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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a parent education program on the self concept and parenting knowledge of incarcerated mothers. Subjects were 97 volunteer incarcerated mothers at a northern California facility for women inmates. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups and were administered pre- and posttest measures immediately before and after treatment. Instruments used were the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) and the Henderson/Trotter parent inventory (HIT). Analysis of covariance and the product-moment coefficient r were used to assess the effects of parent education on the self concept and parenting knowledge of mothers. Additional analysis was done to assess specific demographic/personal factors in relation to the treatment. Major findings of the study were: (1) Parent education did significantly effect the parenting knowledge of the participants at the.001 level. (2) Parent education did not significantly change the self concept of participants over a nine-week period. (3) Results of the posttest scores on the Henderson/Trotter parent inventory were significantly higher, at the.01 level, for mothers reporting abuse versus those reporting no abuse. (4) The mean posttest scores for abused mothers versus non-abused mothers was significantly higher at the.01 on three level of the TSCS dimensions: moral-ethical self, personal self, and family self. Scores were reversed for the two groups on the following dimensions: general maladjustment, personality disorder, and neurosis scales. These findings indicate a more positive effect from the parent education program on mothers reporting abuse versus those reporting no abuse. (5) Posttest scores were significantly higher for mothers reporting "prior record" versus "first offense" on the TSCS defensive positive scale and personality disorder scale indicating the parent education training had a more positive effect on those mothers who reported a "first offense". (6) Results of posttest scores were significantly higher for court-ordered mothers versus optional participation on the personality disorder scale suggesting that treatment was more effective for those mothers optionally participating.

Problem. Lower-track high school students' combination of poor reading comprehension, present time orientation and shortened temporal integration is an area that has been identified in a range of divergent literature, but little studied in terms of educational practice. Previous research into time orientation and temporal integration has failed to investigate a connection with reading comprehension. Purpose. The purpose was to determine if there is a relationship between time orientation, temporal integration, reading achievement/high school track level and reading comprehension. Procedures. Two measures, a Time Orientation Questionnaire and a Cloze Test of Reading Comprehension, previously identified and pilot tested, were employed. One class in each of four track levels (College Preparatory, General, Remedial and ESL) at two high schools was tested. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings. The utility of the two measures was validated by this study. The data indicate that track placement affected 63% of the verb tense items reflecting time orientation on the Cloze Test, and 55% of the verb tense items reflecting temporal integration. The Cloze Test of Reading Comprehension differentiated among the four track levels of reading ability, and showed that there are temporal factors which are involved. These temporal factors have not been understood as elements which mediate between levels of reading comprehension. In addition, track placement affected 35% of the responses on the Time Orientation Questionnaire, which addressed future and present time orientations. Recommendations. The educational problem is how to accomplish temporal intervention by teaching about a broad range of temporality: (1) The teaching should focus on establishing a sense of the future, by starting from the present and incorporating the definite (past tense) and then the indefinite past (present perfect tense) in both teacher-student interactions and reading comprehension materials. (2) The primary vehicle is language and temporally-designed reading comprehension materials throughout the high school curriculum, indicating that a temporally-sophisticated curriculum can be designed to meet the needs of at-risk students.

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