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In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), also called drones, have experienced a rapid increase, which leads to the concern of illegal use of them. Passive RF is one of the effective ways to detect drones by receiving drones’ communication signals. After receiving the signal from drones, one can utilize the prior knowledge of signal characteristics for identifying and locating the drones. The angle of arrival (AoA) measured by multiple passive RF sensors can be used for localization by triangulation. However, the accuracy of the AoA measured by the passive RF sensors is strongly affected by the environment. In particular in urban areas, the multipath effect is prominent due to the building blockage and complicated terrestrial conditions that introduce certain errors to the result. So the service provider of the sensors needs a tool to perform the environment analysis to understand the quality of the service. A fast tool that can simulate the sensor network and surrounding environment can offer a flexible solution to optimize the sensor coverage and indicate the blind zone of detection. Especially when the sensors are deployed on the mobile platform, such tool can significantly improve the defensive quality of the drone detection system by optimizing real-time deployment and indicating low observable areas. In order to plan the sensor locations and assess the performance after the deployment of the sensor at a fast speed, We propose a multipath-based model to calculate the AoA error. The model is able to utilize the input of geometrical information for simulating the AoA error within a region. In this thesis, we investigate the outdoor channel at 2.4GHz using the ray-tracing method as it is the most used channel for UAVs. Massive simulations have been carried out and real test flights have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the modeling. Both simulations and test flights are carried out in Kista center where buildings are from high-rises to one-floor houses with various heights. In the simulation, the AoA is obtained by MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Test flights are conducted using an existing Software-defined radio (SDR) based RF sensor. We tried our best to carry out the same trajectories in both simulations and test flights to provide fair comparisons. The simulation results show that the multipath model can predict the trend of AoA error when the height changes, while not sufficient to predict the error when the 2D position changes. Thus, to more accurately characterize the signal transmission, it is essential to extend this thesis to include more detailed environmental information and adaption based on measurement. / Under de senaste åren har obemannade flygfarkoster (UAV), även kallade drönare, ökat snabbt, vilket leder till oro för olaglig användning av dem. Passiv RF är ett av de effektiva sätten att upptäcka drönare genom att ta emot drönarnas kommunikationssignaler. Efter att ha tagit emot signalen från drönare kan man använda den tidigare kunskapen om signalegenskaperna för att identifiera och lokalisera drönarna. AoA som mäts av flera passiva RF-sensorer kan användas för lokalisering genom triangulering. Noggrannheten hos AoA som mäts av de passiva RF-sensorerna påverkas dock starkt av miljön. Särskilt i stadsområden är multipath-effekten framträdande på grund av byggnadsblockering och komplicerade markförhållanden som medför vissa fel i resultatet. Därför behöver leverantören av sensorer ett verktyg för att utföra miljöanalysen för att förstå tjänstens kvalitet. Ett snabbt verktyg som kan simulera sensornätverket och den omgivande miljön kan erbjuda en flexibel lösning för att optimera sensortäckningen och ange den blinda zonen för upptäckt. Särskilt när sensorerna placeras på en mobil plattformkan ett sådant verktyg avsevärt förbättra drönardetektionssystemets försvarskvalitet genom att optimera utplaceringen i realtid och ange områden med låg observationsgrad. För att planera sensorernas placering och bedöma prestandan efter att sensorn har placerats ut i snabb takt föreslår vi en multipath-baserad modell för att beräkna AoAfelet. Modellen kan utnyttja inmatningen av geometrisk information för att simulera AoA-felet inom ett område. I denna avhandling undersöker vi utomhuskanalen vid 2:4 GHz med hjälp av raytracing- metoden eftersom det är den mest använda kanalen för UAV:er. Massiva simuleringar har utförts och verkliga testflygningar har genomförts för att utvärdera modelleringens noggrannhet. Både simuleringar och testflygningar har utförts i Kista centrum där byggnaderna är allt från höghus till envåningshus med olika höjd. I simuleringen erhålls AoA med hjälp av MUSIC-algoritmen. Testflygningar genomförs med hjälp av en befintlig SDR-baserad RF-sensor. Vi gjorde vårt bästa för att utföra samma banor i både simuleringar och testflygningar för att ge rättvisa jämförelser. Simuleringsresultaten visar att multipathmodellen kan förutsäga trenden för AoA-felet när höjden ändras, medan den inte är tillräcklig för att förutsäga felet när 2D-positionen ändras. För att mer exakt karakterisera signalöverföringen är det därför viktigt att utöka denna avhandling till att omfatta mer detaljerad miljöinformation och anpassning baserad på mätning.

Due to the massive increase of active transmitters broadcasting over wideband frequencies, such as 5G wireless systems, LEO/MEO satellites, satellite constellations, and the increase of IoT devices in the average home, the radio frequency spectrum is becoming more and more congested by interference. Passive receivers face additional challenges due to the growing use of wideband frequency transmissions aimed at boosting communication system throughput. As a result, passive receivers must adopt more robust and intricate techniques to mitigate radio frequency interference. A proposed RFI removal system, known as the true time delay Hadamard projection algorithm, has been introduced in previous work to eliminate a single RFI source while preserving a narrowband signal of interest. An RF frontend is developed to assess the effectiveness of the Hadamard projection algorithm implemented on an RFSoC ZCU216. Additionally, the TTD Hadamard projection algorithm is expanded to enable the cancellation of multiple RFI sources rather than just a single source for a uniform linear array and a uniform rectangular array. Over-the-air tests are conducted to verify the performance of the interference cancellation algorithms and demonstrate the algorithms' ability to preserve the signals of interest while removing the wideband interference. Multiple algorithms are proposed to estimate the time delays used by the interference cancellation algorithm to effectively eliminate wideband interference. These algorithms address diverse scenarios encompassing interference sources ranging from strong to weak SNR. Detailed reports of algorithm performance provide insights into their effectiveness and suitability across specific interference conditions.

This thesis deals with optical synthesis of unmodulated and modulated microwave signals. Generation of microwave signals based on optical heterodyning is discussed in detail. The effect of phase noise of laser on heterodyned output has been studied for different phase noise profiles. Towards this, we propose a generic algorithm to numerically model the linewidth broadening of a laser due to phase noise. Generation of microwave signals is demonstrated practically by conducting an optical heterodyning experiment. Signals ranging in frequency from 12.5 MHz to 27 GHz have been generated. Limitations of optical heterodyning based approach in terms of phase noise performance and frequency stability are discussed and practically demonstrated. A hardware-efficient Optical Phase Locked Loop (OPLL) is proposed to overcome these issues. Phase noise tracking performance of the proposed OPLL has been experimentally demonstrated. Phase noise values as low as -105 dBc/Hz at 10 KHz offset have been achieved. Optical modulators, owing to their extremely low electro-optic response time, can support high frequency modulating signals. This makes them highly attractive in comparison to their microwave counterparts. In this thesis, we propose techniques to generate microwave signals modulated at very high bit rates by down-converting the corresponding modulated optical signals to microwave domain. Down-conversion required for this process is achieved by optical heterodyning. The proposed concept has been theoretically analyzed, simulated and experimentally validated. Amplitude Modulated and ASK modulated microwave signals have been generated as Proof-of-Concept. Limitations posed by OPLL in generation of angle modulated microwave signals by optical heterodyning have been brought out. Schemes overcoming these limitations have been proposed towards generation of BPSK and QPSK modulated microwave signals. Integrated Optics (IO) technology has been studied as a means of implementation of the proposed concepts. IO components like Sinusoidal bends, Y-branch splitters and Electro-Optic-Modulators (EOMs) have been designed towards optical synthesis of modulated microwave signals. Propagation of modulated optical signal through these IO components has also been studied. An all-optic scheme based on Optical Beam Forming is proposed for transmission of QPSK modulated signal. Limitation of phase-shifting based approach, in terms of beam-squint, has been brought out. True-Time-Delay based approach has been proposed for applications demanding wide instantaneous bandwidth to avoid beam-squint. Algorithms / numerical methods required for analyses and simulations associated with the above-mentioned tasks have been evolved. This study is envisaged to provide useful insight into the realization of high-speed, compact, light-weight data transmitting systems based on Integrated Optics for future onboard spacecraft applications. This work, we believe, is a step towards realization of an Integrated Optic System-on-Chip solution for specific microwave data transmission applications.

The ever increasing diversity in communication systems has created a demand for constant improvements in receiver components. This thesis describes the design and characterisation of front-end receiver components for various challenging applications, including characterisation of low noise foundry processes, LNA design and multi-band antenna design. It also includes a new theoretical analysis of noise coupling in low noise phased array receivers.In LNA design much depends on the choice of the optimum active devices. A comprehensive survey of the performance of low noise transistors is therefore extremely beneficial. To this end a comparison of the DC, small-signal and noise behaviours of 10 state-of-the-art GaAs and InP based pHEMT and mHEMT low noise processes has been carried out. Their suitability in LNA designs has been determined, with emphasis on the SKA project. This work is part of the first known detailed investigation of this kind. Results indicate the superiority of mature GaAs-based pHEMT processes, and highlight problems associated with the studied mHEMT processes. Two of the more promising processes have then been used to design C-band and UHF-band MMIC LNAs. A new theoretical analysis of coupled noise between antenna elements of a low noise phased array receiver has been carried out. Results of the noise wave analysis, based on fundamental principles of noisy networks, suggest that the coupled noise contribution to system noise temperatures should be smaller than had previously been suggested for systems like the SKA. The principles are applicable to any phased array receiver. Finally, a multi-band antenna has been designed and fabricated for a severe operating environment, covering the three extremely crowded frequency bands, the 2.1 GHz UMTS, the 2.4 GHz ISM and the 5.8 GHz ISM bands. Measurements have demonstrated excellent performance, exceeding that of equivalent commercial antennas aimed at similar applications.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / The UC Berkeley Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) Science Operations Center (ESOC) is developing and implementing knowledge-based software to automate the monitoring of satellite payload telemetry. Formerly, EUVE science payload data were received, archived, interpreted, and responded to during round-the-clock monitoring by human operators. Now, knowledge-based software will support, augment, and supplement human intervention. In response to and as a result of this re-engineering project, the creation, storage, revision, and communication of information (the information flow process) within the ESOC has been redesigned. We review the information flow process within the ESOC before, during, and after the re-engineering of telemetry monitoring. We identify six fundamental challenges we face in modifying the information flow process. (These modifications are necessary because of the shift from continuous human monitoring to a knowledge-based autonomous monitoring system with intermittent human response.) We describe the innovations we have implemented in the ESOC information systems, including innovations in each part of the information flow process for short-term or dynamic information (which changes or updates within a week) as well as for long-term or static information (which is valid for more than a week). We discuss our phased approach to these innovations, in which modifications were made in small increments and the lessons learned at each step were incorporated into subsequent modifications. We analyze some mistakes and present lessons learned from our experience.

Embarqué sous le radôme du missile, les autodirecteurs existants utilisent une rotation mécanique du plan d’antenne pour balayer le faisceau en direction d’une cible. Les recherches actuelles examinent le remplacement des composantes mécaniques de rotation de l’antenne par un nouveau réseau d’antennes 3D conformes à balayage électronique. Les antennes 3D conformes pourraient offrir des avantages significatifs, tels qu’un balayage plus rapide et une meilleure couverture angulaire mais qui pourraient aussi offrir de nouveaux challenges résultant d’un diagramme de rayonnement plus complexes en 3D qu’en 2D. Le nouvel autodirecteur s’affranchit du système mécanique de rotation ce qui libère de l’espace pour le design d’une nouvelle antenne 3D conforme. Pour tirer le meilleur parti de cet espace, différentes formes de réseaux sont étudiées, ainsi l’impact de la position, de l’orientation et de la conformation des éléments est établi sur les performances de l’antenne, en termes de directivité, ellipticité et de polarisation. Pour faciliter cette étude de réseaux 3D conformes, un programme Matlab a été développé, il permet de générer rapidement le diagramme de rayonnement en polarisation d’un réseau donné dans toutes les directions. L’une des tâches de l’autodirecteur consiste à estimer la position d’une cible donnée afin de corriger la trajectoire du missile. Ainsi, l’impact de la forme du réseau sur l’erreur entre la direction d’arrivée mesurée de l’écho de la cible et sa vraie valeur est analysé. La borne inférieure de Cramer-Rao est utilisée pour calculer l’erreur minimum théorique. Ce modèle suppose que chaque élément est alimenté séparément et permet ainsi d’évaluer le potentiel des réseaux 3D conformes actifs.Finalement, l’estimateur du monopulse en phase est étudié pour des réseaux 3D conformes dont les quadrants n’auraient pas les mêmes caractéristiques. Un nouvel estimateur, plus adapté à des quadrants non identiques, est aussi proposé. / Embedded below the radome of a missile, existing RF-seekers use a mechanical rotating antenna to steer the radiating beam in the direction of a target. Latest research is looking at replacing the mechanical antenna components of the RF-seeker with a novel 3D conformal antenna array that can steer the beam electronically. 3D antennas may offer significant advantages, such as faster beam steering and better coverage but, at the same time, introduce new challenges resulting from a much more complex radiation pattern than that of 2D antennas. Thanks to the mechanical system removal, the new RF-seeker has a wider available space for the design of a new 3D conformal antenna. To take best benefits of this space, different array shapes are studied, hence the impact of the position, orientation and conformation of the elements is assessed on the antenna performance in terms of directivity, ellipticity and polarisation. To facilitate this study of 3D conformal arrays, a Matlab program has been developed to compute the polarisation pattern of a given array in all directions. One of the task of the RF-seeker consists in estimating the position of a given target to correct the missile trajectory accordingly. Thus, the impact of the array shape on the error between the measured direction of arrival of the target echo and its true value is addressed. The Cramer-Rao lower bound is used to evaluate the theoretical minimum error. The model assumes that each element receives independently and allows therefore to analyse the potential of active 3D conformal arrays. Finally, the phase monopulse estimator is studied for 3Dconformal arrays whose quadrants do not have the same characteristics. A new estimator more adapted to non-identical quadrants is also proposed.

Modern radar technology relies heavily on digital signal processing. As radar technology pushes the boundaries of miniaturization, computational systems must be developed to support the processing demand. One particular application for small radar technology is in modern drone systems. Many drone applications are currently inhibited by safety concerns of autonomous vehicles navigating shared airspace. Research in radar based Detect and Avoid (DAA) attempts to address these concerns by using radar to detect nearby aircraft and choosing an alternative flight path. Implementation of radar on small Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV), however, requires a lightweight and power efficient design. Likewise, the radar processing system must also be small and efficient. This thesis presents the design of the processing system for a small Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) phased array radar. The radar and processing is designed to be light-weight and low-power in order to fly onboard a UAV less than 25 kg in weight. The radar algorithms for this design include a parallelized Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), cross correlation, and beamforming. Target detection algorithms are also implemented. All of the computation is performed in real-time on a Xilinx Zynq 7010 System on Chip (SoC) processor utilizing both FPGA and CPU resources. The radar system (excluding antennas) has dimensions of 2.25 x 4 x 1.5 in3, weighs 120 g, and consumes 8 W of power of which the processing system occupies 2.6 W. The processing system performs over 652 million arithmetic operations per second and is capable of performing the full processing in real-time. The radar has also been tested in several scenarios both airborne on small UAVs as well as on the ground. Small UAVs have been detected to ranges of 350 m and larger aircraft up to 800 m. This thesis will describe the radar design architecture, the custom designed radar hardware, the FPGA based processing implementations, and conclude with an evaluation of the system's effectiveness and performance.

In einem präoperativen Screening mit Hilfe eines standardisierten Blutungsanamnesebogens und dem PFA-100 sind primäre Hämostasestörungen häufig, sekundäre (plasmatische) selten. Nach einer positiven Blutungsanamnese können mit dem PFA-100 über 90% der Hämostasestörungen erfaßt werden. In unserer Untersuchung wären ohne den PFA-100 27% der Patienten mit Hämostasestörungen nicht erkannt worden. Wenn die standardisierte Blutungsanamnese eindeutig negativ ist, kann auf ein präoperatives Screening mit den sogenannten Routinetests (aPTT u. Quick-Wert) verzichtet werden. Wenn der Quick-Wert, die aPTT, die Thrombozytenzahl und der PFA-100: Kollagen-Epinephrin nur in den indizierten Fällen mit positiver Blutungsanamnese (11.2%) durchgeführt würden, bedeutet das in Deutschland pro Jahr eine Einsparung von 14.2 Millionen Euro. In einer eigenen ersten Untersuchung wurde die Mikroangiopathie im Bereich der nutritiven Hautkapillaren (Fingernagelfalz) erstmal beim von Willebrand-Jürgens-Syndrom systematisch mit der intravitalen Videokapillarmikroskopie diagnostiziert. Die Nachfolgeuntersuchung an über 500 Patienten mit Hämostasestörungen im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe an Gesunden (n=100) bestätigte die Meßergebnisse für das von Willebrand-Jürgens-Syndrom (Typ 1 und 2a) und zeigte eine hohen positiven predictive value von 98%. Insbesondere die einfach und schnell durchgeführte Begutachtung der Kapillarmorphologie mit Veränderungen in Form von Kapillardilatationen, Extravasaten (frische oder alte Kapillarblutungen oder Blutungssäume) und gleichzeitig vorliegender Torquierung (Schlängelung) der Kapillaren ist bereits hoch prädiktiv (98%) für das Vorliegen eines von-Willebrand-Jürgens-Syndroms (Typ 1 und Typ 2a). In dem präoperativen therapeutischen Stufenkonzept zum Management primärer Hämostasestörungen zeigt sich die gute Wirksamkeit von DDAVP. Transfusionspflichtige Blutungen können bei Patienten mit primären Hämostasestörungen durch dieses präoperative Therapieregime verhindert werden. In der Patientengruppe mit primären Hämostasestörungen ohne präoperatives blutstillendes Management steigen die durchschnittlichen Kosten für die Transfusion von Blutkomponenten um das 5-fache auf ungefähr 1700 Euro. Hierbei sind Patientengruppen aller operativen Disziplinen berücksichtigt. / In a preoperative screening using a standardized questionaire of bleeding history and the PFA-100 platelet analyzer, primary hemostatic disorders are frequently found, whereas secondary disorders are rare. In cases with a positive bleeding history more than 90% of hemostatic disorders can be identified by PFA-100 platelet analyzer. In our investigation 27% of patients with impaired hemostasis would have been missed without using the PFA-100 platelet analyzer. In cases where the standardized bleeding history is clearly negative, the "so-called" routine preoperative coagulation tests (aPTT and prothrombin time) can be left out. Assuming that PT, aPTT, platelet count and PFA-100:collagen-epinephrine would only be performed in indicated cases with positive bleeding history (11.2%), this would lead to reduction of costs of 14.2 million Euro. Our investigations started with a systematic examination of the micrangiopathy in the nutritive nailfold capillaries of patient with von Willebrand Disease (vWD) using the intravital video capillary microscopy. In a follow-up investigation microangiopathy in the nutritive nailfold capillaries was examined in more than 500 patients with hemostatic disorders and 100 healthy volunteers. The results confirmed the findings for the vWD (type 1 and type 2a) and showed a high positive predictive value of 98%. In the preoperative phased therapy plan approach in the management of primary hemostatic disorders, DDAVP shows a good drug action. In these patients, the PFA-100 platelet analyzer is able to determinate the hemostatic effect of drugs, such as DDAVP, tranexamic acid, aprotinin, conjugated estrogens and platelet transfusion. In the patient group with primary hemostatic disorders without preoperative management, the average costs for blood transfusions increases 5-fold to roughly 1700 Euro. In this consideration patients of all operative disciplines are included.