A maioria das pesquisas na área de alocação de capacidades entre recursos de uma linha de manufatura propõe as formas balanceadas e em bowl como as mais eficientes para o desempenho de linha como um todo. A maior parte destes estudos é baseada em sistemas simplificados de empurrar a produção, desconsiderando sistemas mais atuais de planejamento e controle da produção (PCP). Por outro lado, estudos referentes à eficiência de sistemas de planejamento e controle da produção não consideram o efeito que critérios distintos de alocação de capacidades podem ter seus desempenhos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o relacionamento entre as políticas de alocação de capacidades e os sistemas de PCP. O principal critério de desempenho adotado foi o throughput, obtido segundo níveis médios e máximos de estoque em processo em uma linha de produção com cinco recursos. Foram estudados oito tipos de critérios de alocação de capacidades e quatro tipos de sistemas PCP, segundo três níveis de desbalanceamento de cargas, três níveis de coeficiente de variabilidade dos tempos de processamento dos recursos e cinco níveis máximos de estoque em processo. Foi utilizada uma ferramenta de simulação para criar modelos e simular 1386 cenários distintos. Como resultado, percebeu-se uma estreita interdependência entre políticas de alocação e sistemas de PCP. A pesquisa identificou; ainda, que não há um critério de alocação de capacidades nem um sistema de PCP que se mostre melhorem todas as condições testadas, contrariando diversos estudos sobre o tema. / Most of the researches on production capacity allocation among resources, proposes the use of balanced and bowI allocation as the most efficient methods in terms of performance. Such studies were generally based on simplified push production systems, not considering other production pIanning and controI systems (PPC). On the other hand, studies about efficiency of PPC systems don\'t consider the effect of different criteria of capacity allocation on the performance of the PPC systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate how different capacity allocation criteria and different PPC systems interreIate among each other. The major performance criteria used to rank each combination was the resulting throughput, considering several average and maximum levels of work in process (WIP) in a production line with five resources. Eight different types of capacity allocation criteria and four types of PPC systems were studied, with three levels of unbalanced loads, three levels of variability coefficient for processing times and tive maximum WIP levels. A simulation tool was used in order to generate the models and run 1386 different scenarios. As a result, it could be noticed a strong interrelationship between the allocation criteria and the PPC systems. The research also showed, on the contrary of many studies on this subject, that for all the combination tested, none of capacity allocation criteria nor PPC systems stood out on the best option.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Humberto Derci Capai - Parte 1.pdf: 9965179 bytes, checksum: 86625a02adc8ca7a94f42d4876b9bb10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-09 / It reveals photography combined with other areas of knowledge particularly sociology, philosophy and psychology within an educational know-how and knowin- the-make, as well as the relationship of photography to graphic design in research, culture and art by producing books with photos and texts (photobooks). It highlights photography as a strong element for an educational and cultural interaction as well as a language of representation of the world. It encourages the use of photography and its editing in books related to education and to culture and it presents works based on photography that articulate photography, science and education. It also stimulates the production of photographs for teaching and education, considering the cultural reference of the student and the teacher. It exemplifies and pays reverence to a method of research and educational work built in the perspective of a better and happier life, the essential aim of science, culture and education. It presents results, questions and notes from three decades dedicated to teaching, education and culture, a path that had photography as a permanent companion in its various conceptions: art, language, technique and artifact. It reveals a practice of educating able to transform itself and to continuously generate changes from the interaction with the educational phenomenon essentially human itself , in which are present the actors involved and the knowledge developed by mankind. It raises the possibility of producing scientific and educational work in languages and formats practiced by the population, which may be useful to teachers and students of many different levels in order to bring contributions to their lives and to develop the topics covered here. Likewise, it addresses all those who believe that as we educate, we educate ourselves / Revela a fotografia articulada com outras áreas do conhecimento em especial a Sociologia, a Filosofia e a Psicologia dentro de um saber-fazer e um fazer-saber educacional, assim como a relação da fotografia com a programação visual na pesquisa, na cultura e na arte, mediante a produção de livros de fotos e de textos (fotolivros). Destaca a fotografia como forte elemento para uma interação educativa e cultural, assim como linguagem de representação do mundo. Estimula sua utilização e sua edição em livros relacionados à educação e à cultura e apresenta trabalhos pautados na fotografia que articulam fotografia, ciência e educação, além de também estimular a produção fotográfica para o ensino e para a educação mediante o referencial cultural do aluno e do professor. Exemplifica e reverencia um método de pesquisa e de trabalho educacional construído na perspectiva de uma vida melhor e mais feliz, objetivo essencial da ciência, da cultura e da educação. Apresenta resultados, indagações e apontamentos provenientes de diálogos travados ao longo de três décadas em torno do ensino, da educação e da cultura, numa trajetória que teve como permanente companhia a fotografia em suas diversas acepções: arte, linguagem, técnica e artefato. Revela uma prática de educar capaz de se transformar e gerar continuamente mudanças a partir da interação com o fenômeno educacional essencialmente humano , nele presentes os atores envolvidos e os conhecimentos desenvolvidos pela humanidade. Suscita a possibilidade de produzirmos trabalhos científicos e educativos em linguagens e formatos praticados pela população, que possam ser úteis a professores e alunos dos mais variados graus e que traga contribuições para suas vidas e para o desenvolvimento dos temas aqui tratados. Da mesma forma, para todos aqueles que acreditam que ao educar, nos educamos

A maioria das pesquisas na área de alocação de capacidades entre recursos de uma linha de manufatura propõe as formas balanceadas e em bowl como as mais eficientes para o desempenho de linha como um todo. A maior parte destes estudos é baseada em sistemas simplificados de empurrar a produção, desconsiderando sistemas mais atuais de planejamento e controle da produção (PCP). Por outro lado, estudos referentes à eficiência de sistemas de planejamento e controle da produção não consideram o efeito que critérios distintos de alocação de capacidades podem ter seus desempenhos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o relacionamento entre as políticas de alocação de capacidades e os sistemas de PCP. O principal critério de desempenho adotado foi o throughput, obtido segundo níveis médios e máximos de estoque em processo em uma linha de produção com cinco recursos. Foram estudados oito tipos de critérios de alocação de capacidades e quatro tipos de sistemas PCP, segundo três níveis de desbalanceamento de cargas, três níveis de coeficiente de variabilidade dos tempos de processamento dos recursos e cinco níveis máximos de estoque em processo. Foi utilizada uma ferramenta de simulação para criar modelos e simular 1386 cenários distintos. Como resultado, percebeu-se uma estreita interdependência entre políticas de alocação e sistemas de PCP. A pesquisa identificou; ainda, que não há um critério de alocação de capacidades nem um sistema de PCP que se mostre melhorem todas as condições testadas, contrariando diversos estudos sobre o tema. / Most of the researches on production capacity allocation among resources, proposes the use of balanced and bowI allocation as the most efficient methods in terms of performance. Such studies were generally based on simplified push production systems, not considering other production pIanning and controI systems (PPC). On the other hand, studies about efficiency of PPC systems don\'t consider the effect of different criteria of capacity allocation on the performance of the PPC systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate how different capacity allocation criteria and different PPC systems interreIate among each other. The major performance criteria used to rank each combination was the resulting throughput, considering several average and maximum levels of work in process (WIP) in a production line with five resources. Eight different types of capacity allocation criteria and four types of PPC systems were studied, with three levels of unbalanced loads, three levels of variability coefficient for processing times and tive maximum WIP levels. A simulation tool was used in order to generate the models and run 1386 different scenarios. As a result, it could be noticed a strong interrelationship between the allocation criteria and the PPC systems. The research also showed, on the contrary of many studies on this subject, that for all the combination tested, none of capacity allocation criteria nor PPC systems stood out on the best option.

Le phénomène El Niño est le mode dominant de la variabilité du climat aux échelles de temps interannuelles dans le Pacifique tropical. Il modifie considérablement le climat régional dans les pays voisins, dont le Pérou pour lequel les impacts socio-économiques peuvent être dramatiques. Comprendre et prévoir El Niño reste un enjeu prioritaire pour la communauté climatique. Des progrès significatifs dans notre compréhension du phénomène El Niño et dans notre capacité à le prédire ont été réalisés dans les années 80, en particulier grâce à la mise en place du système d'observation dans le Pacifique tropical (programme de TOGA, en particulier, ainsi que l'émergence de l'ère des satellites). À la fin du XXe siècle, alors que de nouvelles théories scientifiques ont été proposées et testées, les progrès réalisés dans le domaine de la modélisation numérique et de l'assimilation de données ont conduit à l'idée que le phénomène El Niño pourrait être prévu avec au moins deux ou trois saisons à l'avance. Or, depuis le début du 21ième siècle, les manifestations du phénomène El Niño ont réduit cette expectative: un nouveau type d'El Niño est a été découvert - identifié par des anomalies de température moins intenses et localisées dans le centre du Pacifique équatorial. Ce phénomène, connu sous le nom CP El Niño pour El Niño Pacifique Central ou El Niño Modoki a placé la communauté scientifique devant un nouveau défi. Cette thèse est une contribution à l'effort international actuel pour comprendre la dynamique de ce nouveau type d'El Niño, dans le but de proposer des mécanismes expliquant sa présence accrue au cours des dernières décennies. Plus précisément, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le rôle des ondes longues équatoriales dans le Pacifique tropical sur la dynamique océanique et la thermodynamique associées au phénomène El Niño de type Pacifique Central. Cette thèse s'intéresse tout d'abord au premier CP El Niño du 21ième siècle, le phénomène El Niño 2002/03, à partir des sorties d'un modèle de circulation océanique général. Ensuite, nous documentons les caractéristiques des ondes équatoriales de Kelvin aux fréquences Intra Saisonnières (ISKw) sur la période 1990-2011, fournissant une statistique de l'activité des ondes ISKw durant l'évolution des événements El Niño de type Central Pacifique. Nos résultats montrent que l'onde ISKw subit une forte dissipation dans le Pacifique Est, qui est interprétée comme provenant de la dispersion des ondes lorsqu'elles rencontrent le front zonal de la stratification dans l'Est du Pacifique (i.e. la pente de la thermocline d'Ouest en Est). Une réflexion partielle de l'onde ISKw en onde de Rossby équatoriale de près de 120°W est également identifiée, ce qui peut expliquer le confinement dans le Pacifique central des anomalies de température de surface associées aux événements El Niño de type Central Pacifique. Nous suggérons que la fréquence accrue au cours des dernières années des événements CP El Niño peut être associée à l'état froid - de type La Niña - observé dans le Pacifique Equatorial depuis les années 90 et les changements dans la variabilité saisonnière de la profondeur de la thermocline depuis les années 2000. / The El Niño phenomenon is the dominant mode of climate variability at interannual timescales in the tropical Pacific. It modifies drastically the regional climate in surrounding countries, including Peru for which the socio-economical impacts can be dramatic. Understanding and predicting El Niño remains a top-priority issue for the climatic community. Large progress in our understanding of El Niño and in our ability to predict it has been made since the 80s thanks to the improvement of the observing system of the tropical Pacific (TOGA program and emergence of the satellite era). At the end of the Twentieth century, whereas new theories were proposed and tested, progress in numerical modeling and data assimilation led to the idea that El Niño could be predicted with at least 2 or 3 seasons in advance. The observations since the beginning of the 21st century have wiped out such expectation: A new type of El Niño, known as the Central Pacific El Niño (CP El Niño) or Modoki El Niño has put the community in front of a new challenge. This thesis is a contribution to the current international effort to understand the dynamics of this new type of El Niño in order to propose mechanisms explaining its increased occurrence in recent decades. More specifically, the objective of the thesis is to study the role of the oceanic equatorial waves in the dynamic and thermodynamic along the equatorial Pacific Ocean, focusing on the CP El Niño. This thesis first takes a close look at the first CP El Niño of the 21st century of this type, i.e. the 2002/03 El Niño, based on an Oceanic General Circulation Model. Then it documents the characteristics of the IntraSeasonal Kelvin waves (ISKws) over the period 1990-2011, providing a statistics on the ISKws activity during the evolution of CP El Niño events. We find that the ISKw experiences a sharp dissipation in the eastern Pacific that is interpreted as resulting from the scattering of energy associated to the zonal contrast in stratification (i.e. sloping thermocline from west to east). Partial reflection of the ISKw as Rossby waves near 120°W is also identified, which may explain the confinement of CP El Niño warming in the central Pacific. We suggest that the increased occurrence of CP El Niño in recent years may be associated to the La Niña-like state since the 90s and changes in the seasonality of the thermocline since the 2000s.

Agaricus bisporus, le champignon de Paris, est un basidiomycète saprophytenaturellement présent dans la litière de cyprès (Cupressus macrocarpa). Il possède différentsmodes de reproduction. Pour étudier leur rôle dans la dynamique spatio-temporelle et l’évolutionde la diversité génétique au cours du temps, des dispositifs expérimentaux ont été mis en place.Dix souches sauvages d’Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus ont été sélectionnées, à partir de deuxpopulations françaises, sur leurs traits phénotypiques et génotypiques. L’étude de l’évolutionmoléculaire de leurs génomes a montré que, pour le génome mitochondrial, la mobilité desintrons de groupe I apparait comme la principale source de polymorphisme. Des taux desubstitution nucléotidique (nt) faibles ont été observés chez tous les types de séquencesmitochondriales (éléments mobiles, séquences géniques et inter géniques). Cette forteconservation, comparée avec les taux élevés de substitution nt des séquences nucléairessimilaires, contraste avec ce qui est généralement décrit dans l’évolution des séquencesfongiques. Des expériences de croisements entre sporocarpes et mycelia de souches sauvages ontété menées sur du compost, dans une chambre de culture, pour simuler l’implantation d’unepopulation naturelle. Pour les sporocarpes récoltés, les données montrent l’existence d’unphénomène parasexuel de Buller conduisant à des souches hybrides d’A. bisporus dans lachambre de culture et potentiellement dans la nature. Parallèlement, les mycelia de souchessauvages ont été introduits dans deux parcelles expérimentales de cyprès. L’analyse génotypiquedes sporocarpes récoltés la première année d’introduction n’a pas permis de mettre en évidencede souche hybride et les conditions climatiques de la seconde année n’ont pas permis d’obtenir defructification. Les dispositifs et outils mis au point doivent permettre un suivi génétique spatiotemporelde la population sur le long terme. / Agaricus bisporus, the button mushroom, is a saprophytic basidiomycete naturallyfound in cypress litter (Cupressus macrocarpa). It possesses different modes of reproduction. Tostudy their role in the spatio-temporal dynamics and in the evolution of the genetic diversity,experimental systems have been set up. Ten wild strains of Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus havebeen selected, from two french populations, on both phenotypic and genotypic traits. Themolecular evolution of their genomes has shown that, for the mitochondrial genome, group Iintron mobility was the main source of gene polymorphism. Low nucleotide (nt) substitutionrates were found in all types of mitochondrial sequences (mobile elements, genic and intergenicones). This stringent conservation of mitochondrial sequences, when compared with the high ntsubstitution rates of their nuclear counterparts, contrasts to what is widely accepted in fungalsequence evolution. Mating experiments between sporocarps and mycelia of wild strains wereconducted on compost in a room culture, to simulate the implantation of a natural population.Among the collected sporocarps, results indicate the occurrence of a parasexual Bullerphenomenon leading to hybrid strains of A. bisporus in room culture and putatively in the wild.In parallel, mycelia of the wild strains have been introduced in two experimental plots of cypress.Genotypic analysis of the sporocarps collected from these plots in the first year of introduction,failed to evidence a hybrid strain. The climatic conditions of the second year did not allowobtaining fruiting-bodies. The developed experimental systems and tools must allow a followingat the genetic level of the spatio-temporal evolution of the population.

This thesis investigates analysis and simulation of the backscattering enhancement phenomenon from randomly distributed point scatterers. These point scatterers are randomly distributed within a cube or a sphere and then the backscattering enhancement phenomenon from both cubical and spherical distributions are examined throughout the thesis. The general characteristic differences between cubical and spherical distribution about the scattering phenomenon are observed. T-matrix method is used for analytic investigations of the backscattering enhancement and also a certain number of approximate formulas are obtained. As for Monte Carlo simulation method, it is used for simulated investigations of the backscattering enhancement. Some Monte Carlo simulations are prepared by using MATLAB programming language and verified by showing their confidence intervals. Both analytic and simulated investigations of the backscattering enhancement due to single and double scattering are analyzed / however, only simulated investigation of the backscattering enhancement due to multiple scattering are analyzed because of its computational complexity. The thesis traces differences between single scattering and multiple scattering from randomly distributed point scatterers. Effects of both incident field frequency and point scatterer density on the backscattering enhancement are indicated. The thesis seeks answers to questions such as which conditions cause the backscattering enhancement phenomenon from randomly distributed point scatterers, why we need to consider multiple scattering to examine the backscattering phenomenon and how we can discriminate the backscattering enhancement from the specular enhancement.

Smelter workers who were exposed to air-borne arsenic for a mean of 23 years, and age-matched referents, were examined with clinical, physiological, and neurophysiological methods. Exposure to arsenic in workroom air was estimated to have been around the Swedish occupational limits, which were 500 yg/m before 1975 and 50 yg/ra thereafter. An increased preval ence of Raynaud's phenomenon and a reduced finger systolic blood pressure (FSP) during local and general cooling were found in the smelter workers. Slight, but significant sub-clinical neuropathy, in the form of slightly reduced nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in two or more peripheral nerves, was more common among the arsenic workers than among the referents. There were positive correlations between cumulative exposure to arsenic, reduced NCV in three peripheral motor nerves, and decrease in FSP during cooling. Arsenic levels in urine were 1 ymole/1 (75 yg/1) in the arsenic workers and 0.1 ymole/1 in the referents. In 21 arsenic workers with no or very low exposure to vibra ting hand tools, the FSP during cooling had increased significantly after 3 years wit h the lower arsenic exposure. There was no change in FSP during the summer vacation, whereas urinary levels of arsenic decreased to normal values. Thus there seems to be a slow improvement of finger blood circ ulation which is independent of short-term fluctuations in the exposure to arsenic. No seasonal variation was found in FSP during cooling with the standardized method used. When the NCV-measurements were repeated five years later the difference between arsenic workers and referents had increased, despite the fact that 14 of the 47 arsenic workers had had no exposure to arsenic during the last 1-5 years. These observations indicate, that in subjects with long term exposure to arsenic, sub-clinical neuropathy is not reversible. Ten milligrams of Ketanserin, a serotonin receptor antagonist, was given intravenously to five arsenic workers with cold-induced vasospasm. Skin temperature and FSP during cooling increased significantly with Ketanserin as compared wit h saline solution. After oral treatment, 2 x 40 mg /day for four weeks, no significant increase of FSP during cooling or rise in skin temperature was found in six arsenic workers and eleven patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. The decrease of vasospastic tendency after intravenous injection of Ketanserin indicated that similar mechanisms might operate in arsenic-induced and other types of Raynaud's phenomenon. A general co nclusion from the five studies in this dissertation is that long-term occupational exposure to arsenic has had adverse effects on the peripheral circulation and nerve conduction. The tendency to vasospasm, but not the sub-clinical neuropathy, seemed to be reversible with decreasing exposure. / <p>S. 1-54: sammanfattning, s. 55-112: 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-77).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 856029 bytes, checksum: 955b90783c5fca2d139bf1ec6ce62283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aimed to analyze the scientific production of the Postgraduate Program in Religious Science (PPGCR), Federal University of Paraiba - UFPB, specifically of the Masters, with a focus on the first two classes (T1 and T2), to compare it with the production of other Brazilian universities that develop research in this field studies, with emphasis in the dissertations presented in 2009 and 2010, completion time of those mentioned classes of this University. It is a documentary study, descriptive, for which comparative analysis referred to the national catalog of theses and dissertations, that has provided 102 papers of five universities of recognized quality: Federal University of Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Catholic University of Pernambuco - UNICAP, Pontifical Catholic University of Sao Paulo - PUC / SP, Methodist University of Sao Paulo - UMESP- and Mackenzie Presbyterian University - UPM. The results show that this field studies has attracted professionals from different fields of knowledge, most of them males. In the works analysis, we note some difficulty in the titles elaboration because of the extent and misuse of punctuation marks, it is also evident a variety of themes discussed and focused areas, which perhaps is justified by the researchers formation. The exploratory research was the most applied and, it was most frequently used bibliographic procedures, documentary and field research. We conclude that this information mapping can contribute to the good progress of the program and, consequently, with the proposal of the Religious Education in schools. / Essa pesquisa se propôs a analisar a produção científica do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências das Religiões (PPGCR) da Universidade Federal da Paraíba UFPB, especificamente do Mestrado, com foco nas duas primeiras turmas (T1 e T2), para compará-la com a produção de outras universidades brasileiras que desenvolvem pesquisa nesse campo de estudos, com destaque para as dissertações apresentadas em 2009 e 2010, período de conclusão das referidas turmas dessa Universidade. Trata-se de um estudo documental, descritivo, para cuja análise comparativa consultou-se o catálogo nacional de teses e dissertações, que disponibilizou 102 trabalhos de cinco universidades de qualidade reconhecida: Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco - UNICAP, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUC/SP, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo - UMESP - e Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie - UPM. Os resultados apontam que esse campo de estudos tem atraído profissionais das mais variadas áreas de conhecimento, a maioria do gênero masculino. Na análise dos trabalhos, observa-se certa dificuldade na elaboração dos títulos, devido à extensão e ao uso indevido de sinais de pontuação; observa-se, ainda, uma variedade de temas abordados e áreas enfocadas, o que, talvez, seja justificado por causa da formação dos pesquisadores. A pesquisa exploratória foi a mais aplicada e foram empregados com mais frequência os procedimentos bibliográfico, documental e de pesquisa de campo. Conclui-se que esse mapeamento pode contribuir para o bom andamento do programa e, consequentemente, com a proposta do Ensino Religioso nas escolas.

The ʻaudiovisual objectʼ is a fusion of sound object and visual object to create an identifiable perceptual phenomenon, which can be treated as a ʻbuilding blockʼ in the creation of audiovisual work based primarily on electroacoustic composition practice and techniques. This thesis explores how the audiovisual object can be defined and identified in existing works, and offers an examination of how it can be used as a compositional tool. The historical development of the form and the effect of the performance venue on audience immersion is also explored. The audiovisual object concept builds upon theories of electroacoustic composition and film sound design. The audiovisual object is defined in relation to existing concepts of the sound object and visual object, while synaesthesia and cross-modal perception are examined to show how the relationship between sound and vision in the audiovisual object can be strengthened. Electroacoustic composition and animation both developed through technological advances, either the manipulation of recorded sounds, or the manipulation of drawn/photographed objects. The key stages in development of techniques and theories in both disciplines are examined and compared against each other, highlighting correlations and contrasts. The physical space where the audiovisual composition is performed also has a bearing on how the work is perceived and received. Current standard performance spaces include acousmatic concert systems, which emphasize the audio aspect over the visual, and the cinema, which focuses on the visual. Spaces which afford a much higher level of envelopment in the work include hemispheric projection, while individual experience through virtual reality systems could become a key platform. The key elements of the audiovisual object, interaction between objects and their successful use in audiovisual compositions are also investigated in a series of case studies. Specific audiovisual works are examined to highlight techniques to create successful audiovisual objects and interactions. As this research degree is in creative practice, a portfolio of 4 composed works is also included, with production notes explaining the inspiration behind and symbolism within each work, along with the practical techniques employed in their creation. The basis for each work is a short electroacoustic composition which has then been developed with abstract 3D CGI animation into an audiovisual composition, demonstrating the development of my own practice as well as exploring the concept of the audiovisual object. The concept of the audiovisual object draws together existing theories concerning the sound object, visual perception, and phenomenology. The concept, the associated investigation of how audiovisual compositions have evolved over time, and the analysis and critique of case studies based on this central concept contribute both theory and creative practice principles to this form of artistic creativity. This thesis forms a basis for approaching the creative process both as a creator and critic, and opens up a research pathway for further investigation.