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Gerade in Großveranstaltungen geht die Interaktion zwischen Lehrenden und Lernenden häufig verloren. So genannte Classroom Response Systems (CRS) knüpfen an dieser fehlenden Aktivierung und Interaktion an, indem sie als technisches Hilfsmittel die klassischen Interaktionsformen wie Fragen oder Abstimmungen auch in Großveranstaltungen ermöglichen. Ein solches Feedbacksystem wurde mittels der myTU-App ohne kostenintensive Anschaffungen realisiert. Die Entwickler der myTU-App arbeiten stetig an der Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung der App. Dafür ist es wichtig, sowohl die Bedürfnisse und Wünsche der Nutzer/innen, als auch die Ablehnungsgründe derer, die die App nicht nutzen, zu kennen. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Evaluation zur myTU-App durchgeführt.

Orientador: Profa. Dra. Leticie Mendonça Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Mestrado Nacional Profissional em Ensino de Física - MNPEF, 2016. / Este trabalho consiste na aplicação de dois métodos ainda pouco usados no ambiente escolar brasileiro, o Ensino sob Medida (EsM) e o Instrução pelos Colegas (IpC). Baseando-se nas teorias de aprendizagem significativa de Ausubel e sociointeracionista de Vygotsky, propomos um material educacional para o ensino de conteúdos de Óptica e Mecânica para o Ensino Médio. A proposta foi aplicada em estudantes do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio do Colégio Santo Antônio de Lisboa, localizado na cidade de São Paulo. No contexto do EsM, o aluno teve como tarefa, antes da aula expositiva, a leitura de textos e a resolução de questões conceituais sobre o tema em estudo. Essas questões foram feitas com o uso do googleforms, uma ferramenta gratuita disponibilizada pelo Google. Com as respostas enviadas pelos alunos ao professor, este elaborou o material didático da aula expositiva, dando particular atenção às dúvidas e dificuldades manifestadas pelos alunos nos formulários. Após a aula expositiva, a turma realizava uma atividade, ainda relacionada ao tema em estudo, que promovia a participação mais ativa dos alunos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Com o auxílio da ferramenta Plickers, foram propostas questões de múltipla escolha e o aluno votava compulsoriamente na alternativa que julgasse correta com uma espécie de QR-Code pessoal que lhe garantia o anonimato. Dependendo do índice de acertos, a votação era repetida após os alunos, organizados em grupos, discutirem a questão. Ao final os alunos foram solicitados a responderem a um formulário de avaliação geral sobre a metodologia empregada. O produto desenvolvido neste trabalho compreende um tutorial de como utilizar a ferramenta Plickers. As análises qualitativa e quantitativa das aplicações indicam uma progressão no aprendizado dos alunos e revelam que a metodologia proposta contribuiu para promover uma maior participação e engajamento dos alunos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. / This dissertation involves the application of two methods still poorly employed in Brazilian school environment, the Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT) and the Peer Instruction (PI) methods. Based on Ausubel's Meaningful Learning Theory and Vygotsky¿s Sociointeracionist Theory, we propose an educational material to teach Optics and Mechanics contents in High School level. The proposal was conducted in first year high school classes at Colégio Santo Antonio de Lisboa, located in São Paulo city. Within the context of the JiTT, the student had text readings and resolution of conceptual questions about the matter of study as tasks prior to the lecture. These issues were made using googleforms, a free tool provided by Google. Based on the answers provided by the students, the teacher produced the courseware of the lecture, giving particular attention to the doubts and difficulties manifested by students in the forms. After the lecture, the group performed an activity, also related to the matter of study, which increased the active participation of students in the teaching-learning process. With the help of Plickers tool, it was proposed multiple-choice conceptual questions and the student voted compulsory in the alternative considered correct with a kind of personal QR-Code, which assures anonymity. Depending on the hit rate, the vote was repeated after the students have discussed the issue organized in groups. At the end, the students answered one general evaluation form concerning the methodology employed. The product developed in this work includes a tutorial on how to use the Plickers tool. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the applications indicate a progression in student learning and show that the proposed methodology helped to improve the participation and engagement of students in the teaching-learning process.

Research shows that students may be proficient in solving physics problem mathematically but still lack a fundamental understanding of the phenomena in question. One reason may be that a traditional approach to physics instruction emphasises instructors transfer of material to the students and problem-solving, sometimes at the expense of conceptional understanding. This master thesis combines socio-cultural and behaviouristic perspectives to analyse the effects of audience response systems in learning environments, in particular physics instruction. An audience response system is a tool that collects responses from the participants. It is commonly used to create interaction, thus moderating the approach of pure transmission of information. The current state of research shows that the effects of audience response systems depend on how it is used by the instructor. Audience response systems have been popular for use in peer instruction in physics and part of this study was to evaluate the design of conceptual problems. Using a mix-methods approach with interviews, observations, and tests, this thesis explores teachers’ experiences from using audience response systems to stimulate thinking and discussion on conceptual questions. Different modalities of systems are also compared. The study was affected by the school closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however the remote teaching situation also makes the topic even more important. The findings confirm what is previously established about the role of the instructor and that the effects depend on their intention. This study demonstrates that an audience response system can be used for formative assessment, initiate discussions, simultaneously engage multiple participants, prompt instructors to reconsider their methods and support a productive learning environment. Important features of an audience response system are ease of use, clear display of responses, synchronous participation, and anonymity. / Tidigare forskning visar att studenter kan vara skickliga i att lösa fysikproblem matematiskt men ändå sakna en grundläggande förståelse för fenomenen i fråga. En möjlig förklaring är att fysikundervisning traditionellt fokuserar på överföring av material från lärare till elev med ett fokus på problemlösning, ibland på bekostnad av den konceptuella förståelsen. Detta examensarbete kombinerar sociokulturella och beteendemässiga perspektiv för att analysera effekterna av publiksvarssystem i lärande miljöer, primärt i fysikundervisning. Ett publiksvarssystem är ett verktyg som samlar in respons från deltagarna. Det används vanligen för att skapa interaktion, och därmed reducera fokuset på ren överföring av material i undervisningen. Det aktuella forskningsläget visar att effekterna av publiksvarssystem beror på hur det tillämpas av läraren. Publiksvarssystem har populärt använts i peer instruction (kamratlärande) i fysik och en del i denna studie har varit att utvärdera design av konceptuella frågor. Med hjälp av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder (intervjuer, observationer och tester) undersöker detta arbete lärares erfarenheter av att använda publiksvarssystem för att stimulera tänkande och diskussioner om konceptuella frågor. Vidare jämförs modaliteten hos olika system. Studiens utformning påverkades av skolstängningarna till följd av COVID-19-pandemin, dock ger de förutsättningar som kommer med distansundervisning ytterligare relevans för ämnet. Resultaten bekräftar vad som tidigare har fastställts om lärarens roll och att effekterna beror på dennes intentioner. Studien visar att ett publiksvarssystem kan användas för formativ bedömning, initiera diskussioner, engagera flera deltagare simultant, uppmuntra lärare att ompröva sina metoder och hjälpa till att skapa förutsättningar för en produktiv inlärningsmiljö. Viktiga funktioner i ett publikresponssystem är användarvänlighet, tydlig presentation av svar, möjlighet till synkront deltagande för många personer samt anonymitet.

An increasing number of university freshmen has been observable in absolute number as well as percentage of population over the last decade. However, at the same time the drop-out rate has increased significantly. While a drop in attendance could be observed at the same time, statistics show that young professionals consider only roughly thirty percent of their qualification to originate in their university education. Taking this into consideration with the before mentioned, one conclusion could be that students fail to see the importance of fundamental classes and choose to seek knowledge elsewhere, for example in free online courses. However, the so acquired knowledge is a non-attributable qualification. One solution to this problem must be to make on-site activities more attractive. A promising approach for raised attractiveness would be to support students in self-regulated learning processes, making them experience importance and value of own decisions based on realistic self-assessment and self-evaluation. At the same time, strict ex-cathedra teaching should be replaced by interactive forms of education, ideally activating on a meta-cognitive level. Particularly, as many students bring mobile communication devices into classes, this promising approach could be extended by utilising these mobile devices as second screens. That way, enhanced learning experiences can be provided. The basic idea is simple, namely to contribute to psychological concepts with the means of computer science. An example for this idea are audience response systems. There has been numerous research into these and related approaches for university readings, but other forms of education have not been sufficiently considered, for example tutorials. This technological aspect can be combined with recent didactics research and concepts like peer instruction or visible learning. Therefore, this dissertation presents an experimental approach at providing existing IT solutions for on-site tutorials, specifically tools for audience responses, evaluations, learning demand assessments, peer discussion, and virtual interactive whiteboards. These tools are provided under observation of anonymity and cognisant incidental utilisation. They provide insight into students\' motivation to attend classes, their motivation to utilise tools, and into their tool utilisation itself. Experimental findings are combined into an extensible system concept consisting of three major tool classes: anonymous peer discussion means, anonymous control facilities, and learning demand assessment. With the exception of the latter, promising findings in context of tutorials are presented, for example the reduction of audience response systems to an emergency brake, the versatility of (peer) discussion systems, or a demand for retroactive deanonymisation of contributions. The overall positive impact of tool utilisation on motivation to attend and perceived value of tutorials is discussed and supplemented by a positive impact on the final exams\' outcomes. / Über die vergangene Dekade ist eine zunehmende Zahl Studienanfänger beobachtbar, sowohl in der absoluten Anzahl, als auch im Bevölkerungsanteil. Demgegenüber steht aber eine überproportional hohe Steigerung der Abbruchquote. Während gleichzeitig die Anwesenheit in universitären Lehrveranstaltungen sinkt, zeigen Statistiken, dass nur etwa ein Drittel der Berufseinsteiger die Grundlagen ihrer Qualifikation im Studium sieht. Daraus könnte man ableiten, dass Studierende den Wert und die Bedeutung universitärer Ausbildung unterschätzen und stattdessen Wissen in anderen Quellen suchen, beispielsweise unentgeltlichen Online-Angeboten. Das auf diese Art angeeignete Wissen stellt aber eine formell nicht nachweise Qualifikation dar. Ein Weg aus diesem Dilemma muss die Steigerung der Attraktivität der universitären Lehrveranstaltungen sein. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz ist die Unterstützung der Studierenden im selbst-regulierten Lernen, wodurch sie die Wichtigkeit und den Wert eigener Entscheidung(sfindungsprozesse) auf Basis realistischer Selbsteinschätzung und Selbstevaluation erlernen. Gleichzeitig sollte Frontalunterricht durch interaktive Lehrformen ersetzt werden, idealerweise durch Aktivierung auf meta-kognitiver Ebene. Dies ist vielversprechend insbesondere, weil viele Studierende ihre eigenen mobilen Endgeräte in Lehrveranstaltungen bringen. Diese Geräte können als Second Screen für die neuen Lehrkonzepte verwendet werden. Auf diese Art kann dann eine verbesserte Lernerfahrung vermittelt werden. Die Grundidee ist simpel, nämlich in der Psychologie bewährte Didaktik-Konzepte durch die Mittel der Informatik zu unterstützen. Ein Beispiel dafür sind Audience Response Systeme, die hinlänglich im Rahmen von Vorlesungen untersucht worden sind. Andere Lehrformen wurden dabei jedoch unzureichend berücksichtigt, beispielsweise Tutorien. Ähnliche Überlegungen gelten natürlich auch für bewährte didaktische Konzepte wie Peer Instruction oder Betrachtungen in Form von Visible Learning. Deshalb präsentiert diese Dissertation einen experimentellen Ansatz, informationstechnische Lösungen für vor-Ort-Übungen anzubieten, nämlich Werkzeuge für Audience Response Systeme, Evaluationen, Lernbedarfsermittlung, Peer Discussion, sowie virtuelle interaktive Whiteboards. Die genannten Werkzeuge wurden unter Beachtung von Anonymitäts- und Beiläufigkeitsaspekten bereitgestellt. Sie erlauben einen Einblick in die Motivation der Studierenden Tutorien zu besuchen und die Werkzeuge zu nutzen, sowie ihr Nutzungsverhalten selbst. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden in ein erweiterbares Systemkonzept kombiniert, das drei Werkzeugklassen unterstützt: anonyme Peer Discussion, anonyme Kontrollwerkzeuge und Lernbedarfsermittlung. Für die ersten beiden Klassen liegen vielversprechende Ergebnisse vor, beispielsweise die notwendige Reduktion des Audience Response Systems auf eine Art Notbremse, die Vielseitigkeit von (Peer-)Discussion-Systemen, oder aber auch der Bedarf für eine retroaktive Deanonymisierung von initial anonymen Beiträgen. Der allgemein positive Einfluss der Werkzeugnutzung auf die Motivation an Tutorien teilzunehmen sowie den wahrgenommenen Wert der Tutorien werden abschließend diskutiert und durch verbesserte Abschlussklausurergebnisse untermauert.

An increasing number of university freshmen has been observable in absolute number as well as percentage of population over the last decade. However, at the same time the drop-out rate has increased significantly. While a drop in attendance could be observed at the same time, statistics show that young professionals consider only roughly thirty percent of their qualification to originate in their university education. Taking this into consideration with the before mentioned, one conclusion could be that students fail to see the importance of fundamental classes and choose to seek knowledge elsewhere, for example in free online courses. However, the so acquired knowledge is a non-attributable qualification. One solution to this problem must be to make on-site activities more attractive. A promising approach for raised attractiveness would be to support students in self-regulated learning processes, making them experience importance and value of own decisions based on realistic self-assessment and self-evaluation. At the same time, strict ex-cathedra teaching should be replaced by interactive forms of education, ideally activating on a meta-cognitive level. Particularly, as many students bring mobile communication devices into classes, this promising approach could be extended by utilising these mobile devices as second screens. That way, enhanced learning experiences can be provided. The basic idea is simple, namely to contribute to psychological concepts with the means of computer science. An example for this idea are audience response systems. There has been numerous research into these and related approaches for university readings, but other forms of education have not been sufficiently considered, for example tutorials. This technological aspect can be combined with recent didactics research and concepts like peer instruction or visible learning. Therefore, this dissertation presents an experimental approach at providing existing IT solutions for on-site tutorials, specifically tools for audience responses, evaluations, learning demand assessments, peer discussion, and virtual interactive whiteboards. These tools are provided under observation of anonymity and cognisant incidental utilisation. They provide insight into students\' motivation to attend classes, their motivation to utilise tools, and into their tool utilisation itself. Experimental findings are combined into an extensible system concept consisting of three major tool classes: anonymous peer discussion means, anonymous control facilities, and learning demand assessment. With the exception of the latter, promising findings in context of tutorials are presented, for example the reduction of audience response systems to an emergency brake, the versatility of (peer) discussion systems, or a demand for retroactive deanonymisation of contributions. The overall positive impact of tool utilisation on motivation to attend and perceived value of tutorials is discussed and supplemented by a positive impact on the final exams\' outcomes.:List of Definitions, Theorems and Proofs List of Figures List of Tables Introduction and Motivation Part I: Propaedeutics 1 Working Theses 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Context of Working Theses and Definitions 2 Existing Concepts 2.1 Psychology 2.1.1 Self-Regulation and self-regulated Learning 2.1.2 Peer Instruction, Peer Discussion 2.1.3 Learning Process Supervision: Learning Demand Assessment 2.1.4 Cognitive Activation 2.1.5 Note on Gamification 2.1.6 Note on Blended Learning 2.2 Computer Science 2.2.1 Learning Platforms 2.2.2 Audience Response Systems (ARS) 2.2.3 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard Systems (V-IWB) 2.2.4 Cognisant Incidential Utilisation (CIU) 2.3 Appraisal 3 Related Work 3.1 Visible Learning 3.2 auditorium 3.3 Auditorium Mobile Classroom Service 3.4 ARSnova and other Audience Response Systems 3.5 Google Classroom 3.6 StackOverflow 3.7 AwwApp Part II: Proceedings 4 Global Picture and Prototype 4.1 Global Picture 4.2 System Architecture 4.2.1 Anonymous Discussion Means 4.2.2 Anonymous Control Facilities 4.3 Implementation 4.3.1 The Prototype 5 Investigated Tools 5.1 Note on Methodology 5.2 Anonymity 5.2.1 Methodology 5.2.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.2.3 Assertion 5.2.4 Experiments 5.2.5 Results 5.2.6 Conclusions 5.3 Learning Demand Assessment 5.3.1 Methodology 5.3.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.3.3 Tool Description 5.3.4 Assertion 5.3.5 Experiments 5.3.6 Results 5.3.7 Conclusions 5.4 Peer Discussion System 5.4.1 Methodology 5.4.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.4.3 Tool Description 5.4.4 Assertion 5.4.5 Experiments 5.4.6 Results 5.4.7 Conclusions 5.5 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard 5.5.1 Methodology 5.5.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.5.3 Tool Description 5.5.4 Assertion 5.5.5 Experiments 5.5.6 Results 5.5.7 Conclusions 5.6 Audience Response System and Emergency Brake 5.6.1 Methodology 5.6.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.6.3 Tool Description 5.6.4 Assertion 5.6.5 Experiments 5.6.6 Results 5.6.7 Conclusions 5.7 Evaluation System 5.7.1 Methodology 5.7.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.7.3 Tool Description 5.7.4 Assertion 5.7.5 Experiments 5.7.6 Results and Conclusion 6 Exam Outcome 7 Utilisation and Motivation 7.1 Prototype Utilisation 7.2 Motivational Aspects Part III: Appraisal 8 Lessons learned 9 Discussion 9.1 Working Theses’ Validity 9.2 Research Community: Impact and Outlook 9.2.1 Significance to Learning Psychology 9.3 Possible Extension of existing Solutions 10 Conclusion 10.1 Summary of scientific Contributions 10.2 Future Work Part IV: Appendix A Experimental Arrangement B Questionnaires B.1 Platform Feedback Sheet B.1.1 Original PFS in 2014 B.1.2 Original PFS in 2015 B.2 Minute Paper B.3 Motivation and Utilisation Questionnaires B.3.1 Motivation 2013 and 2014 B.3.2 Motivation 2015 B.3.3 Utilisation 2014 B.3.4 Utilisation 2015, Rev. I B.3.5 Utilisation 2015, Rev. II C References C.1 Auxiliary Means D Publications D.1 Original Research Contributions D.2 Student Theses E Glossary F Index G Milestones Acknowledgements / Über die vergangene Dekade ist eine zunehmende Zahl Studienanfänger beobachtbar, sowohl in der absoluten Anzahl, als auch im Bevölkerungsanteil. Demgegenüber steht aber eine überproportional hohe Steigerung der Abbruchquote. Während gleichzeitig die Anwesenheit in universitären Lehrveranstaltungen sinkt, zeigen Statistiken, dass nur etwa ein Drittel der Berufseinsteiger die Grundlagen ihrer Qualifikation im Studium sieht. Daraus könnte man ableiten, dass Studierende den Wert und die Bedeutung universitärer Ausbildung unterschätzen und stattdessen Wissen in anderen Quellen suchen, beispielsweise unentgeltlichen Online-Angeboten. Das auf diese Art angeeignete Wissen stellt aber eine formell nicht nachweise Qualifikation dar. Ein Weg aus diesem Dilemma muss die Steigerung der Attraktivität der universitären Lehrveranstaltungen sein. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz ist die Unterstützung der Studierenden im selbst-regulierten Lernen, wodurch sie die Wichtigkeit und den Wert eigener Entscheidung(sfindungsprozesse) auf Basis realistischer Selbsteinschätzung und Selbstevaluation erlernen. Gleichzeitig sollte Frontalunterricht durch interaktive Lehrformen ersetzt werden, idealerweise durch Aktivierung auf meta-kognitiver Ebene. Dies ist vielversprechend insbesondere, weil viele Studierende ihre eigenen mobilen Endgeräte in Lehrveranstaltungen bringen. Diese Geräte können als Second Screen für die neuen Lehrkonzepte verwendet werden. Auf diese Art kann dann eine verbesserte Lernerfahrung vermittelt werden. Die Grundidee ist simpel, nämlich in der Psychologie bewährte Didaktik-Konzepte durch die Mittel der Informatik zu unterstützen. Ein Beispiel dafür sind Audience Response Systeme, die hinlänglich im Rahmen von Vorlesungen untersucht worden sind. Andere Lehrformen wurden dabei jedoch unzureichend berücksichtigt, beispielsweise Tutorien. Ähnliche Überlegungen gelten natürlich auch für bewährte didaktische Konzepte wie Peer Instruction oder Betrachtungen in Form von Visible Learning. Deshalb präsentiert diese Dissertation einen experimentellen Ansatz, informationstechnische Lösungen für vor-Ort-Übungen anzubieten, nämlich Werkzeuge für Audience Response Systeme, Evaluationen, Lernbedarfsermittlung, Peer Discussion, sowie virtuelle interaktive Whiteboards. Die genannten Werkzeuge wurden unter Beachtung von Anonymitäts- und Beiläufigkeitsaspekten bereitgestellt. Sie erlauben einen Einblick in die Motivation der Studierenden Tutorien zu besuchen und die Werkzeuge zu nutzen, sowie ihr Nutzungsverhalten selbst. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden in ein erweiterbares Systemkonzept kombiniert, das drei Werkzeugklassen unterstützt: anonyme Peer Discussion, anonyme Kontrollwerkzeuge und Lernbedarfsermittlung. Für die ersten beiden Klassen liegen vielversprechende Ergebnisse vor, beispielsweise die notwendige Reduktion des Audience Response Systems auf eine Art Notbremse, die Vielseitigkeit von (Peer-)Discussion-Systemen, oder aber auch der Bedarf für eine retroaktive Deanonymisierung von initial anonymen Beiträgen. Der allgemein positive Einfluss der Werkzeugnutzung auf die Motivation an Tutorien teilzunehmen sowie den wahrgenommenen Wert der Tutorien werden abschließend diskutiert und durch verbesserte Abschlussklausurergebnisse untermauert.:List of Definitions, Theorems and Proofs List of Figures List of Tables Introduction and Motivation Part I: Propaedeutics 1 Working Theses 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Context of Working Theses and Definitions 2 Existing Concepts 2.1 Psychology 2.1.1 Self-Regulation and self-regulated Learning 2.1.2 Peer Instruction, Peer Discussion 2.1.3 Learning Process Supervision: Learning Demand Assessment 2.1.4 Cognitive Activation 2.1.5 Note on Gamification 2.1.6 Note on Blended Learning 2.2 Computer Science 2.2.1 Learning Platforms 2.2.2 Audience Response Systems (ARS) 2.2.3 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard Systems (V-IWB) 2.2.4 Cognisant Incidential Utilisation (CIU) 2.3 Appraisal 3 Related Work 3.1 Visible Learning 3.2 auditorium 3.3 Auditorium Mobile Classroom Service 3.4 ARSnova and other Audience Response Systems 3.5 Google Classroom 3.6 StackOverflow 3.7 AwwApp Part II: Proceedings 4 Global Picture and Prototype 4.1 Global Picture 4.2 System Architecture 4.2.1 Anonymous Discussion Means 4.2.2 Anonymous Control Facilities 4.3 Implementation 4.3.1 The Prototype 5 Investigated Tools 5.1 Note on Methodology 5.2 Anonymity 5.2.1 Methodology 5.2.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.2.3 Assertion 5.2.4 Experiments 5.2.5 Results 5.2.6 Conclusions 5.3 Learning Demand Assessment 5.3.1 Methodology 5.3.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.3.3 Tool Description 5.3.4 Assertion 5.3.5 Experiments 5.3.6 Results 5.3.7 Conclusions 5.4 Peer Discussion System 5.4.1 Methodology 5.4.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.4.3 Tool Description 5.4.4 Assertion 5.4.5 Experiments 5.4.6 Results 5.4.7 Conclusions 5.5 Virtual Interactive Whiteboard 5.5.1 Methodology 5.5.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.5.3 Tool Description 5.5.4 Assertion 5.5.5 Experiments 5.5.6 Results 5.5.7 Conclusions 5.6 Audience Response System and Emergency Brake 5.6.1 Methodology 5.6.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.6.3 Tool Description 5.6.4 Assertion 5.6.5 Experiments 5.6.6 Results 5.6.7 Conclusions 5.7 Evaluation System 5.7.1 Methodology 5.7.2 Visible Learning Effects 5.7.3 Tool Description 5.7.4 Assertion 5.7.5 Experiments 5.7.6 Results and Conclusion 6 Exam Outcome 7 Utilisation and Motivation 7.1 Prototype Utilisation 7.2 Motivational Aspects Part III: Appraisal 8 Lessons learned 9 Discussion 9.1 Working Theses’ Validity 9.2 Research Community: Impact and Outlook 9.2.1 Significance to Learning Psychology 9.3 Possible Extension of existing Solutions 10 Conclusion 10.1 Summary of scientific Contributions 10.2 Future Work Part IV: Appendix A Experimental Arrangement B Questionnaires B.1 Platform Feedback Sheet B.1.1 Original PFS in 2014 B.1.2 Original PFS in 2015 B.2 Minute Paper B.3 Motivation and Utilisation Questionnaires B.3.1 Motivation 2013 and 2014 B.3.2 Motivation 2015 B.3.3 Utilisation 2014 B.3.4 Utilisation 2015, Rev. I B.3.5 Utilisation 2015, Rev. II C References C.1 Auxiliary Means D Publications D.1 Original Research Contributions D.2 Student Theses E Glossary F Index G Milestones Acknowledgements

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we propose an interdisciplinary modular teaching sequence on the measurement of the speed of light which is compatible with the traditional basic education’s sillabus. Based on the Römer method to measure the time difference between the occultation of Jupiter's moons in different orbital configurations with respect to the Earth, we developed educational activities that include: (a) observations of Jupiter's moons occultations through amateur telescopes; (b) data analysis using professional Astronomy softwares; (c) simulations using the software Stellarium and (d) the use of spreadsheets for the calculations involved to explore the physics contents. The modules can be applied independently and they are associated to educational products like didactic sequences, tutorials, video tutorials and info-animation in PowerPoint to support the lectures. We add three extra classes to the usual curriculum, which however can be easily adapted to the usual lecture. For these classes we prepared two info-animations employing the Peer Instruction and Just-in-time teaching methods besides practical activities centered on the students, following the Meaningful Learning approaches. With these resources we explore kinematics concepts (linear and circular movements), systems of reference, vectors and scientific epistemology. By mean of a pre and post-tests using questions from the High School National Exams (ENEM) involving the topics of Physics and Astronomy proposed in this work, we verified a considerable progress in the pattern of responses before and after our intervention to more than 90% of the addressed questions. Based on publicly available data by the National Institute for Studies and Educational Research (INEP) we identify a significantly higher yield of right answers of our students when compared with the average responses of all students from Sergipe who participated of the National Exams. Methodological corrections to this work based on the problems identified during the application of our products are proposed. / Neste trabalho propomos uma sequência didática modular, de caráter interdisciplinar e compatível com o currículo do ensino básico, sobre a medida da velocidade da luz. Inspirados no método de Römer para medir a diferença de tempo entre as ocultações das luas de Júpiter em configurações orbitais distintas com relação à Terra, elaboramos atividades que contemplam: (a) observações das ocultações das luas de Júpiter por meio de telescópios amadores; (b) análise de dados por meio de softwares profissionais da Astronomia; (c) simulações das observações utilizando o software Stellarium e (d) o uso de planilhas tanto para os cálculos quanto para explorar a física envolvida. Os módulos podem ser aplicados de forma independente e têm como produtos, além da sequência didática, tutoriais, vídeo-tutoriais e info-animações em PowerPoint para apoio às aulas teóricas. Utilizando três aulas complementares à grade tradicional, mas que podem ser facilmente adaptadas à grade de aulas normais, elaboramos duas info-animações em que, empregando a técnica de Instrução pelos Colegas – IpC, Ensino sob Medida - EsM e atividades práticas centradas no aluno, com base nas abordagens da Aprendizagem Significativa, exploramos os conceitos de cinemática (retilínea e circular), sistemas de referência, vetores e epistemologia científica. Por meio das asserções de um pré-teste e um pós-teste, utilizando questões do ENEM envolvendo os tópicos de Física e Astronomia, pudemos constatar uma evolução considerável no padrão de respostas antes e depois de nossa intervenção para mais de 90% das questões abordadas, com um rendimento significativamente superior à média das respostas apresentadas por todos os alunos de Sergipe participantes do ENEM, com base nos dados publicamente disponíveis pelo INEP. Correções metodológicas com base nos acerto e erros aferidos também são exploradas.

Gerade in Großveranstaltungen geht die Interaktion zwischen Lehrenden und Lernenden häufig verloren. So genannte Classroom Response Systems (CRS) knüpfen an dieser fehlenden Aktivierung und Interaktion an, indem sie als technisches Hilfsmittel die klassischen Interaktionsformen wie Fragen oder Abstimmungen auch in Großveranstaltungen ermöglichen. Ein solches Feedbacksystem wurde mittels der myTU-App ohne kostenintensive Anschaffungen realisiert. Die Entwickler der myTU-App arbeiten stetig an der Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung der App. Dafür ist es wichtig, sowohl die Bedürfnisse und Wünsche der Nutzer/innen, als auch die Ablehnungsgründe derer, die die App nicht nutzen, zu kennen. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Evaluation zur myTU-App durchgeführt.