近年來，隨著能源價格不斷飆漲以及溫室氣體大量排放造成的氣候異常變化，引起世界各國對於提高能源使用效率與加強溫室氣體排放管制的重視。溫室氣體大多由化石燃料燃燒所產生。因此，一般被視為能耗較高的發電、鋼鐵、水泥以及石化等產業，遂成為眾所矚目而被要求加強溫室氣體排放管制的主要產業。未來的產業發展規劃，必需兼顧經濟與環保，否則必將被世界潮流所淹沒。 因應全球溫室氣體排放管制趨勢，就台灣經濟發展面、財政建設面、環境永續經營面等層面考量分析，現階段石化產業之發展應對產業競爭力及環境保護做更多且更審慎的考量。於產業競爭力部分，建議中油開放民營，並運用部份釋股取得的資金，一方面引進先進的製程技術及進行設備更新，提升企業競爭力；另一方面整合國內仰賴台灣中油公司供料且在各產品領域擁有數十年營運經驗的中下游業者，建構泛中油體系的石化經營團隊。如此泛中油體系與國內另一石化產品鏈已相當完整的台塑體系，形成兩大石化體系，互為良性競爭。於環境保護方面，則建議我國應終止國光石化投資案，降低溫室氣體排放量，並藉提升廠商製程效率減少能耗，如此將使經濟發展及環境保護得以兼顧，亦達成原興建國光計畫之目的。 而未來台灣石化產業發展策略，技術發展需長期向下扎根，產品則朝高值化、精緻化發展，開發低能耗、低污染之替代能源，提升產品的附加價值，並將大宗石化耗能的產品移往海外能源低廉的地區，持續提升產業競爭力，並達成溫室氣體減少排放為目標。如是，台灣在環境保護日益重視之趨勢下，石化產業也得以永續發展。 / The high energy cost and the unusual climate change due to increasing green house gases（GHG）emission in recent years have attracted the global attentions and called for improvement of energy utilization efficiency and enhancement of GHG emission control. GHG are mostly produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. And the higher energy consumption industries such as power generation, steel, cement and petrochemical industries are thus strongly requested to reduce GHG emission. Economic development and environmental protection both are needed to be equally evaluated in the planning of future industry development. Taking petrochemical industry as an example, many of its mid-stream and down-stream products have become an unseparable part and of our daily life. In Taiwan, it has been over half century since the establishment of petrochemical industry, and now become top 10 petrochemical production countries in the world. The production value of petrochemical-related industries are very close to 4 trillion NT dollars, about 30% of total production value of domestic manufacturing sectors. Petrochemical industry and electronic industry are the two strong arms in supporting national economic growth. As a very important industry in Taiwan, however, the intensity of its GHG emission is only next to steel industry. The significant technology improvement in petrochemical industry has been achieved since the installation of the existing refinery, naphtha crackers and many petrochemical mid-stream production plants in Taiwan. It is well recognized that the GHG emission will be greatly reduced if the advanced technologies are introduced and the old facilities are revamped. Therefore, the writer would like to address a different approach toward KuoKuang Petrochemical Project which the government is giving an impetus to its execution. Here the writer would propose Taiwan CPC company, the state-owned petroleum company and the leader of Kuokuang Petrochemical Project, to become privatized after asset re-evaluation and collect some government capital from privatization through issuance of part of its shares to the open market. The capital thus collected can be used for enterprise reform. The important items of the enterprise reform include but not limited to introduction of the advanced technologies, revamping of existing facilities and establishment of a new well-integrated petrochemical conglomerate through mutual investment between Taiwan CPC and the mid-stream companies that rely raw material supplies from Taiwan CPC. From viewpoints of both economy and environment, government policy of implementation of KuoKuang Petrochemical Project is worthy for reconsideration. Formation of a CPC-lead petrochemical conglomerate would also benefit the current petrochemical companies that rely on raw material supplies from Taiwan CPC as their operation efficiencies would improved from business intergration. The newly formed conglomerate would be more powerful in further business development and more competitive in world market. They would have more resources to explore their potential in advanced technology development, in new business fields such as biomass energy, solar energy and so on. The CPC-lead petrochemical conglomerate would be able to enchance its competitiveness to another domestic petrochemical giant, Taiwan Formosa Group, and other petrochemical giants in the global market.

The safety record of most petrochemical industries in the world and Nigeria in particle, has not been able to come down to the maximum allowable range of 0 - 0.1 percent of tolerance on recordable injuries, due to increasing failure rates of equipment within the plant. Investigations on the maintenance audit carried out on the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) revealed that 85 percent of such failures are directly linked to improper adaptability of an effective maintenance management strategy and plan within the petrochemical industries in Nigeria. Equally, the growth and continuous operation of any plant depends to a large extent on the maintenance of the equipment that refines the Crude Oil and natural Gas. As such, various maintenance management systems have been used over the years for the actualisation of the above purpose but with minimal success. This is evident in the fact that the level of maintenance performance of most Nigerian Petroleum Companies is always on the corrective maintenance model, which indirectly implies that the plant normally breaks down before maintenance management is applied. A critical look at the deficiency of improper adaptability of these maintenance management plans have conspicuously manifested in five major categories of maintenance failures which includes the following; * Failure of safety critical equipment due to lack of maintenance * Human error during maintenance * Static or spark discharge during maintenance in an intrinsically unsafe zone * Incompetence of maintenance staff, and * Poor communication between maintenance and production staff. These gaps as identified in this research must be corrected in the Nigerian Gas Industry if meaningful progress is to be made. Gas – To – Liquid technology is a very complex technology and with natural gas as the basic raw material, the technology not only looks intimidating but also is full of potential hazards. People are naturally afraid of the complex nature of gas in a confined environment (because of its highly combustible nature), its gaseous state makes it more complex for it to be kept under control and at the same time be moved from one form to another at different temperatures and pressures. The maintenance audit carried out on the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) revealed some major loopholes in the maintenance management strategies adopted in the country. The audit reveals that the degree of adherence to conditions attached towards the maintenance management strategy of this equipment (in this case Gas field equipment) was too poor. Based on the above, this research is meant to improve the existing maintenance management strategy, by developing a Maintenance Management Strategy (MMS) that will be suitable for gas field equipment in the Escravos Gas–To– Liquid (EGTL) plant, planned to be commissioned in Nigeria early 2011. The need to research the above mentioned Maintenance Strategy became imperative due to the fact that the rate at which most of the petrochemical plants in the world are being gutted by fire, mainly due to poor maintenance management systems is alarming. This research work proffered solutions that will reduce or completely eliminate the highlighted problems above. This was based on investigations and analysis carried out in the chosen research area. Models were developed for the actualization of this Improved Maintenance Management Strategy (IMMS), so that the desired safe operability of the gas field equipment in the Escravos Gas–To– Liquid (EGTL) plant will be achieved without maintenance failure of any kind. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The safety record of most petrochemical industries in the world and Nigeria in particle, has not been able to come down to the maximum allowable range of 0 - 0.1 percent of tolerance on recordable injuries, due to increasing failure rates of equipment within the plant. Investigations on the maintenance audit carried out on the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) revealed that 85 percent of such failures are directly linked to improper adaptability of an effective maintenance management strategy and plan within the petrochemical industries in Nigeria. Equally, the growth and continuous operation of any plant depends to a large extent on the maintenance of the equipment that refines the Crude Oil and natural Gas. As such, various maintenance management systems have been used over the years for the actualisation of the above purpose but with minimal success. This is evident in the fact that the level of maintenance performance of most Nigerian Petroleum Companies is always on the corrective maintenance model, which indirectly implies that the plant normally breaks down before maintenance management is applied. A critical look at the deficiency of improper adaptability of these maintenance management plans have conspicuously manifested in five major categories of maintenance failures which includes the following; * Failure of safety critical equipment due to lack of maintenance * Human error during maintenance * Static or spark discharge during maintenance in an intrinsically unsafe zone * Incompetence of maintenance staff, and * Poor communication between maintenance and production staff. These gaps as identified in this research must be corrected in the Nigerian Gas Industry if meaningful progress is to be made. Gas – To – Liquid technology is a very complex technology and with natural gas as the basic raw material, the technology not only looks intimidating but also is full of potential hazards. People are naturally afraid of the complex nature of gas in a confined environment (because of its highly combustible nature), its gaseous state makes it more complex for it to be kept under control and at the same time be moved from one form to another at different temperatures and pressures. The maintenance audit carried out on the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) revealed some major loopholes in the maintenance management strategies adopted in the country. The audit reveals that the degree of adherence to conditions attached towards the maintenance management strategy of this equipment (in this case Gas field equipment) was too poor. Based on the above, this research is meant to improve the existing maintenance management strategy, by developing a Maintenance Management Strategy (MMS) that will be suitable for gas field equipment in the Escravos Gas–To– Liquid (EGTL) plant, planned to be commissioned in Nigeria early 2011. The need to research the above mentioned Maintenance Strategy became imperative due to the fact that the rate at which most of the petrochemical plants in the world are being gutted by fire, mainly due to poor maintenance management systems is alarming. This research work proffered solutions that will reduce or completely eliminate the highlighted problems above. This was based on investigations and analysis carried out in the chosen research area. Models were developed for the actualization of this Improved Maintenance Management Strategy (IMMS), so that the desired safe operability of the gas field equipment in the Escravos Gas–To– Liquid (EGTL) plant will be achieved without maintenance failure of any kind. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

p. 1-137 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-07T18:21:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 5555.pdf: 13354600 bytes, checksum: a877fa17734885ff9617d782a7473128 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima(tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2013-03-14T19:17:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 5555.pdf: 13354600 bytes, checksum: a877fa17734885ff9617d782a7473128 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-14T19:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5555.pdf: 13354600 bytes, checksum: a877fa17734885ff9617d782a7473128 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A transformação nas organizações na busca da excelência de gestão fez evoluir a gestão dos Sistemas de Saúde, Higiene e Segurança no Trabalho - SSHMA que passaram a atuar de forma sistêmica nas empresas envolvendo também os fornecedores de serviços contratados. A análise do que ocorre nos custos dos serviços contratados após a introdução dos requisitos de Saúde, Higiene e Segurança do Trabalho, e em paralelo à verificação dos benefícios e avanços obtidos nos níveis de redução de acidentes, torna-se relevante para as empresas contratantes na consolidação dos seus sistemas de SSHMA. Da mesma forma torna-se relevante para as empresas de construção civil contratadas, verificar em que medida um padrão de atuação em SSHMA, diferenciado em relação seu setor usual de atuação, influencia a competitividades destas empresas para atuar como fornecedoras no mercado do Pólo Petroquímico de Camaçari. Esta pesquisa verifica, no período de 2000 a 2004, numa empresa petroquímica situada no Pólo de Camaçari, ganhadora do Prêmio Pólo de Segurança por duas vezes neste período, o reflexo na ocorrência de acidentes e nos preços dos serviços de Construção Civil realizados, com a introdução de requisitos de segurança nos contratos. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Este trabalho foi concebido a partir da reflexão e discussão sobre as principais oportunidades para a abordagem integrada de Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, considerando o atual cenário energético mundial, a introdução de novas tecnologias de produção e a necessidade de construção de uma referência conceitual e prática que considere a interação entre Saúde, Meio Ambiente, Responsabilidade Social das Empresas e Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Considerando os inúmeros desafios para o controle dos impactos ambientais e de saúde, através da gestão efetiva de responsabilidade social de empresas potencialmente poluidores, particularmente da indústria de petróleo e energia, essa tese tem como principal objetivo discutir como os aspectos de saúde podem ser incorporados ao licenciamento ambiental do setor petróleo. Para isso foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica exploratória, por meio de exaustivo levantamento bibliográfico na literatura científica e institucional deáreas empresariais e governamentais responsáveis pela obtenção e concessão de licenças ambientais. A partir da seleção e análise de documentação oficial, particularmente dos estudos e relatórios de impacto ambiental (EIA/RIMA) de empreendimentos nacionais de exploração, produção e refino do petróleo, avaliousea existência de evidências e oportunidades para a inserção de questões de saúde nos respectivos projetos de investimento desse setor. Como ferramenta de avaliação dessas questões nos EIA/RIMA dos empreendimentos selecionados, foi utilizada uma adaptação de uma matriz de análise validada para o setor hidrelétrico, cujas categorias analíticas foram baseadas nos parâmetros estabelecidos para os estudos de avaliação de impacto ambiental pela Resolução CONAMA 1/86 e nos principais aspectos da metodologia de Avaliação de Impactos à Saúde (AIS). Como resultado, a matriz empregada mostrou-se um instrumento metodológico com grande potencial para orientar a incorporação dos aspectos desaúde no processo de licenciamento ambiental, instrumentalizando a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) e subsidiando a tomada de decisão, contribuindo, portanto, para uma gestão socioambiental mais proativa do setor petróleo. / This work was conceived from the discussion about the main opportunities for the integrated approach of Public Health and Environment, considering the current world energy scenario, the introduction of new production technologies and the need for a more comprehensive conceptual reference among Health, Environment, Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Considering the several challenges for effective management of the environmental and health impacts, particularly caused by oil industry, strategic for the development and economical growth of our country, the main objective of this thesis is discuss how the health aspects could be incorporated to the environmental licensing of this sector. An exploratory methodological approach was used, starting from an exhausting bibliographical research in scientific and institutional literature, produced by companies and government areas related with the environmental licenses. The health evidences and opportunities in the main official documents, particularly studies and reports of the environmental impacts (EIA/RIMA, in portuguese) of national enterprises of oil exploration, production and refining, was evaluated. An adapted matrix, validated for the hydroelectric sector, was used like a tool for assessment of health subjects in the selected RIMA. The analytical categories of this matrix were based on the established parameters for the studies of environmental impact assessment of CONAMA Resolution 1/86, and on the main aspects of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) methodology. As result, this matrix was considered like an important instrument with great potential to guide the incorporation of the health aspects in the environmental licensing, supporting the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and decision makers, contributing to a proactive social and environmental management of the petroleum industry.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de esgotos domésticos e petroquímicos, dispostos por via de emissário submarino, nas composições físico-químicas e microbiológicas da coluna dágua e na geoquímica dos sedimentos, bem como investigar uma possível relação entre o meio e a composição química das carapaças do foraminífero Ammonia tepida. Para atingir tal objetivo foram coletadas 10 amostras de água e de sedimento superficial, no entorno dos emissários do Araçá e do Terminal Petrolífero Almirante Barroso (TEBAR), além de um ponto controle, no canal de São Sebastião, SP, em março e abril de 2007. Em cada amostra de água foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Nos sedimentos, foram realizadas análises granulométricas e geoquímicas (macronutrientes, elementos maiores e traços). Do sedimento, carapaças coradas (indivíduos vivos) e não coradas (mortos) de A. tepida foram triadas e analisadas em espectrômetros de energia dispersiva (MEV-EDS) e de emissão atômica (ICP-OES) para análise química dos elementostraços. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água, indicaram que a coluna dágua não estava contaminada, no momento da amostragem, pois todos os valores obtidos estavam dentro dos limites exigidos pela resolução do CONAMA, nº 357/2005. Os resultados granulométricos mostraram que o sedimento é litoclástico e mais psamítico no Araçá, e mais pelítico, no TEBAR. Já os dados geoquímicos de carbono orgânico, nitrogênio, enxofre e fósforo revelaram que ambas as regiões são propícias ao enriquecimento desses elementos. A concentração de elementos-traço, na maioria dos pontos estudados, nas duas áreas, quando comparada aos valores guia de causaefeito, não foi considerada tóxica para a biota marinha. Contudo, foi observado enriquecimento significativo de cádmio, em certas áreas no Araçá, e de bário, no TEBAR. A concentração deste último elemento, provavelmente, está relacionada à água de produção do terminal. Os elementos-traço das carapaças de A. tepida coradas, em ambos os emissários, apresentaram maior número de correlações significativas com o sedimento, sugerindo que carapaças de foraminíferos mortos estão mais susceptíveis ao viés dos processos diagenéticos. No TEBAR, foram observadas correlações significativas positivas entre os teores de Co, Cr, Mn e Pb nos sedimentos e os elementos-traço das carapaças coradas. Já no Araçá, somente os teores de Cr correlacionaram-se positiva e significativamente aos teores encontrados nas carapaças coradas. Isto corrobora com a influência da composição do sedimento nas reações intracelulares dos foraminíferos, refletidas na construção do exoesqueleto. Diante do exposto, os resultados deste estudo trouxeram luz a novas questões que permitiram inferir que a auto-depuração da água do mar, em ambas as regiões, e a estação de tratamento de efluentes, no TEBAR, não se revelaram eficientes na diluição e/ou remoção do conteúdo de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e elementos maiores e traço. / The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of domestic and petrochemical sewage, discharged through a submarine sewage outfall, on the physicochemical and microbiological composition of the water column and the geochemistry of sediments. As well as to investigate a possible relationship between the environment and the chemical composition of Ammonia tepida foraminifer\'s tests. The area where this study was focused on two sewage emissaries: Araçá and Almirante Barroso Petroliferous Terminal (TEBAR), both located in São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil. To achieve this goal, 10 water and bottom sediments samples in in March and April of 2007 were collected form each outfall. A background sample also collected as a control. For each water sample physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out and, in the sediments, grainsize and geochemical (macronutrients, major and trace elements) were analyzed. Trace elements found in the tests of stained (live) and unstained (dead) Ammonia tepida were identified by scanning electron microscopy using energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The analysis of the water samples showed that the water column was not contaminated. All the concentrations obtained were in accordance with the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) limits. Grain size analysis, demonstrated that the sediments are of terriginous origin, being mainly psamitic in Araçá and mainly pelitic in TEBAR. The geochemical data of organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus revealed that both regions are susceptible to enrichment in these elements. In both areas, the concentration of trace elements, when compared to quality guideline values, was not considered toxic for marine life. However, significative enrichment in Cadmium in certain areas of Araçá and Barium in TEBAR. The latter is probably related to the terminal\'s water production. In both outfalls, it was observed a significant correlation between the trace elements in the live A. tepida\'s tests and the sediment, which suggests that the dead foraminifera are more susceptible to diagenical bias. In TEBAR the correlations observed were significative and positive among the elements Co, Cr, Mn and Pb present in the sediments and the trace elements of the stained tests. In the Araçá outfall, only the Cr levels correlate significative and positively with the levels found in the tinged tests. This shows that sediment composition influences the intracelular reactions in the forminifera, which reflected in the exoskeleton\'s building. Given the above, the results of this study brought up new questions that allowed to infer that sea water depuration at both outfalls, as well as at sewage treatment plant, in TEBAR was not sufficient to dilute and/or remove the nutrient content, the organic matter and major and trace elements of the sewage.