Submitted to the Faculty of Education in Fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION in the Department of Philosophy of Education, University of Zululand, South Africa, 1990. / Education is one of the most important human activities of all nations all over the world. Adults, that is, parents, teachers and adult members of the society educate young children in order to assist and guide them to become proper adults. Pre-primary school education has become the necessity for pre-school children of every community. Good early education guarantees good and proper foundation for later life for a child. But poor early education, or lack of early education for the child, results in various educational problems, such as the inability to be a proper person. The pre-primary school educators have the important educational task to perform in this regard. The child must be assisted and guided by his educators to be able to form a proper balance between freedom and authority in education situations. This will enable him to be a free, responsible and self-determined person. The researcher of this study wanted to establish the educational proficiency of the pre-primary school educators. The essential concepts which are connected with this study were defined clearly. Method of research included the researcher's personal observations in pre-primary school education situations. It also comprised of the completion of questionnaires by the pre-primary school educators. There is debate about the views of freedom and authority in education situations. Some educationists favour freedom and dislike authority. Other educationists support the use of even strict authority. They favour the abolition of freedom in education situations. A real education situation is one where a proper balance between pedagogic freedom and pedagogic authority is maintained. Freedom in education should be understood as a pedagogic category. It must be viewed on the fact that the open child enters into the open world. The child must be assisted to be at liberty to exercise the freedom of choice within an education situation. Educators need to provide educational opportunities which are full of freedom of choice for children to actualize their responsible freedom and self-determination. Authority in education must be elevated to a level where it essentially becomes a pedagogic category. With an authority a child is guided by an educator to acquire norms and values of a society. The pedagogic authority guarantees security for the child and it also ensures him to be independent morally. Educators should be able to differentiate between the pedagogic authority on one hand, and force, punishment and suppression, on the other hand. Empirical investigation helped to establish the authenticity of the problem in education. The major hypothesis was: "THE CHILD'S ABILITY TO FORM A PROPER BALANCE BETWEEN A PEDAGOGIC FREEDOM AND PEDAGOGIC AUTHORITY CONSTITUTES AN AUTHENTIC PEDAGOGIC TASK FOR THE PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATOR." The child cannot actualise his responsible freedom and moral self-determination without the educator's educational support and assistance. Therefore, personal observations of the pre-primary school education situations were considered by the researcher to be essential components of research. Questionnaires had also been constructed and supplied to pre-primary school educators- Results were presented, analysed and evaluated by the researcher. Something emerged during the observations and completing of questionnaires. The educators emphasized the need for co-operation between them and parents in pre-primary school education. Educators indicated a strong desire to obtain professional training in their educational task so-as to execute it effectively and successfully. General review of the entire study, relevant conclusions, recommendations and educational implications were made. The need for more research was pinpointed. A general summary of the entire study was made.

No description available.

The aim of this doctoral dissertation project has been to investigate and describe Entrepreneurship Education in one Swedish county, E‐county. The dissertation is based on five studies, four case studies and a minor follow‐up study. Together these studies constitute a multiple case study called The Main Study. The purpose of the study has been to investigate how European policy on entrepreneurship education has been reproduced and realized in different educational settings in E‐county, and the consequences this has had for fostering students and local identity building. The two first studies, cases A and B were carried out in three schools where three high school programs were studied, the Haircare program, a technical program and a social science program. The programs were chosen so that the whole range of highschool programs were represented; a practical program, a semi‐academic program and an academic program. The third case, C, contained the specific educational program ʺSummer Entrepreneur” which was developed in a local municipality in Ecounty, and had been spread throughout Sweden. The program was developed by local people within the framework of an educational concept that had been imported from Canada, “Open For Business“. The fourth study, case D, was carried out in the educational program Youth Enterprise in local high schools, including the so called “Practice school”. The fifth study was a minor study through interviews with representatives from the different educational programs. To enable methodical triangulation, studies A to D were carried out with interviews, questionnaires, observations and document analysis. The studies were based on theories of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education and general education. The theoretical framework for analysis was based on Basil Bernstein’s (2000) theoretical concepts classification, framing, the pedagogic device and pedagogic identities. The major finding from the Main Study was that entrepreneurship education was already part of the educational programs studied for some time before it became part of the Swedish national curricula in 2011. Entrepreneurship had become an element in the fostering of local identities in E‐county. Since it has become a major element of the value base in the national curricula, it will probably be an important part in fostering and identity building in all Swedish schools in the future.

No description available.

Empathy is an important human trait that we need to communicate with other individuals. According to the research found in this paper, the lack of empathy in children leads often to developing of aggressive behavior that causes communication difficulties with the children. Research has also shown that children attending preschool has more empathic development.The purpose of this paper is to provide knowledge about how teachers in preschool work with empathy in the pedagogical practice and in preschool education.  By interviewing six different preschool teachers at two different preschools around the Växjö area in Småland, Sweden. The analysis showed that different factors such as size of the child group and the age of the children influence how the preschoolers choose to shape their pedagogy.  The result shows that the preschool teachers have worked with different conversation technique, they have tried to act as good role models for the children and they teach the children that different feelings can be felt and displayed in different ways. In the discussion it shows that the paper could be done differently if there was more time and more preschools to interview. Finally, the effect of empathy on preschool teachers is taken into account and the consequences of empathically charged situations.

<p>Purpose: The purpose with the essay is to examine how some teacher’s works with intercultural questions, if they are looking after student’s cultural background, earlier experiences and knowledge’s in their teaching. We have formulated three questions whom we want answer to.</p><p>Method: The essay began with a theoretical research to get more knowledge of intercultural pedagogic. The study part is based on seven interviews in two schools in Södertälje, five with teachers and two with assistant principals. The conclusions of our essay are based on the results of our study.</p><p>Result: The study shows that the two discourses “national self-understanding” and “the democratic credot” still lives and compete with each other. School 2 has a more monoculture perspective where the teachers emphasize the Swedish languages as a condition for students to get through their schooling. School 1 is more interested to emphasize the multicultural where the intercultural perspective is something that is clearer. But still none of the two schools have a working mother tongue education, though School 1 concentrates on to give their teacher’s education in these subjects so that they get knowledge and realise the importance for bilingual students to development their mother tongue so that they can development their second language. It can be a consequence that the “national self-understanding” stills exits and that student and their parents therefore decide not to not have a mother tongue education because they think that’s the way to get “better” in the Swedish language.</p>

Purpose: The purpose with the essay is to examine how some teacher’s works with intercultural questions, if they are looking after student’s cultural background, earlier experiences and knowledge’s in their teaching. We have formulated three questions whom we want answer to. Method: The essay began with a theoretical research to get more knowledge of intercultural pedagogic. The study part is based on seven interviews in two schools in Södertälje, five with teachers and two with assistant principals. The conclusions of our essay are based on the results of our study. Result: The study shows that the two discourses “national self-understanding” and “the democratic credot” still lives and compete with each other. School 2 has a more monoculture perspective where the teachers emphasize the Swedish languages as a condition for students to get through their schooling. School 1 is more interested to emphasize the multicultural where the intercultural perspective is something that is clearer. But still none of the two schools have a working mother tongue education, though School 1 concentrates on to give their teacher’s education in these subjects so that they get knowledge and realise the importance for bilingual students to development their mother tongue so that they can development their second language. It can be a consequence that the “national self-understanding” stills exits and that student and their parents therefore decide not to not have a mother tongue education because they think that’s the way to get “better” in the Swedish language.

Σκοπός της εργασίας μας είναι η διερεύνηση των μεταβολών που συντελούνται στο εσωτερικό της εκπαιδευτικής πρακτικής εξαιτίας της ενσωμάτωσης των τεχνολογιών πληροφορίας και επικοινωνίας στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία. Από τα δεδομένα προκύπτει πως η εισαγωγή των τεχνολογιών πληροφορίας και επικοινωνίας προκύπτει από ρυθμιστικές αρχές που όμως δεν έχουν μεταβάλλει τον τρόπο άσκησης του συμβολικού ελέγχου του σχολείου.Η σχέση του εκπαιδευτικού και του μαθητού συνεχίζει να δομείται στα πλαίσια μιας ορατής παιδαγωγικής,ενώ αναδύονται οι πρώτες μεταβολές στο περιεχόμενο της μεταδιδόμενης και προσληφθείσας γνώσης. Όσον αφορά τους μαθητές, υπάρχει μια πρώτη σύνδεση με το πεδίο της παραγωγής, τόσο εξαιτίας της ενασχόλησης και εξοικείωσής τους με τα τεχνολογικά μέσα στο σχολείο, όσο και της σχετικής παιδαγωγικής στήριξης που παρέχεται από το σπίτι. / Τhe purpose of this study is to investigate the possible changes are made to the internal of educational proccess due to the introduction of Information, and Communication Technologies, ICT. After procssing the collected information it emerges that indroduction of ICT is based on regulatory principles that have not changed the way in which education exercises symbolic control. The relationship between teacher ang pupil continues to be built on a visible pedagogic while the first changes emerged in the context of incepted and transferred knowledge. For pupils there is a first connection of new technologies with the field of production due to their activity with technological means at school, as well as well as the further pedagogic supprt is given by parents.

Die Verurteilten und die Leute, die aus der Gefangenschaft freigelassen sind, bilden eine ziemlich spezifische Personengruppe, die eine komplexe Sozialhilfe braucht. Es gibt eine festgelegte Ordnung, mit derer Hilfe die Freigelassene aus der Gefangenschaft, sowohl mit der Fahrkarte oder mit dem Geld für die Fahrt nach Hause, als auch mit der Bekleidung, mit den Nahrungsmitteln oder mit dem Geld für das Essen besorgt werden. Für die Leute, die wenig Geld in ihrem Konto haben, wird die einmalige Beihilfe ausgezahlt. In diesem Moment fehlt es Dienste, die dauerhafte psichologischen Konsultationen für die ehemaligen Verurteilten geleitet hätten, die sich für die Lebensbedingungen interessiert hätten, die empfählen, wie man eines oder das andere Sozialproblem lösen kann, lehrten Lebensübungen, die verlernt wurden, und hälfen sich in die Gesellschaft integrieren. In Litauen ist die Differenz des Rechtssystems zu merken. Mit Hilfe von Reformen strebt man nach den günstigen Verhältnissen für die Täter und Verurteilten, damit in der Gesellschaft sich integrieren zu können. Das Problem der Forschung. Heutiger Zustand und die Perspektiven der Resozialisation von den Leuten, die aus der Gefangenschaft freigelassen sind. Das Ziel der Forschung. Die Möglichkeiten der Integration in die Gesellschaft und die Bedingungen von der Minderung der Sozialabgrenzung von den Leuten, die aus der Gefangenschaft freigelassen sind, nachzuforschen. Das Objekt der Forschung. Die Integrationsmöglichkeiten... [to full text]

Die Behinderten bilden eine Gesellschaftgruppe, die mit spezifischen Problemen beschäftigt ist. Die Integration der Behinderten in die Gesellschaft – das ist ein spezifischer Sozialprozess, er hat nur für diese Gruppe kennzeichnende Züge. Das Sozialsystem für die Personen mit dem Unwohlsein ist zu viel kompliziert und unzugänglich. Die Welt ist für die gesunden Leute geschafft und es ist schwer für die Schwerbeschädigten alle Barriere zu schaffen. Das Hauptproblem von der Selbstverwaltung ist es die Bedürfnisse von den Bürgern abzufinden, die heikelen Probleme lösen zu helfen, die Möglichkeiten schaffen, um notwendige und qualitative Bedienungen zu kriegen. Bei der Leistung von den Sozialbedienungen, streben die Selbstverwaltungen nach der Rückgabe der Selbstständigkeit, damit die Personen, die Sozialhilfe bekommen, die Ehre und die Würde bewahren hätten und in die Gesellschaft integrieren könnten. Eine lange Dauer wurde in Litauen eine systematische Isolierung von den Behinderten und von ihren Familienmitgliedern in bestimmten Institutionen stattgefunden, sie konnten nicht sich zu vertreiben. Heute finden die Sozialbedienungen, die in den Selbstverwaltungen und in ihren Dienststellen zu gewähren sind, die Behinderten nicht ab. Um heutige Situation in Litauen von den Schwerbeschädigten zu bewerten, muss man hervorgestammene Probleme in der Gesellschaft und die Gründe von ihnen zu bewerten. Während der Zeit der Unabhängigkeit wurde in Litauen das Sozialbedienungensystem... [to full text]