increase their willingness to use retrieval practice. </p> <p>In two experiments, the Pilot Study and Experiment 1, students studied a list of Lithuanian-English translations and completed two retrieval practice activities. The control retrieval practice activity prompted students to retrieve only difficult translations, whereas the high note retrieval practice activity prompted students to retrieve the same number of difficult translations but ended with additional trials that were normatively less difficult. Students preferred the high note retrieval practice activity over the shorter retrieval practice activity that had a more difficult ending, which suggests that existing retrieval practice activities can be improved by crafting endings that afford more opportunities for successful retrieval. Experiment 2 demonstrated that ending a retrieval practice activity on a high note could encourage students to choose retrieval practice over restudying for a subsequent learning activity. Experiment 3 replicated the findings from Experiment 2 and extended the results to a new type of material that is common in educational settings—general knowledge questions (i.e., fact learning). Finally, Experiment 4 investigated whether the preference for the high note retrieval practice activity found in the previous experiments was driven by the placement of the moderately difficult items at the end of the activity.</p> <p>Overall, this dissertation provides yet another demonstration that most students choose to avoid retrieval practice during learning. However, creating retrieval practice activities that had less difficult endings successfully improved students’ evaluations of and increased their willingness to use retrieval practice. These results have important implications for understanding and overcoming the barriers that prevent students from practicing retrieval.</p>

La evaluación de las experiencias extendidas en el tiempo se puede hacer de muchas formas. El paradigma --hedometer' en economía sugiere que la evaluación global de la experiencia se puede explicar por las impresiones de satisfacción durante la experiencia. Hay una creciente evidencia empírica sobre una simple ley de Pico-Final. Se ha demostrado que el Pico (la impresión mas extrema) y el Final (la ultima impresión) pueden explicar la evaluación global de la experiencia sin tener en cuenta las demás impresiones. Presento pruebas empíricas de la ley de Pico-Final utilizando datos recolectados en estudios de campo en aulas universitarias y en estudios de laboratorio con imágenes afectivas, e investigo, además, la capacidad de esta ley de explicar la intensidad del estado de animo posterior a la experiencia. Revelo, utilizando una novedosa tarea de estimación intuitiva, las opiniones de las personas sobre la composición de las evaluaciones globales de las experiencias. Finalmente, demuestro las condiciones que dificultan el aprendizaje de la ley Pico-Final, lo que explica porque las personas creen que sus evaluaciones globales representan el promedio de todas las impresiones sin excepción. / There are different ways of evaluating experiences lived across time. The --hedometer' paradigm in economics suggests that momentary impressions determine overall evaluations of experiences. There is a mounting empirical evidence for a simple Peak-End rule. Peak (the most extreme) and End (the very last) impressions have been shown to explain overall evaluations without the need to account for other impressions. I test the Peak-End rule using field data from university classrooms and lab data from image-viewing experiments, as well as explore its ability to predict post-experience mood valence. I elicit, using a novel guessing task, lay intuitions about overall evaluations of experiences. Finally, I demonstrate why decision-makers may find it difficult to learn the Peak-End rule and believe rather, that overall evaluations reflect average impressions.