Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3044.pdf: 1933766 bytes, checksum: d12f091d9a1ceec485e31ecb005d3874 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The aim of this research is to examine the extension of changes on technological strategies of a group of Brazilian pharmaceutical companies, which we believe were induced by transformations in the institutional environment, occurred during the 1990s. We support that important institutional changes, as Patent‟s and Generic‟s Laws, have induced transformations on market insertion and competitive position of this companies and also have stimulated research and development efforts in Brazil. The research was based on the technology strategy and pharmaceutical industry literature and also on interviews with a group of Brazilian pharmaceutical companies, which are among the top companies in the pharmaceutical national rank and which, through a preview academic study, give us signals of growing efforts in technology activities and of inflections in their technological strategies. The research confirmed that the studied companies passed through a significant intensification of their technology efforts, but they are still above the global level and without big impact. In fact, the Brazilian pharmaceutical companies developed new drugs, as the Helleva of Cristália and the Acheflan of Aché. Besides that, almost all the studied companies are involved with innovative projects. However, the number of patents is still very low, what reflects the reduced capacity of patentable innovations. Indeed, a considerable share of their technology efforts is directed towards products which are not patentable, as generic drugs. Hence, most of the Brazilian pharmaceutical companies focus on brands and other commercial assets as an appropriability mechanism. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a extensão das mudanças nas estratégias tecnológicas de um grupo de empresas farmacêuticas de capital nacional ensejadas por alterações no ambiente institucional ocorridas na década de 1990. Supunha-se que mudanças institucionais importantes, como as leis de Patentes e do Medicamento Genérico, teriam induzido transformações na inserção de mercado e na posição competitiva dessas empresas e desencadeado um processo de intensificação do esforço de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de tecnologia farmacêutica no país, com o aumento dos recursos destinados a P&D, a montagem de novas estruturas organizacionais orientadas a esse fim e a formação de esquemas de cooperação com agentes externos às empresas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta pesquisa, embora precedida de uma revisão abrangente da literatura pertinente, caracteriza-se como um estudo de multicasos. As empresas que compõem a amostra pesquisada foram definidas a partir do cruzamento de dois critérios: (i) são todas empresas de porte relevante, situadas entre as maiores no ranking nacional do setor; e (ii) o exame prévio das referências setoriais em estudos acadêmicos e na imprensa sugeria serem casos particularmente reveladores de intensificação do esforço tecnológico e de inflexões em suas estratégias tecnológicas. A pesquisa confirmou que as empresas estudadas passaram por uma significativa intensificação do esforço tecnológico, o que não impede que, relativamente ao padrão de concorrência vigente em escala internacional, esses esforços continuem a ser, em média, modestos e sem grande impacto. Há, de fato, iniciativas importantes de desenvolvimento de novos produtos, como o Helleva da Cristália e o Acheflan do Aché, e de competências de síntese de fármacos da mesma Cristália e da Biolab. Deve-se pesar também o fato de praticamente todas as empresas investigadas estarem envolvidas em projetos inovadores e a orientação tecnológica de algumas transações de aquisição de ativos. No entanto, é ainda muito baixo o número de patentes, o que, em empresas já capacitadas no âmbito da defesa da propriedade intelectual, reflete em última análise a baixa capacidade de gerar inovações patenteáveis. Com efeito, boa parte do esforço tecnológico é direcionado a objetivos que, por definição, não são patenteáveis, como o desenvolvimento de genéricos e similares. Logo, é coerente não só a primazia de inovações que só o são para a empresa, mas também a preferência pelas marcas e outros ativos comerciais como mecanismo de apropriação.

This study aims to examine, using a late modern perspective, the anti­vaccination discourse in Sweden. The study contributes to a better understanding of what is communicated in the discourse, the truths that are presented and how legitimacy is created. Through a broadened understanding of the way this resistance operates in digital media, we are given a better understanding of how authorities can respond to the increased vaccination resistance on these platforms. The theories used in this study is Ulrich Beck's theories of the late modern risk society, Henry Jenkins theory of participatory culture and media convergence and Michel Foucault's theory of power/knowledge and truth effects. The method used for this study is a discourse analysis inspired by Michel Foucault. The premise regarding the choice of material for the study was to adopt a position of a person seeking information regarding vaccine. Thus, a search at Google.com was made. The result showed that the authorities were under­represented in the hit lists in all the searches, and sometimes even completely absent. The results also show that the anti­vaccination discourse is characterized by a strong distrust of authorities, science and pharmaceutical companies. Further, truths about societal actors systematic cover­up of the vaccine's actual content and effects is revealed in the discourse. Moreover, there is a focus on the truths about vaccines. The vaccines are said to be ineffective, dangerous because of its toxic content and causing serious side effects. Furthermore, the diseases that we are vaccinated against is said to be harmless and natural. Overall, the anti­vaccination discourse presents a very critical view of the entire vaccine industry. Finally, this resistance must be faced and dealt with by the authorities to prevent serious social consequences due to decreased vaccination coverage.

Dans les pays en développement (PED), les problèmes engendrés par le VIH/SIDA et l’inaccessibilité des antirétroviraux (ARV) s’avèrent être la cause de ravages extrêmement préoccupants à tous les niveaux (démographique, politique, social et économique). Dans le cadre de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), et notamment de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (« Accord sur les ADPIC »), un nombre croissant de PED ont ou sont en train d’intégrer un standard international de protection des brevets de produits et de procédés pharmaceutiques à leur législation nationale. Cette intégration a eu et continue de jouer un rôle majeur dans la problématique de l’accès aux médicaments dans les PED. Les conditions et les effets du régime de protection des innovations suscitent de vifs débats entre les partisans d’une protection accrue des brevets et les défenseurs de l’accès aux médicaments essentiels. Une des principales motivations de notre travail de recherche est de fournir une étude permettant de trouver des solutions à la fois favorables à l’amélioration de l’accès aux médicaments et à la préservation de l’innovation. Le problème complexe de l’accès aux médicaments ARV dans les PED est influencé par la pluridisciplinarité et l’interdépendance de nombreux facteurs. Le système des brevets ne constitue pas « l’unique » solution au problème. Toutefois, il doit être plus sérieusement considéré dans sa fonction d’équilibrage entre l’intérêt privé et l’intérêt collectif. C’est un outil juridique précieux pour le développement économique et technologique des PED et la réalisation de l’intérêt commun contre la pandémie. / In developing countries, problems brought about by HIV/AIDS and inaccessibility of antiretrovirals (ARVs) are proving to be the cause of serious damages at all levels (demographic, political, social and economic). Within the context of the World Trade Organization, and in particular the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS Agreement”), a growing number of developing countries have integrated or are in the process of integrating into their national law an international standard of patent protection for pharmaceutical products and processes. Such integration continues to play a major role in the issue of access to medicines in developing countries. The conditions and effects of the protection regime respecting innovations give rise to heated debates between supporters of an increased patent protection and defenders of the access to essential medicines. One of the main motivations for our research is to provide a study that helps to find solutions that are both in favour of improving access to medicines and protecting innovation. The complex problem of access to ARV drugs in developing countries is influenced by the multidisciplinarity and interdependence of many factors. The patent system does not solve the problem on its own. However, it should be seriously considered in its function of balancing the private and collective interests. It is a valuable legal tool for the economic and technological development of the developing countries and to achieve the common interest against the pandemic.