Anhand eines der erfolgreichsten Theaterstücke der Saison 2007/2008 untersucht der Beitrag die Repräsentation und Rolle von Schrift und Schreiben in Ulrich Hubs für Kinder verfassten "An der Arche um acht".

De nombreux espèces utilisent des signaux multicomposants/multimodales. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les signaux acoustiques et visuels produits dans le cadre du choix du partenaire chez le Manchot royal. Concernant les composantes acoustiques, nous avons identifié des arrangements syllabiques spécifiques à chacun des sexes. La fréquence fondamentale et l'énergie des cris des manchots royaux, ainsi que certaines caractéristiques colorimétriques signalent des informations sur la classe d'âge de l'émetteur. Nous avons montré que l'appareil vocal des manchots royaux permet les individus de produire deux bandes de fréquences harmoniques puisqu'ils présentent un syrinx trachéo-bronchique et donc deux sources sonores. En résumé, ce travail de thèse a contribué à une meilleure compréhension des signaux utilisés dans le cadre du choix du partenaire chez une espèce monomorphique qui présente un comportement reproducteur très coûteux. / Communication signals used in sexual selection can be costly to produce and even reduce the emitter’s fitness. Many species use multicomponent signals communication systems in different signal modalities. Here, we study visual and acoustic signals produced in the context of mate choice on a sexually monomorphically ornamented seabird, the king penguin. We identified a sex-specific syllable pattern in the vocalisations of 1-year-old fledglings, juveniles and adult birds. We found that fundamental frequency and energy components of calls and beak spot and ear patch ornament parameters signal information about the age-class of the emitter. Investigating the vocal apparatus of adult king penguins, we showed that king penguins can produce “two voices” since they have a tracheobronchial syrinx, i.e. two sound sources. This thesis contributed to our understanding of signals used in mate choice in a sexually monomorphically ornamented species that exhibits a very costly breeding behaviour.

Anhand eines der erfolgreichsten Theaterstücke der Saison 2007/2008 untersucht der Beitrag die Repräsentation und Rolle von Schrift und Schreiben in Ulrich Hubs für Kinder verfassten "An der Arche um acht".

Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung des radiativen elektroschwachen "Pinguin"-Zerfalls B->K*(892)Gamma, der durch den "Schleifen"-Übergang b->sGamma stattfindet, stellt einen wichtigen Test des Standardmodells und einen Kandidaten für die Suche nach Neuer Physik dar. Der benutzte Datensatz wurde auf der Y(4S)-Resonanz mit dem BABAR-Detektor am asymmetrischen Elektron-Positron-Speicherring PEP-II des Stanford Linear Accelerator Centers (SLAC) aufgezeichnet. Die B->K*Gamma Verzweigungsverhältnisse wurden in vier K*-Zerfallskanälen gemessen. Eine Suche nach direkter CP-Verletzung im B->K*Gamma Kanal wurde ebenfalls durchgeführt. / The presented study of the radiative electroweak "penguin"-decay B->K*(892)gamma, proceeding by the b->sgamma "loop"-transition, provides an important test of the Standard Model and a candidate of the search for New Physics. The used data sample has been recorded at the Y(4S) resonance with the BABAR detector at the asymmetric electron-positron- collider PEP-II of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. The B->K*gamma branching fractions are measured in four K*-decay modes. A search for direct CP-violation in the B->K*gamma mode has also been carried out.

Grâce à la grande section efficace de production de paires bb, LHC offre une excellente occasion de faire des études de courants neutres changeant la saveur. Ces transitions sont sensibles aux effets de nouvelle physique. Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse des événements B->K*ee qui permettent de mesurer la fraction de photon avec une polarisation droite et donc de rechercher des signaux de nouvelle physique émis dans la transition b ->s. En effet, dans le Modèle Standard, la polarisation des photons est gauche. La paire e+e, lors que la masse invariante de la paire de leptons est basse, provient d'un photon virtuel et permet donc de sonder la polarisation de celui-ci. Cette mesure se fait grâce à l'étude des distribution angulaires de cette désintégration à quatre corps. Une première étape est la mesure du rapport d'embranchement dans le domaine de masse 30-1000MeV=c2. En effet, cette désintégration n'a jamais été observée dans cette région, y compris auprès des usines a B a cause du très faible rapport d'embranchement. Cette analyse comportant des électrons de basse impulsion transverse est expérimentalement complexe dans un environnement tel que celui du LHC. La mesure est faite relativement au rapport d'embranchement de la désintégration B->J/Psi(ee)K*. En effet, cela permet de s'affranchir de nombreux effets expérimentaux ainsi que de la détermination absolue des efficacités. Le résultat, repose sur les données collectées par LHCb en 2011 et correspondant a une luminosité intégrée de 1 fb-1: B(B->K*ee)30-1000MeV = (3:19+0:75-0:68(stat) +/- 0:21(syst) =/-0.15(PDG)) x10-7 en utilisant la valeur PDG pour le rapport d'embranchement de la désintégration B->J/Psi(ee)K*. La dernière partie de la thèse porte sur des études Monte Carlo qui montrent que la précision sur la fraction de photon avec une polarisation droite que l'on peut espérer obtenir avec l'inclusion des données de 2012 est d'environ 0.1, comparable à la moyenne mondiale obtenue avec des méthodes différentes. / The high bb cross section produced by the LHC offers an excellent opportunity for thestudy of flavour changing neutral current B decays, where the effects of new physics can be probed. This thesis presents an analysis of the rare decay B->K*ee which can be used to measure the polarisation of the photon in the b -> s transition. When the dilepton mass is low, the ee pair comes predominantly from a virtual photon, and the polarisation can be accessed via an angular analysis. It is predicted to be predominantly left handed in the Standard Model, and therefore an enhanced right handed amplitude would be a sign of new physics. A first step is to measure the branching fraction in the dilepton mass range, 30 MeV to 1 GeV. This decay has not yet been observed in this region, due to its small branching ratio. The analysis involves electrons with low transverse momentum, and is thus experimentally complex in the hadronic environment at the LHC. The branching ratio is measured relative to that of B->J/Psi(ee)K*, which eliminates both certain experimental effects, and the need to determine absolute effciencies. The result is obtained with an integrated luminosity of 1 fb-1 of pp collisions, collected by LHCb during 2011 and is found to be:B(B->K*ee)30-1000MeV = (3:19+0:75-0:68(stat) +/- 0:21(syst) =/-0.15(PDG) x10-7 when using the PDG value for the B->J/Psi(ee)K* branching ratio. The last part of the thesis presents Monte Carlo studies, showing that with the inclusion of the 2012 data sample, the expected sensitivity on the fraction of right handed polarisation is approximately 0.1, which is comparable with the world average obtained with different methods.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-08T19:23:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 penguin_pal.pdf: 2970755 bytes, checksum: e323baab15deb3b73a8f9191a0da9960 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T19:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 penguin_pal.pdf: 2970755 bytes, checksum: e323baab15deb3b73a8f9191a0da9960 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-07 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo investiga os efeitos da inserção do jogo eletrônico Club Penguin (disponível em videogame e em ambiente virtual - www.clubpenguin.com) nas aulas particulares de inglês como segunda língua (L2) a alunos gêmeos, de 7 anos, em processo de alfabetização. O advento da tecnologia trouxe consigo uma cultura própria - a cibercultura, que também envolve as crianças e que pode ser explorada para potencializar a aprendizagem. Utilizamos, nesta pesquisa, uma base teórica sociocultural, fundamentada no trabalho de Vygotsky, e fizemos uma releitura desta, considerando-a para o contexto de jogos eletrônicos. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se gravações de áudio e vídeo, bem como diário de campo e documentos gerados nas aulas, durante o segundo semestre de 2010. Através de análise qualitativa, verificamos que as características do brincar e do aprender se ampliam no ambiente digital, bem como as possibilidades de interações entre os jogadores. Observamos que os participantes desta pesquisa tiveram avanços na Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal, propiciados pela prática do andaimento entre pares ou com a professora. Eles também se apropriaram de vocabulário, de estruturas e da cultura da língua alvo, aumentaram o tempo dedicado ao jogo (e, consequentemente, ao estudo da L2) e ampliaram o uso da L2 em aula. / The present study examines the effects of the introduction of the electronic game Club Penguin (available in videogame and in virtual environment - www.clubpenguin.com) into the private English classes as a second language (L2) to seven-year-old twin students. The advance in technology has brought up its own culture – the cyberculture, which also fascinates kids and may be explored to enhance learning. We have used, for this research, a sociocultural theoretical base, grounded on the work of Vygotsky, and we have looked at a new approach of that, considering it to the context of electronic games. The data has been collected through audio and video recordings, and through the diary and documents produced in class, during the second semester of 2010. By means of qualitative analysis, we have noticed that the characteristics of playing and learning are amplified in the digital environment, as well as the possibilities of interactions among players. We have assessed that the participants of this research have had progress at the Zone of Proximal Development, stimulated by the practice of scaffolding among pairs or with the teacher. They have also acquired the L2 vocabulary, structures and culture; increased the time dedicated to the game (and, consequently, to L2 study); and expanded the use of L2 in class.

Noteworthy species endemic to the Galapagos Islands off Ecuador are two flightless birds, the Galapagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) and Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocrax harrisi). Both adapted increased swimming ability at the cost of flight. This however has limited their ability to find richer feeding grounds in times of low resource availability, or to escape potential predators. Their population numbers, though small, were stable. Stress on this stability has increased since human arrival. Various invasive species from pets, farm animals and rats to even mosquito vectors of avian disease accompanied humans. . El Nino Southern Oscillation or ENSO cycles of warm waters in the Pacific Ocean south of the Equator cause drastic drops in food sources for all Galapagos seabirds. Serious ENSO events in 1983 and 1998 caused some species’ populations to drop by as much as 77%. Periodic less severe cycles may help explain how population recovery has not rebounded to earlier numbers. Reduced chick survival and adult fecundity seem to occur in concert with mild events. With available data and use of a modeling approach, this study focuses and explores their situations. Restoring population stability may include use of models, species monitoring, conservation and limiting invasive species. Usher matrices based on different climate conditions were produced using data combined from current and past census counts and weather. Models are used to compare available census data and test reliable predictors. Climate data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of Florida provides for testing predictions of current and probable future climate change. Life histories of both species are regarded. Results suggest the current Cormorant population is still stable. The Penguin, however, faces a 20% probability of extinction in 100 years if current conditions remain. Extinction probability rises to 60% if climate change continues to worsen. Interventions such as captive breeding could be suitable for population recovery.

La désintégration Bs->JpsiPhi peut se faire suivant deux processus principaux: l'arbre et les pingouins sous-dominants. Négligée jusqu'à maintenant, la contribution des diagrammes pingouins doit être contrôlée afin d'isoler les effets du Modèle Standard de l'éventuelle présence de Nouvelle Physique dans la mesure de la phase phis. Nous avons étudié le canal Bs->Jpsi K* dans lequel les diagrammes pingouins ne sont pas négligeables par rapport à l'arbre. Avec 3 ,invfb de données enregistrées par LHCb, nous avons mesuré le rapport démbranchement: $BR{Bs->Jpsi K*} = (4.17 pm 0.18 , text{(stat)} pm 0.26 , text{(syst)} pm 0.24 , (f_d/f_s)) 10^{-5}$, où $f_{d(s)}$ est la fraction de production du méson Bd(Bs). Nous avons effectué une analyse angulaire des produits de désintégrations jpsi et K* afin déxtraire les fractions de polarisations et, pour la première fois, l'asymétrie CP en fonction des différents états de polarisations de l'état final. Les asymétries CP directes mesurées sont nulles, comme prédit par le Modèle Standard. Nous avons mesuré: $f_0 =0.497^{+0.024}_{-0.025}(stat) pm 0.025 (syst)$ et $f_|=0.179^{+0.027}_{-0.026} (stat) pm 0.013 (syst)$. Nous avons déterminé les premières contraintes sur les diagrammes pingouins dans la phase phis en utilisant le canal Bs->Jpsi K*. En combinant avec le canal B0->Jpsi rho⁰, la déviation sur la phase phis due aux processus pingouins, est inférieure à 19,mrad pour les trois polarisations. L'effet des processus pingouins est donc suffisamment petit pour que la mesure de la phase phis ($sigma_{phis}=35$,mrad) demeure une des mesures phares de LHCb dans les années à venir, pour rechercher de la Nouvelle Physique. / Within the Standard Model, the decay Bs->Jpsi Phi can occur via two main processes: the predominant tree and the sub-leading penguin. Penguin contributions have been so far ignored. Controlling them is crucial in order to disentangle Standard Model effects from possible New Physics in the measurement of phis. We studied the BsJKbar channel where penguin diagrams are not negligible compared to tree. Using 3 ,invfb of data collected by LHCb, we measured the branching ratio: $BR{Bs->Jpsi K*} = left(4.17 pm 0.18 , text{(stat)} pm 0.26 , text{(syst)} pm 0.24 , (f_d/f_s)right)times 10^{-5}$, where $f_{d(s)}$ is the production fraction of the Bd(Bs) meson. We performed an angular analysis of the decay products jpsi and Kstarzb to extract the polarisation fractions and the first estimate of the polarization-dependent direct CP asymmetry. Our results show no evidence for direct CP violation in Bs->Jpsi K*, as expected in the Standard Model. We measured: $f_0 =0.497^{+0.024}_{-0.025}text{(stat)}pm 0.025 text{(syst)}$ and $f_|=0.179^{+0.027}_{-0.026} text{(stat)}pm 0.013 text{(syst)}$. We determined the first constraints on penguin diagrams in phis phase using the BsJKbar channel. Combining with the B0->Jpsi rho⁰ decays, the shift on phis, due to penguin processes, is below 19,mrad for the three polarizations. The effect of penguin processes is therefore sufficiently small to keep the phis measurement ($sigma_{phis}=35$,mrad) among the top priorities of LHCb for the upcoming years, to search for New Physics.

Killer whales are the oceans’ apex predator and are known to have important effects on ecosystems. At Subantarctic Marion Island, southern Indian Ocean, they have only been studied opportunistically, resulting in limited knowledge of their ecosystem impact here. This dissertation describes the prey and seasonal abundance, estimates the population size and assesses the predatory impact of killer whales on seals and penguins at Marion Island, using dedicated and opportunistic shore-based observations and photographic identification, from 2006 to 2009. During 823 sightings of killer whales at Marion Island (2006 to 2009) 48 predation events were recorded; in only 10 cases could prey be identified. Killer whales fed on fur seals, elephant seals and penguins. Constant effort (dedicated) observations (259 hours, 2008 to 2009) showed that killer whale abundance, which peaked in September to December with a secondary peak in April to May, is linked to the abundance of seals and penguins. Mark-recapture analyses were performed using nearly 10 000 photographs taken from 2006 to 2009. Following careful quality control criteria 37 individuals were identified and a population size of 42 (95% CI = 35-50) individuals estimated using the open population POPAN parameterization in the software program MARK. The analytical approach is more rigorous than that used in any previous population size assessment at Marion Island. Finally, the above data were integrated to assess whether top-down control of seal and penguin populations at Marion Island is generally plausible using a simple process of elimination. Based on published data I predicted the energetic ingestion requirements of adult male and female killer whales as 1 394 MJ.day-1 and 1 028 MJ.day-1, respectively. Expanding these requirements to the 37 killer whales photographically identified at Marion Island, the population requires 40 600MJ.day-1. Based on available energy density and mass data, I predicted the energy content of available seal and penguin prey and calculated the rates at which killer whales would consume these prey in various scenarios. Penguins and Subantarctic fur seals are relatively insensitive to killer whale predation owing to their large population sizes (10 000s to 100 000s), conversely, the smaller populations (100s to 1 000s) of Antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals are sensitive to predation, particularly the latter as they have a high energy content (approximately 2 000 to 9 000 MJ). Populations of these seals are currently increasing or stable and I conclude that presently killer whale predation is not driving population declines, although they clearly have the potential for regulation of these smaller populations. Thus, if population sizes were reduced by bottom-up processes, if killer whale diet shifted, or if prey availability changed, top-down control by killer whales could become significant. This study provides baseline information for the informed management and conservation of killer whales at Marion Island, identifies avenues for further research, and provides a foundation for the continuation of structured and dedicated killer whale research at Marion Island. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

South Georgia is renowned for the abundance of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and a range of krill predators. Variability in krill availability at a range of scales, and the consequences of this for predator-prey interactions, mean that quantifying the spatially explicit demand for krill by those predators is essential to understanding the mechanisms underlying ecosystem changes in the region. In this thesis demand within a distinct study box to the northwest of the island has been assessed. The thesis has three sections; (1) the number of predators; (2) the distribution of predators; and (3) the demand for krill by those predators. (1) Predator densities with confidence intervals were determined from appropriately designed shipboard transect survey; counts of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella), macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus), gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), and Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) were adjusted for sea state, distance from observer and dive behaviour. Providing the first at-sea predator density estimates for the region. (2) A comparison of the distribution of female Antarctic fur seals engaged in pup-rearing (using satellite telemetry) and the whole population that were not restricted to a single part of the population (from shipboard transect survey) was undertaken. Using two general additive models based on the relationship between seal distribution (one derived from transect and the other from telemetry) and the physical environment indicated that the spatial distribution of lactating females is representative of the general population. (3) Using the derived predator density, the local krill demand estimate was 2581 tonnes krill per day, a consumption rate of 0.45% per day of the concurrently estimated krill biomass (using shipboard acoustics). Antarctic fur seals accounted for 75% of this demand. This level of demand was less than the increase in biomass resulting from krill growth. However, based on the length-specific demand, determined from concurrent predator diet samples demand exceeded growth for krill >48mm.