Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a major public health issue occuring in the United States and globally. While little is known in general about IPV, understanding about the prevalence of physical IPV among gay men is even more obscure. Scientific literature indicates that harmful lifestyle health behaviors (alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, and risky sexual behaviors) are associated with the increased occurenece of IPV. Intimate Partner Violence in same-sex relationships is often unreported due to society's emphasis on "moral closets" or the fear of potential repercussions. As a result, very few empiracal researches have been conducted on the phenomenon of same-sex partner abuse. this study was conducted to examine the feasibility of enrolling 100 gay men from Atlaqnta into an IPV survey study. The survey was administered via Facebook. Ninety-nine usable surveys were collected. Chi-square tests reveal that being Non-White, using substaces (alcohol, tobacco, and elicit drugs) and non-disclosed orientation staus were all significantly associated with positive IPV reports. Overall, the study sample believes IPV is a health problem in the Atlanta gay community. These findings bear importance for the Atlanta gay community and public health professionals who must address this nearly invisible yet increasing public health issue.

Lietuvoje kasmet daugėja vaikų, nukentėjusių nuo nusikalstamų veikų. Apie 15 proc. užregistruotų atvejų sudaro tėvų ar artimų giminaičių smurtas prieš vaikus. Žiniasklaidoje vis dažniau pasirodo pranešimai apie tėvų sunkiai sužalotus ar net nužudytus vaikus, smurtą mokykloje. Susiklosčiusi situacija reikalauja skubaus ir efektyvaus sprendimo. Darbe „Vaiko apsaugos nuo fizinio smurto teisinis reguliavimas“ koncentruotai ir susistemintai pateikiama bei analizuojama tiek sociologinė, psichologinė, tiek ir teisinė fizinio smurto prieš vaiką pusės. Analizuojama ne tik teorinė literatūra bei teisės aktai, bet ir pateikiama autorės atlikto tyrimo duomenų analizė. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje autorė apžvelgia pagrindines sampratas: atskleidžiama vaiko bei vaikystės samprata; analizuojamos smurto bei fizinio smurto sąvokos, šių reiškinių priežastys bei pasekmės vaikui; aptariami vaiko teisinės apsaugos principai bei smurto prevencijos samprata. Tarptautiniu lygmeniu vaiko teises garantuojančios ir ginančios normos įtvirtinamos deklaracijose ir konvencijose. Taip pat daug svarbių nuostatų yra pateikiama valstybėms rekomendacijų forma. Ratifikuotų tarptautinių dokumentų nuostatos turi būti perkeliamos į nacionalinius įstatymus. Antrojoje darbo dalyje autorė apžvelgia šiuos teisės aktus, analizuoja pagrindines jų nuostatas, susijusias su smurto prieš vaikus užkardymu. Taip pat pateikiama ir Lietuvoje egzistuojančios vaiko teises ginančių institucijų sistemos analizė. Trečioji darbo dalis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Every year in Lithuania there is a growing number of victimized children. Around 15% of registered cases are about parents’ or other close relatives’ physical violence against children. Mass media more and more often announces about children seriously injured or killed by their parents, about violence at school. The situation demands a quick and effective solution. The thesis “Legal regulation of child protection from physical violence” contains a concentrated and systemized analysis of sociologic, psychological and legal sides of child’s physical abuse. Not only legal acts and theoretical literature is analyzed, but also the analysis of children’s, parents’ and teachers’ research data is presented. In the first part of thesis author presents the main conceptions: the concept of child and childhood; analysis of violence, physical violence, the reasons of this phenomenon and consequences for a child; the principles of legal protection and prevention of violence. In the international level the rights of the child are established in various declarations and conventions, many important provisions are put in the form of recommendations. The provisions of ratified international documents must be implemented into national law. In the second part of thesis author presents these main legal acts and analyzes the main provisions concerning prevention of violence against children. Also the analysis of existing institutional system is presented. Third part of thesis is dedicated to... [to full text]

Introdução O reconhecimento da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes no Brasil se deu no fim da década de 80, com o estabelecimento do ECA, que tornou obrigatória a notificação, mesmo dos casos suspeitos, numa medida de proteção aos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes. Ainda que tenha sua magnitude desconhecida, é apontada como um fenômeno crescente em todo o mundo e seu conhecimento encontra-se em processo de construção. Em função das graves conseqüências que acarreta às vítimas e às suas famílias, seu estudo se justifica, no intuito de dar visibilidade ao tema, a partir dos casos atendidos no Instituto Médico Legal de Fortaleza. Objetivos - Analisar as características da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes atendidos no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Fortaleza, visando contribuir para a formulação de políticas públicas de enfrentamento deste problema na população estudada, a partir de estratégias apropriadas de prevenção e controle. Métodos - Estudo descritivo, transversal, com método quantitativo. A população foi constituída por 343 crianças e adolescentes residentes na Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza e atendidos no IML de Fortaleza, no período de 1º de julho a 31 de dezembro de 2008. Para obtenção dos dados foram utilizados a guia policial e o instrumento próprio da pesquisa. Resultados Dentre as vítimas de violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes, observou-se predominância do sexo feminino (235 68,5 por cento) e da faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos. As vítimas moravam, sobretudo, com os pais (166 48,4 por cento), no município de Fortaleza (234 68,2 por cento), em famílias de renda per capita inferior a quatrocentos reais (276 80,4 por cento), cujo principal agressor foi o pai (109 31,8 por cento) e notificante, a mãe (166 48,4 por cento). Os principais tipos de violência doméstica detectados foram: violência física (172 50,1 por cento) e sexual (167 48,7 por cento). Na violência física verificou-se distribuição harmônica quanto ao sexo da vítima (masculino: 77 44,8 por cento; feminino: 95 55,2 por cento), faixa etária predominante de 10 a 14 anos para os homens (27 35,0 por cento) e 15 a 19 anos para as mulheres (38 40,0 por cento), com predomínio de famílias nucleares (94 54,6 por cento), renda per capita inferior a quatrocentos reais (139 80,8 por cento), sendo o pai (58 33,7 por cento) e a mãe (55 31,9 por cento) os principais agressores. Evidenciou-se frequência elevada de habitualidade (137 79,7 por cento), laudo pericial positivo em todos os casos, a maioria das lesões foi leve (168 97,7 por cento), segmento corporal mais atingido foram membros (72 41,8 por cento) e o principal notificante foi a mãe (72 41,0 por cento). A violência sexual revelou supremacia de vítimas do sexo feminino (137 82,0 por cento), faixa etária predominante de 10 a 14 anos (70 51,1 por cento), com percentual elevado de famílias nucleares (71 42,5 por cento) e com padrasto (60 35,9 por cento), renda per capita inferior a quatrocentos reais (133 79,6 por cento), sendo padrasto (54 32,3 por cento) e pai (50 30,0 por cento) os principais agressores. Evidenciou-se frequência elevada de habitualidade (106 63,5 por cento), laudo pericial negativo na maioria dos casos (144 86,2 por cento) e a mãe foi o principal agente notificante (92 55,0 por cento). Conclusões os dados mostram que a violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes evidenciada no IML permite para dar mais visibilidade ao fenômeno, contribuindo para a elaboração de políticas públicas de prevenção e de atendimento às vítimas e suas famílias, visando à diminuição dessa problemática / Introduction - The recognition of domestic violence against children and adolescents in Brazil was in the late 80\'s with the establishment of the ECA, which has obliged to report even suspected cases, a measure of protection to the rights of children and adolescents. Although its magnitude was unknown, is identified as a growing phenomenon around the world and their knowledge is under construction. Because of the serious consequences that entails for victims and their families, their study is warranted in order to give visibility to the issue, from the cases treated at the Forensic Institute in Fortaleza. Objectives - To analyze the characteristics of domestic violence against children and adolescents treated at the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IML) of Fortaleza, in order to contribute to the formulation of public policies to face this problem in the population studied, as appropriate strategies for prevention and control. Methods - Cross-sectional study with quantitative method. The study population consisted of 343 children and adolescents living in the metropolitan area of Fortaleza and served in the IML of Fortaleza in the period from July 1 to December 31, 2008. To obtain the data were used to guide police and the instrument\'s own research. Results - Among the victims of domestic violence against children and adolescents, there was a predominance of females (235 - 68.5 per cent) and aged 10 to 14 years. The victims lived, especially with parents (166 - 48.4 per cent), in Fortaleza (234 - 68.2 per cent) in families of per capita income of less than four hundred reais (276 - 80.4 per cent), the main aggressor was the father (109 - 31.8 per cent) and notifying, the mother (166 - 48.4 per cent). The main types of domestic violence identified were: physical violence (172 - 50.1 per cent) and sexual (167 - 48.7 per cent). Physical violence occurred harmonic distribution by sex of victim (male: 77 - 44.8 per cent, female: 95 - 55.2 per cent), predominant age group of 10 to 14 years for men (27 - 35.0 per cent) and 15 to 19 years for women (38 - 40.0 per cent), with a predominance of nuclear families (94 - 54.6 per cent), per capita income of less than four hundred reais (139 - 80.8 per cent), and father (58 - 33.7 per cent) and mother (55 - 31.9 per cent) the main aggressors. It was observed high frequency of habituation (137 - 79.7 per cent), expert report positive in all cases, most injuries were mild (168 - 97.7 per cent), body part most affected were members (72 41.8 per cent) and the main notifying was the mother (72 - 41.0 per cent). Sexual violence revealed the supremacy of female victims (137 - 82.0 per cent), predominant age group of 10 to 14 years (70 - 51.1 per cent), with a high percentage of nuclear families (71 - 42.5 per cent) and stepfather (60 - 35.9 per cent), per capita income of less than four hundred reais (133 - 79.6 per cent) and stepfather (54 - 32.3 per cent) and father (50 - 30.0 per cent) the main aggressors. It was observed high frequency of habituation (106 - 63.5 per cent), expert report negative in most cases (144 - 86.2 per cent) and the mother was the principal agent notifying (92 - 55.0 per cent). Conclusions - the data show that domestic violence against children and adolescents demonstrated in the IML allows for the visibility of the phenomenon, contributing to the development of public policies to prevent and care for victims and their families in order to reduce this problem

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Orozimbo Cordeiro Junior - 2015.pdf: 2928409 bytes, checksum: ef0c12b66581f046615608a09e1cd539 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This dissertation links to the research line “Theoretical-methodological conceptions and teaching practices” of the Professional Master Program in Teaching in Basic Education of the Center of Teaching and Research Applied to Education (CEPAE) of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG). By means of the pedagogical practice by the teaching of judo, can one develop practices to diagnose, prevent and reduce violence among students? This question instigated us to make the research, having the teaching of judo as mediator object and element between conflicted relations among students. The general goal of the research was to realize an investigation into the pedagogical possibilities which the teaching of judo has to diagnose, prevent and reduce the physical violence among students. In specific goals we tried to: (a) investigate physical violence situations in the school context, in order to understand how this dynamics settles in interpersonal relationships among students, and check the perception and reaction of the teachers and staff in regard to the assaults practiced by students; (b) use judo teaching in class, adapting the constitutive elements of martial arts from an educational and preventive point of view, in order to hinder aggression among peers; (c) evaluate the use of pedagogical practice of the teaching of judo to adjust interpersonal relationships among students; (d) develop teaching material that may benefit other teachers to understand the meaning and the significance that judo practice may reach in the educational process. The main hypothesis is that, by means of judo practice, it may be possible to develop preventive action, reducing physical violence among school children. The theoretical-methodological framework used in this research was based upon the method of the Historical-Dialectical Materialism, which stands by a view of the world, as well as of the human being, that overrules the naturalization of physical violence. It understands this phenomenum as a manifestation of conflict among varying economic interests within class structure, and in interpersonal relationships. This paper follows a qualitative-quantitative logics, according to Santos Filho and Gamboa (2001). It uses critical-action research, based upon the studies of Tripp (2005), in a socio-historical perspective, on the grounds of the work of Marx ang Engels (1998), Vygotsky (1998), Saviani (2008, 20120), and Collective Authorship (2009). The research was carried out in CEPAE, in two seventh-grade groups. Judo classes video recordings and pictures, as well as a questionnaire to identify physical violence among students, and interviews with teachers and staff, recorded in audio, were employed as tools to investigate the presented reality. It was possible to measure through the graphics, the data about the physical violence by understanding of the students, teachers and school staff, aiming to link this data to publications about the theme. We develop a teaching material as synthesis of our work. At the end of work we consider the use of judo as purposeful discipline to develop reducers and preventive teaching works against the physical violence among students. / Esta dissertação vincula-se à linha de pesquisa Concepções Teórico-Metodológicas e Práticas Docentes do Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Ensino na Educação Básica do Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa Aplicado à Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Por meio da prática pedagógica com ensino do judô podemos desenvolver práticas de diagnóstico, prevenção e minimização da violência entre os alunos? Essa pergunta nos instigou para a realização da pesquisa, tendo como objeto e elemento mediador, o ensino do judô nas relações conflituosas entre os alunos. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi o de realizar um trabalho investigativo sobre as possibilidades pedagógicas que o ensino do judô possui em ações de diagnóstico, prevenção e minimização da violência física praticada entre alunos. Nos objetivos específicos nos propomos a: diagnosticar as situações de violência física no contexto escolar para compreender como se realiza essa dinâmica nas relações interpessoais entre os alunos, verificar a percepção e atuação do corpo docente e funcionários em relação à esse fenômeno; ministrar aulas com o ensino do judô, adequando seus elementos constitutivos em uma perspectiva educacional e preventiva à violência física entre colegas; avaliar a utilização da prática pedagógica com o ensino do judô na melhoria das relações interpessoais entre os alunos; elaborar um material didático que auxilie outros professores a apreenderem o judô enquanto um conteúdo na práxis educativa. A hipótese inicial é que, por meio do judô, seja possível desenvolver ações preventivas e minimizadoras da violência física. Os pressupostos teóricos- metodológicos adotados na pesquisa se fundamentam no Materialismo Histórico- Dialético, que defende uma concepção de mundo e de homem que nega a naturalização da violência física, entendendo que esse fenômeno se manifesta na medida em que há conflito entre os diferentes interesses econômicos de classes sociais e nas relações interpessoais. Essa dissertação segue uma lógica quali-quantitativa, conforme Santos Filho e Gamboa (2001), e utiliza a pesquisa-ação-crítica apoiada nos estudos de Tripp (2005), em uma perspectiva sócio-histórica, com base nas obras de Marx e Engels (1998), Vygotsky (1998), Saviani (2008, 2012) e Coletivo de Autores (2009). A pesquisa foi realizada no CEPAE, em duas turmas do 7º ano do ensino fundamental. Utilizaram-se, como instrumentos para a apreensão dessa realidade, o registro em vídeos e fotografias das aulas de judô realizadas com o grupo, o questionário identificador das violências físicas para os alunos, entrevistas em áudio com professores e funcionários. Foi possível mensurar através de gráficos os dados com relação à violência física na percepção de alunos, professores e técnicos-administrativos, procurando relacionar esses dados com a literatura sobre o tema. Elaboramos uma apostila como síntese do nosso trabalho. Ao final do trabalho avaliamos como propositivo o uso do judô como um conteúdo viável na elaboração de processos preventivos e minimizadores da violência física entre os alunos.

Bakgrund Våld i nära relationer utgör ett stort globalt problem för individer men även samhället i stort. Kvinnor drabbas av våld i nära relationer i mycket större utsträckning än vad män gör. De som är utsatta för våld i nära relationer kan drabbas av både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa och våldet har även en negativ påverkan på andra faktorer i det vardagliga livet. Begreppet våld som används i den här studien inkluderar fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt våld. Syfte Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur kvinnors hälsa påverkas av våld i nära relationer. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt utfördes baserat på sammanlagt 21 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna hämtades från databaserna PubMed och Cinahl och i databaserna gjordes sökningar med hjälp av relevanta Mesh-termer samt Subject Headings. De inkluderade artiklarna är primära källor som var högst tio år gamla och som kvalitetsgranskats till hög och medelkvalitet. Med hjälp av de inkluderade artiklarna sammanställdes det två huvudkategorier till resultatet: fysisk hälsa och psykisk hälsa. Resultat Litteraturöversiktens resultat presenterades i form av två huvudkategorier. Den första huvudkategorien var fysisk hälsa med underkategorierna fysiska besvär, långvariga hälsokonsekvenser och missbruk. Den andra huvudkategorien var psykisk hälsa med underkategorierna ångest, depression och PTSD, självskadebeteende, suicid och suicidförsök, samt slutligen psykosocialt välmående. Våld i nära relationer bidrog till att kvinnor drabbades av fysisk och psykisk ohälsa samt att livskvaliteten försämrades. Kvinnor som varit utsatta för våld i nära relationer hade sämre hälsa än kvinnor som aldrig upplevt våld i nära relationer. Våld i nära relationer kunde leda till långvariga fysiska och psykiska hälsokonsekvenser. Att uppleva en kombination av olika typer av våld samtidigt ledde till en större negativ hälsopåverkan jämfört med att endast uppleva en typ av våld. Slutsats Våld i nära relationer påverkade kvinnors hälsa negativt och våldsutsatta kvinnor hade generellt sämre hälsa än icke-våldsutsatta kvinnor. Alla typer av våld bidrog till en försämring av kvinnors hälsa. Resultatet tyder på att våldsutsatta kvinnor i stor utsträckning drabbas av både fysiska och psykiska besvär till följd av våldet och att även deras livskvalitet försämras. Den negativa hälsopåverkan som våldet för med sig i form av både fysiska och psykiska hälsobesvär kan bestå lång tid efter att en relation har upphört, alternativt plåga kvinnan resten av livet. / Background  Intimate partner violence is a major global problem for individuals but also for society at large. Women are affected by violence in close relationships to a much greater extent than men. Those who are exposed to intimate partner violence can suffer from both physical and mental illness and the violence also has a negative impact on other factors in everyday life. The term violence used in this study includes physical, psychological and sexual violence. Aim  The aim of the study was to describe how women's health is affected by intimate partner violence. Method A non- systematic literature review was performed based on a total of 21 scientific articles. The articles were retrieved from the databases PubMed and Cinahl. Searches were made on the databases using relevant Mesh terms and Subject Headings. The included articles are primary sources that were a maximum of ten years old, and they had been quality reviewed to high and medium quality. Using the included articles two categories were compiled for the results: physical health and psychological health. Results  The results of the literature review were presented in the form of two main categories. The first main category was physical health with the subcategories physical ailments, long-term health consequences and addiction. The second main category was mental health with the subcategories anxiety, depression and PTSD, self harm, suicide and suicide attempts and lastly psychosocial well-being. Intimate partner violence contributed to women suffering from physical and mental illness and the quality of life deteriorating. Women who were exposed to intimate partner violence had poorer health than women who never experienced violence in close relationships. Intimate partner violence could lead to long-term physical and mental health consequences. Experiencing a combination of different types of violence at the same time led to a greater negative health impact compared to only experiencing one type of violence. Conclusions  Intimate partner violence had a negative effect on women’s health, and abused women generally had poorer health than non-abused women. All types of violence contributed to the deterioration of women’s health. The results indicate that women who were exposed to violence to a large extent suffer from both physical and mental health problems as a result of the violence and that their quality of life also deteriorates. The negative health impact that violence leads to in the form of both physical and mental ailments can persist long after a relationship has ended, or alternatively torment the woman for the rest of her life.

Les jeunes adultes commettent plus souvent des conduites violentes au sein de leur couple que les adultes plus âgés. Le but de cette étude est de proposer une classification de jeunes adultes violents au sein de leur couple à l’aide de variables motivationnelles et d’évaluer la validité discriminante des profils au niveau de variables liées à la violence psychologique et physique et de comparer les profils motivationnels à un groupe de jeunes adultes non violent. Les 457 participants de cette étude sont des jeunes adultes de la population générale provenant de la région de Québec et de Montréal. L’analyse de classification two-step cluster à permis de trouver trois profils distincts : (1) le réactif (2) le commun et (3) l’hostile. Les analyses comparatives démontrent que les réactifs sont ceux qui commettent le plus d’actes de violence physique différents, que les communs sont les moins violents, les moins en détresse et perçoivent l’impact de leur violence moins négativement et que les hostiles sont ceux qui sont les plus violents, les plus en détresse et perçoivent l’impact de leur violence plus négativement. Les individus non violents sont significativement moins en détresse et consomment moins d’alcool que tous les profils violents. Les résultats serviront à obtenir une meilleure compréhension des individus violents, à améliorer le dépistage des individus les plus à risque de recourir à la violence au sein de leur couple et d’effectuer de la prévention en les sensibilisant aux caractéristiques des individus violents. / Young adults exhibit violent behavior within their relationships more frequently than do older adults. The goal of this study, using motivational variables, is to propose a classification of young adults who perpetrate relationship violence and assess the discriminant validity of profiles in terms of variables linked to psychological and physical aggression and compare the motivational profiles to those of non-violent young adults. The 457 participants in this study are young adults from the general population in the Quebec City and Montreal areas. Classification based on a two-step cluster analysis resulted in three distinct profiles: (1) reactive, (2) common and (3) hostile. Comparative analyses suggest that those with a reactive profile engage in the greatest number of different acts of aggression, those with a common profile are the least violent, the least distressed and perceive the impact of their violence less negatively, whereas those with a hostile profile are the most violent, they experience the greatest distress and perceive the impact of their aggression most negatively. Non-violent individuals are significantly less distressed and consume less alcohol than all those with violent profiles. Findings will lead to a better understanding of violent individuals as well as improve detection of individuals who are most likely to resort to relationship violence and prevent this by raising awareness of the characteristics of violent individuals.

Work-related violence is a growing problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which social workers are exposed to threats and physical violence in Sweden, and comparing exposure units. The study also investigated attitudes that exists about threats and / or physical violence within the social services, whether it is a normalized phenomenon in the social services and how this affects the reporting inclination of social workers. The survey is based on a survey of 139 social workers working within the social services. The results showed that more than half of the respondents have been exposed to threats and / or physical violence and that threats were more common than physical violence. The results indicated that there is a relationship between which unit the social worker worked on and the extent they were subjected to threats and physical violence. There was a greater tolerance to threats than to physical violence, even though the study indicated there were negative consequences of threats. The lower frequency of reporting threats by social workers could be because of they have normalized the problem. The study highlights that normalization of threats needs to be addressed in order to prevent the problem. / Arbetsrelaterat våld är ett växande problem. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka i vilken omfattning socialarbetare utsätts för hot och fysiskt våld från klienter inom socialtjänsten i Sverige och jämföra utsattheten enheter emellan. Syftet är även att undersöka attityder som finns om hot och/eller fysiskt våld inom socialtjänsten, om det är ett normaliserat fenomen inom socialtjänsten samt hur detta påverkar anmälningsbenägenheten hos socialarbetare. Undersökningen bygger på en enkätundersökning bland 139 socialarbetare som arbetade inom socialtjänsten. Resultatet visade att över hälften av respondenterna har varit utsatta för hot och/eller fysiskt våld och där hot var mer vanligt förekommande än fysiskt våld. Resultatet visade att det finns ett samband mellan vilken enhet socialarbetaren arbetade på och vilken utsträckning de utsattes för hot och fysiskt våld. Det fanns en större tolerans gentemot hot än för fysiskt våld trots att det förekommer negativa konsekvenser av hot. Anmälningsbenägenheten av hot var låg bland socialarbetarna och normalisering av problemet kan vara en bakomliggande faktor. Studien vill belysa att normalisering av hot är ett problem som måste uppmärksammas för att kunna förebygga problemet.

Current literature lacks longitudinal understandings of the association between childhood sexual/physical violence, alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and indiscriminant sexual behaviors among young women, as well as the racial/ethnic differences in these associations. Therefore, using the 1994-2008 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study examined a) heterogeneous growth trajectories of problem alcohol use during the transition from adolescents to young adulthood and the impact of childhood sexual/physical violence on drinking trajectories, b) the long-term impact of childhood sexual/physical violence on alcohol use and depressive symptoms, and c) the structural associations between childhood sexual/physical violence and indiscriminant sexual behaviors by examining alcohol use and depressive symptoms as mediators between White and African-American women. First, with 1,702 women, LCGM was used to identify trajectories of problem alcohol use using the first three waves. Four trajectories of problem alcohol use emerged: stable abstainers; decliners (moderate-low); incliners (low-moderate); and rapid incliners (low-high). From the bivariate level analyses, in reference to stable abstainers, White women who experienced childhood sexual/physical violence were more likely to be rapid incliners (low-high). Second, with 1,756 women, autoregressive cross-lagged path models were performed to test longitudinal associations between childhood sexual/physical violence, problem alcohol use, and depressive symptoms of White and African-American women. Both groups demonstrated significant association between childhood sexual/physical violence and subsequent development of depressive symptoms, while only White women demonstrated significant association with subsequent problem alcohol use. Third, with 1,388 women, SEM and multigroup SEM were used to test pathways between childhood sexual/physical violence and indiscriminant sexual behaviors for White and African-American women. SEM indicates that problem alcohol use and depressive symptoms mediated the proposed relationship. Multigroup SEM indicates that, for White women, both problem alcohol use and depressive symptoms mediated the association between childhood sexual/physical violence and indiscriminant sexual behaviors, while only depressive symptoms mediated the proposed association for African-American women. These findings highlight the importance of designing and providing effective prevention and treatment programs for women who experienced childhood sexual/physical violence to interrupt subsequent problem alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and indiscriminant sexual behaviors. / text

This diploma thesis deals with analysis of domestic violence in families in Písek and its surroundings. The main topic of this work is to map the issue and the dynamic of domestic abuse commited on women in Písek and its surroundings. The topic of this work was chosen with regard to my work orientation. I am working as a social worker in the organization NADĚJE. The mission of this organization is to help people who find themselves in difficult social situations. Among the clients are often found abused women. First half of theoretic part is dedicated to term definition domestic violence and its development. Till 1990, the domestic abuse has been perceived as personal matter. The radical turn came between 1990 2000, when the debates and discussion started through media. The public changed its mind and it was acknowledged that domestic violence repesent serious society wide problem that needs to be in centre of attention. The second half of theoretic part works with domestic violence cycle and descibes more detailed possible effects on victims. The attention is paid to law aspects of domestic abuse. The practical part of this thesis maps the dynamic of domestic violence commited on women in Písek and surroundings. To ensure the necessary information has been used qualitative research. A methodology of interviews and for key data collection technique was chosen the form of interview with using the instructions according Hendl. Research was attended by 11 women from the Pisek region, who lived with the aggressor at least 3 years. The main objective was to explore the issues and dynamics of domestic violence against women in Písek and its surroundings. Research questions were focused on the physical, psychological and socio-economic violence, "Institute of ejection" and the reasons why the interviewed women stay with the aggressor in the same household. On the basis of frame analysis that was carried out, and interpretation were induced these theoretical concepts: 1. The forms of any kind of violence are belittled and excused. The victims of domestic abuse learn how to live with the aggressor and his behaviour and accept it as part of their life. 2. The women as victims of domestic violence are aware that it has negative impacts on the children who are present in most of the cases, but they do anything to change. 3. Most of the battered women agree that their partner gets easily jealous and nags or humiliates them frequently. 4. The victims are not in touch with their families and friends that confirms the social isolation. 5. The knowledge of "Institute of ejection" is very low. 6. Prolonged exposure to domestic violence has a negative impact on self-esteem of women as victims.

This PhD thesis compared incidents of violence in two Malaysian hospitals and two English hospitals. Using a model of workplace violence, the aims of the thesis were to explore and compare six constructs: extrinsic, intrinsic, triggers, experiences, moderators, and consequences of workplace violence as perceived by Malaysian and English hospital staff. This study used data on experiences of violence gathered in 2005 for incidences in hospitals that occurred up to one year before the survey. The 2004 data from the Incident Report database (IRD) of the English hospitals was also used. Two instruments were developed for this thesis. First was the General Violence Victimization Questionnaire (GVQ), an instrument to identify the types, prevalence, nature, consequences, post-incident support, and reporting trends of violence in hospitals. The second instrument was the Violence Victimization Semi-structured Interview (VicQ) which explored factors leading to the violent incident, the violent incident itself, and psycho-social issues relating to the violent incident. Both instruments were translated into the Malay language for use in Malaysia. 227 people participated in the quantitative survey: 162 people from the Malaysian Government Hospitals (MGH) and 115 people from the National Health Service (NHS). A total of 25 people volunteered to be interviewed as part of the qualitative aspect of the study: 15 from the MGH and 10 from the NHS. Six categories of violence were compared: verbal, nonverbal, threat, physical, sexual, and psychologically-based. A total of 4118 violent incidents (1402 in MGH and 2716 in NHS) were reported. The most common type of violence was psychologically-based violence in the MGH and verbal violence in the NHS. Both samples perceived that the major source of workplace violence was from patients and involved one male perpetrator. There were differences between the two samples indicative of cultural differences. Of those interviewed, the Malaysian participants perceived that offenders were intrinsically motivated to offend. The English participants perceived that offenders had either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation for perpetuating violence. Differences were noted for substance abuse and customer relations as triggers of organisational violence. Comparisons of moderators were different for the two country samples. Comparisons of consequences were not significantly different. Comparisons across several demographic variables (gender, age, and occupational groupings) were not significant between the two country samples with regards to workplace violence victimisation. However, a comparison of length of service was found to be significant. The final path model differed from the original model of workplace violence. Additional findings include a difference between the established definition and participants‘ definition of workplace violence, a lack of anti-violence policies in Malaysian hospitals, under reporting, and unforeseen direct and direct relationships among the six constructs.