Bullying is a phenomenon occurring all over the world. Previous research shows that youthswho are being physically punished by their parents are at higher risk for being involved inbullying. There are four groups when it comes to bullying, the neutrals, bullies, victims, andbully-victims. A limitation of previous research was that no one has examined why youthswho are being exposed to physical punishment by their parents often become a part ofbullying. Our focus was on the four bullying groups of youths in the ages 13 to 15. Weproposed that in order to understand how parents’ use of physical punishment against theiryouths is connected with being a bully or a victim at school, we need to take the personalitytraits self-esteem and impulsivity under consideration. The results showed that when parentsused physical punishment against their youths and the youths had certain personality traits,the risk for being a part of bullying increased. In conclusion, the youths were at higher risk ofbeing victims of bullying if they had low self-esteem, they were at higher risk of being bulliesif they were impulsive, and they were at higher risk of being bully-victims if they were bothimpulsive and had low self-esteem, meaning that we need to investigate further differentpersonality traits and their effect on youths bullying involvement in school. / Mobbning är ett fenomen som inträffar över hela världen. Tidigare forskning visar att närungdomar blir fysiskt bestraffade av sina föräldrar ökar risken för inblandning i mobbning.Det finns fyra grupper när det kommer till mobbning, de neutrala, mobbare, offer och bullyvictims.En svaghet med tidigare forskning var att ingen har undersökt hur inblandning imobbning ser ut för dem som blir utsatta för fysisk bestraffning av sina föräldrar. Vårt fokusvar på de fyra grupperna inom mobbning för ungdomar mellan åldrarna 13 till 15. Viföreslår att för att förstå hur föräldrars fysiska bestraffning på sina ungdomar hängersamman med att vara mobbare eller offer i skolan, behöver man ta hänsyn till ungdomarnassjälvkänsla och impulsivitet. Resultaten visade att om föräldrar slår sina ungdomar samt omungdomarna besitter en viss typ av personlighetsdrag, ökar risken för att de blir inblandade imobbning. Sammanfattningsvis, ungdomarna riskerade att bli offer för mobbning om de hadedåligt självförtroende, de riskerade att bli mobbare om de var impulsiva, och de riskerade attbli bully-victims om de samtidigt hade dåligt självförtroende och var impulsiva. Detta innebäratt vi behöver fortsätta undersöka olika personlighetsdrag och deras påverkan på ungdomarsinblandning inom mobbning i skolan.

Résumé La recherche présentée ici porte sur la manière dont les protestants conservateurs francophones du Québec évaluent la compatibilité entre leurs croyances religieuses et les lois qui limitent le recours au châtiment corporel à l’égard des enfants. Plus précisément, elle s’intéresse à la façon dont ils résolvent les conflits éventuels entre leurs croyances puisées dans la Bible et ces lois. En ce sens, la Bible prescrit dans plusieurs de ses versets, notamment dans le proverbe 22 :15, d’utiliser le châtiment corporel comme moyen pour chasser une inclination au mal qui serait innée chez les enfants et d’effectuer ce châtiment à l’aide d’une verge. De ce fait, de nombreux protestants conservateurs emploient des objets (cuillers en bois, bâtons, baguettes) pour administrer ce châtiment à leurs enfants. Or, ces pratiques entrent en contradiction avec l’article 43 du Code criminel du Canada qui limite et encadre le recours au châtiment corporel et avec la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse du Québec qui protège les enfants contre des traitements pouvant s’apparenter à de la maltraitance et qui risquent de compromettre leur développement. La méthodologie utilisée est une méthodologie qualitative mixte basée d’abord sur une série d’observations non participantes in situ à des services religieux et des ateliers d’enseignement doctrinal dans quatre congrégations protestantes conservatrices (deux Églises évangéliques, une Église pentecôtiste et une Église baptiste) suivie d’une série d’entretiens auprès de trente-neuf protestants conservateurs québécois francophones appartenant à ces congrégations. Ce matériel a été complété par une analyse documentaire des écrits produits par ces groupes et des écrits d’autres organisations conservatrices consultés par ces groupes. L’analyse des données a permis de dégager chez les protestants conservateurs à l’étude trois différentes attitudes face à l’incompatibilité entre leurs préceptes religieux et les lois séculières : une attitude de conciliation qui se traduit par un effort d’accommodement de ces préceptes à la loi ; une attitude d’omission face à la loi séculière où l’individu opte pour une désobéissance passive de la loi ; et une attitude contestataire face aux autorités où la désobéissance aux lois est envisagée comme une forme de militance. Nous examinons les éléments qui influencent ces différents positionnements face aux lois. En plus de répondre aux objectifs visés, la présente recherche constitue une étude approfondie du discours des protestants conservateurs québécois francophones sur le châtiment corporel des enfants et de leurs pratiques. / Abstract The goal of this research is to study how French-speaking conservative protestants from Quebec evaluate the compatibility between their religious beliefs and the laws and regulations limiting corporal punishment of children. The specific issue is how they resolve eventual conflicts between their beliefs derived from the Bible and the legal framework. Several verses from the Bible, in particular Proverbs 22:15, prescribe corporal punishment with a rod in order “to drive it far from him” a supposedly innate child’s inclination to evil. Hence, many members of conservative Protestant groups use objects (wooden spoons, sticks, rods) to inflict corporal punishment to their children. This practice puts them in contravention of article 43 of the Canadian Criminal Code, which limits and frames the use of physical punishment, as well as with Quebec’s Youth Protection Act, that protects children from mistreatment, or whose security or development is or may be in danger. The study applies a hybrid qualitative methodology based on a series of non- participant observations in situ of the religious services and doctrinal workshops at four conservative protestant congregations (two Evangelical churches, a Pentecostal one and a Baptist one) and interviews with 39 French-speaking members of such congregations from Quebec. Observations and interviews were supplemented with documentary analysis of material written or consulted by these groups. From the analysis of the data, we derived three different attitudes of the protestant groups considered in the study when contradiction arises between religious doctrine and the law: conciliation, with an effort to accommodate religious beliefs to the precepts of the law; omission, which results in a passive disobedience of the law, and a challenging attitude vis-à-vis the authorities where disobedience to the laws is considered a form of militancy. Different elements are taken into consideration in the decision-making process that leads to the different attitudes. In addition to its original goals, the research constitutes a detailed description of the doctrine of corporal punishment of children by conservative protestant French- speaking congregations from Quebec and several examples of its practices.

Résumé La recherche présentée ici porte sur la manière dont les protestants conservateurs francophones du Québec évaluent la compatibilité entre leurs croyances religieuses et les lois qui limitent le recours au châtiment corporel à l’égard des enfants. Plus précisément, elle s’intéresse à la façon dont ils résolvent les conflits éventuels entre leurs croyances puisées dans la Bible et ces lois. En ce sens, la Bible prescrit dans plusieurs de ses versets, notamment dans le proverbe 22 :15, d’utiliser le châtiment corporel comme moyen pour chasser une inclination au mal qui serait innée chez les enfants et d’effectuer ce châtiment à l’aide d’une verge. De ce fait, de nombreux protestants conservateurs emploient des objets (cuillers en bois, bâtons, baguettes) pour administrer ce châtiment à leurs enfants. Or, ces pratiques entrent en contradiction avec l’article 43 du Code criminel du Canada qui limite et encadre le recours au châtiment corporel et avec la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse du Québec qui protège les enfants contre des traitements pouvant s’apparenter à de la maltraitance et qui risquent de compromettre leur développement. La méthodologie utilisée est une méthodologie qualitative mixte basée d’abord sur une série d’observations non participantes in situ à des services religieux et des ateliers d’enseignement doctrinal dans quatre congrégations protestantes conservatrices (deux Églises évangéliques, une Église pentecôtiste et une Église baptiste) suivie d’une série d’entretiens auprès de trente-neuf protestants conservateurs québécois francophones appartenant à ces congrégations. Ce matériel a été complété par une analyse documentaire des écrits produits par ces groupes et des écrits d’autres organisations conservatrices consultés par ces groupes. L’analyse des données a permis de dégager chez les protestants conservateurs à l’étude trois différentes attitudes face à l’incompatibilité entre leurs préceptes religieux et les lois séculières : une attitude de conciliation qui se traduit par un effort d’accommodement de ces préceptes à la loi ; une attitude d’omission face à la loi séculière où l’individu opte pour une désobéissance passive de la loi ; et une attitude contestataire face aux autorités où la désobéissance aux lois est envisagée comme une forme de militance. Nous examinons les éléments qui influencent ces différents positionnements face aux lois. En plus de répondre aux objectifs visés, la présente recherche constitue une étude approfondie du discours des protestants conservateurs québécois francophones sur le châtiment corporel des enfants et de leurs pratiques. / Abstract The goal of this research is to study how French-speaking conservative protestants from Quebec evaluate the compatibility between their religious beliefs and the laws and regulations limiting corporal punishment of children. The specific issue is how they resolve eventual conflicts between their beliefs derived from the Bible and the legal framework. Several verses from the Bible, in particular Proverbs 22:15, prescribe corporal punishment with a rod in order “to drive it far from him” a supposedly innate child’s inclination to evil. Hence, many members of conservative Protestant groups use objects (wooden spoons, sticks, rods) to inflict corporal punishment to their children. This practice puts them in contravention of article 43 of the Canadian Criminal Code, which limits and frames the use of physical punishment, as well as with Quebec’s Youth Protection Act, that protects children from mistreatment, or whose security or development is or may be in danger. The study applies a hybrid qualitative methodology based on a series of non- participant observations in situ of the religious services and doctrinal workshops at four conservative protestant congregations (two Evangelical churches, a Pentecostal one and a Baptist one) and interviews with 39 French-speaking members of such congregations from Quebec. Observations and interviews were supplemented with documentary analysis of material written or consulted by these groups. From the analysis of the data, we derived three different attitudes of the protestant groups considered in the study when contradiction arises between religious doctrine and the law: conciliation, with an effort to accommodate religious beliefs to the precepts of the law; omission, which results in a passive disobedience of the law, and a challenging attitude vis-à-vis the authorities where disobedience to the laws is considered a form of militancy. Different elements are taken into consideration in the decision-making process that leads to the different attitudes. In addition to its original goals, the research constitutes a detailed description of the doctrine of corporal punishment of children by conservative protestant French- speaking congregations from Quebec and several examples of its practices.

Cette thèse étudie l’état des victimations et du climat dans les collèges maliens et l’articulation de ces victimations au climat scolaire, cela dans la perspective d’une comparaison internationale avec des collèges français de zones d’éducation prioritaires. La comparaison internationale est ici convoquée pour un approfondissement de la mise en critique des collèges maliens au prisme des collèges français. Par une association des approches quantitative et qualitative cette recherche procède à l’étude des victimations et du climat scolaires en mesurant à la fois les expériences victimaires des acteurs de l’école, leur regard de l’institution scolaire et de leurs interactions sociales à l’école. La réalité sociale des victimations et du climat scolaires est ainsi décryptée à travers une affirmation du rôle déterminant des sens et significations produits par les acteurs de l’école. Notre recherche montre une articulation particulière des victimations au climat scolaire dans les écoles maliennes, une réalité qui s’oppose à celle des collèges français étudiés et qui contredit la constance révélée par les études européennes, à savoir la dégradation du climat scolaire proportionnellement à l’importance de la prévalence de violences scolaires. L’articulation paradoxale du climat et des victimations caractérisant les collèges maliens montre à la fois le poids du contexte dans l’étude des dynamiques sociales à l’école et la relativité du phénomène de la violence en milieu scolaire. / This thesis studies the state of victimations and climate in Malian colleges and the articulation of these victimations to the school climate with regard to international comparison with French colleges of priority education areas.The international comparison is hereby invoked in order to further the criticism of Malian colleges in light of French colleges.Through an association of quantitative and qualitative approaches, this research procedes with the study of school victimations and climate by measuring both the victimation experience of school actors, their opinion of the school institution and their social interactions at school. The social reality of the school victimations and climate is thus decripted through an affirmation of the key role of senses and significations produced by the school actors.Our research shows a particular articulation of victimations to school climate in Malian schools , a fact that is contrary to the surveyed French schools and which contradicts the constancy revealed by European studies, that is to say the deterioration of the school climate with respect to the importance of the prevalence of school violences.The paradoxical articulation of the climate and victimations which characterizes Malian colleges shows both the burden of the contexte in the study of social dynamics at school and the relativity of the phenomenon of violence in school environment.

The purpose of this study is to examine young adults', 18-19 years old, attitudes towards corporal punishment and with the help of social constructionism, grid-group theory and relevant concepts analyze the results and compare it with previous research. The research questions introduce various factors such as gender, origin and personal experiences of corporal punishment that may affect the attitudes. In order to fulfill the purpose and answer the research questions, a quantitative research method has been selected. There was 118 participants in the survey. The study was conducted by means of surveys in high schools in Örebro. Social constructionism made us realize how the community, perceptions and expectations might influence attitudes. Grid-group theory gave us an insight into how different family structures may explain why attitudes toward corporal punishment of children differ between individuals. One of the conclusions of this study is that the long-term trend of decreasing positive attitudes toward corporal punishment seems to continue. Results show that all of 41, 2% of young adults in our study, with parents born outside the Nordic countries, have been subjected to corporal punishment. Personal experiences and parents' origin has been shown to have effects on attitudes towards corporal punishment. Different family structures and attitudes towards child rearing may be important to understand and take into consideration in social work. The study shows that corporal punishment still exists, which makes the topic worth of attention and we recommend it to be studied further.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo PInto Alexandre.pdf: 1030241 bytes, checksum: 18010072fccf3b2d385e15ec0f34258e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-19 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The objectives of this study were: 1) describes the severe physical punishment and non-severe physical punishment against the children from the age of 0 to 12 years old with clinical diagnosis of mental deficiency in the family environment, in the last 12 months; 2) investigate whether these children's parents suffered any type of severe or non-severe physical punishment in their childhood and adolescence; and 3) whether the parent s severe or nonsevere physical punishment has any association with the physical punishment that they now practice against their children. Based on a traverse-cut study, a sample of 132 families was analyzed and the information given by the children's parents. These children attend a rehabilitation clinic of a private institution in the boundaries of São Paulo city ou in the metropolitan area o São Paulo, in the State of São Paulo. The definition of serious evere physical punishment and non-severe physical punishment against children was accomplished starting from the Brazilian pilot study of the World Studies of Abuse in Family Environments. The definition of severe physical punishment and non-severe physical punishment against the parents was accomplished using the survey questionnaire made by Drª Viviane Nogueira Guerra, researcher of the Child's Laboratory (LACRI) of the Institute of Psychology of USP/SP. The structured questionnaires were applied by trained interviewers. The physical punishment among children with mental deficiency of this sample was frequent: 12,1% had suffered severe physical punishment and 60,6% non- severe physical punishment. The boys tend to be hit more than the girls (OR = 2,1, p = 0,08). Besides, the children of the s who were victims of punishment in their childhood or adolescence have bigger chances to be punished physically than the children of the parents who had not been victims of punishment (OR=1,2; p=0,01). The frequency of physical punishment among children with mental deficiency seems to be as high as among children without deficiency and the transgeracionality becomes clear in this study. Therefore, preventions are necessary. This is to minimize the effects of the physical punishment against the children with deficiency and avoid its repetition, once the rates in this study are high. / Esta pesquisa descreve a punição física grave e não grave contra a criança de 0 a 12 anos de idade com diagnóstico clínico de deficiência mental no ambiente doméstico nos últimos 12 meses. Além disso, serão investigados se os pais destas crianças sofreram algum tipo de punição física grave e não grave em sua infância e adolescência e se isto tem alguma associação com a punição física que pratica atualmente contra seu filho. Com base em um estudo de corte transversal, foi analisada uma amostra de 132 famílias sendo a informação prestada pelos pais das crianças. As crianças da amostra são freqüentadoras de uma clínica de reabilitação de uma instituição privada do Grande ABC, Estado de São Paulo. A definição de punição física grave e não grave contra a criança foi realizada a partir do estudo piloto brasileiro do World Studies of Abuse in Family Enviroments. A definição de punição física grave e não grave contra os informantes foi realizada a partir do questionário de sondagem de autoria da Drª Viviane Nogueira Guerra, pesquisadora do Laboratório da Criança (LACRI) do Instituto de Psicologia da USP/SP. Os questionários estruturados foram aplicados por entrevistadores treinados. A punição física entre criança com deficiência mental desta amostra foi freqüente: 12,1% haviam sofrido punição física grave e 60,6% punição física não grave. Mostrou-se que os meninos tendem a apanhar mais que as meninas (OR = 2,1, p = 0,08). Além disso, filhos de informantes vítimas de punição na infância ou adolescência têm maiores chances de serem punidos fisicamente que filhos de informantes que não haviam sido vítimas de punição (OR=1,2; p=0,01). A freqüência da punição física entre crianças com deficiência mental parece ser tão alta quanto entre crianças sem deficiência e a transgeracionalidade fica clara neste estudo. Assim, fica evidente a necessidade de prevenções para remediar os efeitos da punição física contra a criança com deficiência e evitar a sua repetição, pois as taxas encontradas por esse estudo são altas.

Managing discipline in the developing world where corporal punishment has been abolished in schools in line with the human rights agendas, has led to teachers battling with implementing alternative peaceful discipline measures. Namibia is no exception. Data gathered from six purposively selected secondary schools served as the case of this research were textually analysed using open coding. Data used in this inquiry were gathered through qualitative open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured individual interviews from 24 participant teachers at the six secondary schools. In order to view learner discipline in a holistic way, the intention of this inquiry was to explore how teachers experience the management of learner discipline; the factors contributing to learner discipline; the challenges faced by teachers in managing learner discipline; the Namibian government policy in managing learner discipline; and strategies adopted by the teachers in managing learner-learner behaviour in Namibian secondary schools in the region of the Hardap of Namibia. Most of the existing body of knowledge on the phenomenon of learner discipline was confirmed by this study. The inquiry further analysed, presented and discussed the findings in light of the literature review and theories and models that guided the study. The results of this inquiry highlighted that the problem of the Namibian education system is compounded by lack of learner discipline among both learners and teachers. During this inquiry, it was revealed that there is a rampant breakdown of discipline among secondary school learners in the Auob Circuit of the Region of Hardap of Namibia. It was also revealed that participant teachers are trying their best to maintain learner discipline by involving other educational stakeholders. The conclusions were consistent with the main results from the semi-structured individual interviews as well as those from the qualitative open-ended questionnaire resulting in different recommendations being directed at the Education, Arts and Culture Ministry, secondary schools, teachers, parents and learners. It was found that school rules and classroom rules serve as a guideline for teachers and learners when maintaining learner behaviour in schools. Most schools have introduced a demerit system where learners are allocated different points for different offences that they commit, like if they come late for school, come to school without a doctor’s certificate after being absent, if they are disrupting the classes or walking around the school aimlessly. Teamwork among teachers is really lacking when it comes to learner behaviour management in schools. Undisciplined learners take chances as they know that even if they misbehave, nothing will happen to them. The management of learner discipline at some schools has become a very difficult task since most of the learners are troublesome. Learners are affected by the circumstances at home to schools which lead to many problems at schools. Lack of parental involvement is a challenge that teachers face in maintaining learner discipline in schools. Some learners misbehave because of peer pressure. Teachers are also sometimes to blame for disciplinary problems experienced in the Hardap secondary schools of Namibia, taking out their frustrations on the learners or themselves indulging in acceptable behaviour such as drunkenness or sexual molestation. Alcohol and drug abuse are a challenge which is predominant in the Hardap secondary schools, particularly in the Auob Circuit. The results of this inquiry revealed that the challenge that teachers are facing in schools is that learners are defiant, break the law and often become violent. The study recommends that workshops or in-service trainings on learner behaviour management should be conducted by the Education, Arts and Culture Ministry at least twice a year. Teachers should involve learners in drafting a set of school rules. / Die bestuur van dissipline - in die meeste ontwikkelende wêreld waar lyfstraf in skole afgeskaf is in ooreenstemming met die menseregte-agendas, waar die onderwysers sukkel met die implementering van alternatiewe maatreëls vir vreedsame dissipline, insluitend Namibië is 'n baie slegte ervaring vir die meeste onderwysers in die hoërskool. Data wat versamel is uit ses kriteria wat geselekteerde sekondêre skole was, het gedien as die geval van hierdie ondersoek, is met behulp van 'n oop kodering tekstueel ontleed. Data wat in hierdie ondersoek gebruik is, is versamel deur middel van die kwalitatiewe ope vraelys en semi-gestruktureerde individuele onderhoude van vier en twintig deelnemende onderwysers van die ses sekondêre skole. Om die leerderdissipline op 'n holistiese wyse te beskou, was die bedoeling van hierdie ondersoek om te ondersoek hoe onderwysers die korrekte bestuur van leerderdissipline ervaar, die faktor wat bydra tot leerderdissipline, die uitdagings wat onderwysers in die bestuur van leerderdissipline in die gesig staar, die Namibiese regeringsbeleid in bestuur van leerderdissipline en strategieë wat deur die onderwysers aangeneem is vir die bestuur van gedrag van leerder-leerder in Namibiese sekondêre skole in die streek Hardap van Namibië. Die grootste deel van die bestaande kennis oor die verskynsel van leerderdissipline is deur hierdie studie bevestig. Die ondersoek het die bevindings verder ontleed, aangebied en bespreek in die lig van die oorsig van literatuur en teorieë en modelle wat die studie gelei het. Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek het aan die lig gebring dat die probleem van die Namibiese onderwysstelsel vererger word deur 'n gebrek aan leerderdissipline onder leerders en onderwysers. Tydens hierdie ondersoek is aan die lig gebring dat die dissipline onder sekondêre skoolleerders in die Auob-kring in die Hardap-streek in Namibië wydverspreid is. Dit is ook aan die lig gebring dat deelnemende onderwysers hul bes probeer om leerderdissipline te handhaaf deur ander opvoedkundige belanghebbendes te betrek. Die gevolgtrekkings stem ooreen met die belangrikste resultate van die semi-struktuur individuele onderhoude, sowel as dié uit die kwalitatiewe ope vraelys wat gemaak is met betrekking tot elk van die ses ondersoekvrae, verskillende aanbevelings gerig aan die Ministerie van Onderwys, Kuns en Kultuur., sekondêre skole, onderwysers, ouers en leerders, wat noodsaaklike bestanddele is vir verdere ondersoek en studiebeperkings, word duidelik uiteengesit.. Daar is gevind dat skoolreëls sowel as die klaskamerreëls 'n riglyn is vir beide onderwysers en leerders wanneer die leerdergedrag in skole gehandhaaf word. meerderheid skole het 'n stelsel van aflewering ingestel waar leerders verskillende punte kry vir verskillende misdrywe wat hulle begaan, soos as hulle laat kom vir die skool, sonder 'n doktersertifikaat skool toe kom, as hulle die klasse ontwrig of doelloos in die skool rondloop. spanwerk onder onderwysers ontbreek regtig as dit kom by die bestuur van leerdergedrag in skole. dat leerders wat nie gedissiplineerd is nie, kanse waag in skole omdat hulle weet dat al sou hulle hulself gedra, niks met hulle sal gebeur nie. die bestuur van leerderdissipline by sommige skole het 'n baie moeilike taak geword omdat die meeste van die leerders lastig is. leerders bring hul omstandighede tuis na skole wat baie probleme by skole veroorsaak deur mekaar en selfs onderwysers te beledig en te bestry. sommige leerders gedra hulself verkeerd in skole as gevolg van die invloed wat hulle van hul maats kry, en gevolglik vind sommige leerders hulself besig om iets te doen wat daar nie van hulle verwag is om te doen nie. sommige onderwysers is die skuld vir sommige dissiplinêre probleme van sommige leerders wat ondervind word in die Hardap-hoërskole in Namibië. Die uitkomste het ook aan die lig gebring dat baie onderwysers gefrustreerd is weens die werklas en ander sosiale probleme, omdat hulle uiteindelik hul frustrasies op hul leerders loslaat. Weereens dui die resultate daarop dat sommige onderwysers hulself toespits op drank- en dwelmmisbruik, hulle dronk skool toe kom en hul leerders misbruik gebruik. 'n gebrek aan ouerbetrokkenheid is 'n uitdaging wat onderwysers ondervind om leerderdissipline in skole te handhaaf. swak gedissiplineerde leerders is 'n bedreiging vir die vrede en veiligheid van die leerinstellings. drank- en dwelmmisbruik is 'n uitdaging wat veral in die Hardap-hoërskole, veral in die Auob-kring, oorheersend is. Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek het aan die lig gebring dat die uitdaging waarvoor onderwysers in skole te staan kom, is dat leerders alkohol en dwelmmiddels misbruik en dagga op die skoolterrein rook nadat hulle so arrogant geword het dat hulle gewelddadig geraak het. Die studie beveel aan dat minstens twee keer per jaar werkswinkels of indiensopleidings oor die bestuur van leerdergedrag deur die Ministerie van Onderwys, Kuns en Kultuur aangebied word. Onderwysers moet leerders betrek by die opstel van 'n stel skoolreëls. / Educational Management and Leadership / Ph. D. (Education Management)