O presente trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de uma sobremesa aerada simbiótica tipo musse, com baixo teor de gordura, processada com a adição da cultura probiótica de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, dos ingredientes prebióticos oligofrutose e inulina e de concentrado protéico de soro de leite (WPC), para ser armazenada sob refrigeração e congelamento, e a comparação do efeito desses ingredientes sobre as características do produto e a resistência in vitro do probiótico adicionado. Utilizando o delineamento experimental para misturas de três fatores e um ponto central, 7 formulações de musses de goiaba foram estudadas durante o armazenamento a 4°C, durante 28 dias, e a -18°C, durante 112 dias. As maiores populações de L. acidophilus foram alcançadas nas musses congeladas, com valores sempre superiores a 7 log UFC/g por até 12 semanas de armazenamento a -18°C. A viabilidade de L. acidophilus se mostrou satisfatória até o 28º dia nas musses refrigeradas adicionadas de WPC, com populações variando entre 7,7 e 6,2 log UFC/g. Para as demais musses, a população do probiótico chegou a reduzir, em média, até 2 log após 28 dias. L. acidophilus apresentou grande redução da viabilidade, tanto para as musses refrigeradas como para as congeladas, nos ensaios de sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro. Nas musses refrigeradas, a substituição total ou parcial da gordura láctea por inulina resultou em melhor sobrevivência do probiótico durante o ensaio in vitro na primeira semana. Ao considerar o período completo de armazenamento, a menor redução da viabilidade de L. acidophilus ao longo dos ensaios in vitro foi observada para as musses congeladas. A substituição da gordura láctea por inulina e WPC e o congelamento resultaram em diferenças significativas nos parâmetros de textura das musses (p<0,05), não interferindo, porém, na sua aceitabilidade sensorial. Considerando as populações máximas do probiótico ao longo do armazenamento e a sua sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro, observou-se os melhores resultados com a substituição parcial da gordura láctea adicionada no produto refrigerado por WPC, na proporção de 2 a 3% da formulação. A adição simultânea de WPC e inulina para musses armazenadas sob refrigeração e congelamento é recomendada desde que a proporção conjunta desses ingredientes não ultrapasse 2,6%, no sentido de não prejudicar a textura e as características sensoriais do produto. De modo especial para as musses congeladas, também é aconselhada a proporção de 2% de gordura láctea e 2% de inulina, para a qual foram obtidos os melhores resultados nos ensaios de sobrevivência in vitro do probiótico. / The aim of the present study was to develop a mousse-type synbiotic aerated dessert with low fat content, supplemented with the Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 probiotic culture, the prebiotic ingredients oligofructose and inulin and whey protein concentrate (WPC), to be stored refrigerated and frozen, and to compare the effect of these ingredients on the product characteristics and the in vitro resistance of the added probiotic microorganism. Using a simplex centroid design, seven guava mousse-making trials were studied during storage at 4°C for 28 days and at -18°C for 112 days. The highest populations of L. acidophilus were achieved in frozen products, always above 7 log CFU/g at up to 12 weeks of storage at -18°C. L. acidophilus viability was satisfactory up to 28 days in the refrigerated mousses supplemented with WPC, with populations between 6.2 and 7.7 log CFU/g. For the other mousses, the populations decreased around 2 log cycles afier 28 days of refrigerated storage. Reductions in L. acidophilus survival during the in vitro assays were high both for refrigerated and frozen mousses. For the refrigerated mousses, the total or partial substitution of milk fat by inulin increased the probiotic survival during the in vitro assays in the first week. In terms of the whole storage, L. acidophilus survival decreased less during the in vitro assays for the frozen mousses. The substitution of milk fat by inulin and WPC and the frozen storage lead to significant differences in the texture of mousses (p<0.05), without affecting their sensory acceptability. Considering the maximum probiotic populations during storage and the survival under the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the best results for the refrigerated product were obtained with the partial substitution of milk fat by WPC at 2 to 3%. The simultaneous addition of inulin and WPC is recommended. However, the total proportion of both ingredients together should not exceed 2.6%, so as to obtain a texture profile and a sensory acceptance similar to the traditional product. Particularly for frozen mousses, the mixture of 2% milk fat and 2% inulin in the formulation is also suggested, for which the best results on probiotic survival in the in vitro assays were observed.

A elaboração e caracterização de sistemas tão complexos quanto alimentos não são temas que se esgotem ao longo de um único trabalho. Assim, tomando como ponto de partida o desenvolvimento de formulações para sorvetes, são apresentados os princípios gerais da criação e estabilização de um dos gêneros alimentícios mais apreciados n.o mundo todo. O primeiro capítulo aborda interações que ocorrem entre componentes de uso comum na maioria dos alimentos processados e, de modo específico, o papel desempenhado por cada um deles em formulações para sorvetes. São apresentadas características das matérias-primas especiais empregadas no desenvolvimento das formulações propostas, bem como fundamentos de reologia. Tratam-se os princípios gerais do fenômeno speckle, ferramenta bastante útil em caracterizações estruturais, porém ainda pouco explorada na área alimentícia. O segundo capítulo apresenta as formulações para sorvetes que foram elaboradas para este trabalho e os resultados de caracterizações físico-químicas tomadas sobre alguns dos ingredientes utilizados, bem como sobre os produtos finais desenvolvidos. O terceiro capítulo exibe os resultados das avaliações reológicas feitas em ingredientes e misturas formuladas para este estudo. A partir do perfil demonstrado pelos reogramas, interações microscópicas puderam ser cogitadas. Mostram-se também, imagens tomadas por um sistema de videomicroscopia acoplado ao reômetro (módulo Rheoscope), onde puderam ser observadas deformações estruturais em tempo real ocorridas com as amostras durante as avaliações. O quarto capítulo propõe uma nova metodologia de investigação estrutural na qual a análíse dos resultados gerados a partir de um fenômeno de interferência possibilita mapear a evolução da microestrutura de sorvetes ao longo do tempo, quando submetidos a diferentes condições de temperatura. / Elaboration and characterization of systems with high leveI of complexity as foods cannot discussed in an only study. In this work, from development of special ice cream formulations are presenteei the general principIes of creation and stabílízation of one of the most appreciated foodstuffs. In first chapter the interactions that occur among components of current/y use in processed foods and, in a specific manner, the role of each one in ice cream formulations. Characteristics of the special raw materiais employed in development of the proposed formulatíons are presenteei, as well fundamental concepts of rheological behavior. Also, general principies of speckle phenomenon are presented, a very useful tool to structural investigations in several systems, but few explored in food science and technology. In second chapter are presented the ice cream formulations that were elaborated by this research and the results of analysis of both composition and chemical properties taken on some ingredients as well in developed products. In third chapter are exhibited the results from rheological assessments performed in ingredients and formulated ice cream mixes. From rheological curves, microscopic interactions could be cogitated. Images taken by a system of microscopy connected to rheometer shown structural deformatíons in real time occurred with the samples during the evaluations. In fourth chapter is showed a new methodology of structural investigation in which the analysis of results obtained from interference phenomenon allow to generate a map of temporal evolution of ice creams along the time, at different temperature conditions.

Résumé indisponible / This PhD work is dedicated to investigate potentialities of phthalocyanines materials to realize a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor for Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (BTX) detection in air. The goal is to develop a sensor-microsystem capable of measuring BTX concentrations quantitatively below the environmental guidelines with sufficient accuracy. To achieve these objectives, our strategies mainly focused on experimental works encompassing sensors realization, sensing material characterizations, development of gas-testing facility and sensor testing for different target gases. One of the main aims is to identify most appropriate phthalocyanine material for sensor development. After comparative sensing studies, tert-butyl-copper phthalocyanine based QCM device is found as most sensitive and detail metrological characteristics are further investigated. Results show repeatable, reversible and high magnitude of response, low response and recovery times, sub-ppm range detection limit, high resolutions and combined selectivity of BTX gases among common atmospheric pollutants. Special focus is given to understand the gas/material interactions which are achieved by (a) XRD and SEM characterizations of sensing layers, (b) formalization of a two-step adsorption model and (c) assessing extent of diffusion of target gas in sensing layer. At last, possible ageing of sensor and suitable storage conditions to prevent such effect are investigated.

De nombreuses études théoriques et expérimentales ont été menées au cours des 30 dernières années afin d'établir le lien entre les propriétés d'interaction des protéines, leurs transitions de phase et leur auto-assemblage. Des avancées significatives ont ainsi été permises grâce à l'application de concepts et méthodes de la physique des polymères et des colloïdes. Ces études ont, pour la majeure partie d'entre elles, été limitées à des protéines d'intérêt médical et à des protéines animales. Ce travail de thèse vise à appliquer ce type d'approche aux protéines végétales afin de mieux comprendre leurs propriétés d'interaction à l'origine de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles au sein des grains et dans les matrices alimentaires. Ce travail a été mené sur un isolat de protéines de réserve du blé composé principalement de la fraction monomérique: les gliadines. Nous avons étudié les transitions de phase des gliadines afin de mieux comprendre leurs propriétés d'interaction d'une part et les structures associées d'autre part. Dans un premier temps, une procédure d'extraction a été développée afin de travailler sur un isolat de composition contrôlée dont les masses moléculaires sont comprises entre 20 kDa et 300 kDa. Le comportement de phase de cet isolat a ensuite été étudié en diminuant la qualité du solvant. Nous avons ainsi déterminé le diagramme de phases (T-Φ), où T est la température et Φv la fraction volumique des gliadines. Cette étude a mis en évidence une séparation de phase de type liquide-liquide dans le système par diminution de la température. Une analyse détaillée de la répartition des protéines au sein des deux phases en fonction de leur masse moléculaire a permis d'identifier une masse moléculaire critique séparant des protéines de comportement de type colloïdal et des protéines de comportement de type polymérique. A partir du diagramme de phase, deux études structurales ont été effectuées. La première a étudié les cinétiques de séparation de phase lors de la diminution de la température pour caractériser la dynamique locale de séparation de phase et identifier les mécanismes qui génèrent les systèmes concentrés. Deux grands types de mécanismes de séparation de phase ont été identifiés : nucléation-croissance et décomposition spinodale. La seconde étude structurale a consisté à établir l'équation d'état pression osmotique vs concentration dans des conditions de bon solvant et à caractériser la structure des dispersions de protéines associée. La relation pression osmotique vs fraction volumique a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de plusieurs régimes de structuration, associés à des changements de structure secondaire et de propriété rhéologique. La discussion générale permet de mettre en relation les propriétés thermodynamiques déduites de cette approche expérimentale et les changements structuraux observés à différentes échelles. / A substantial body of theoretical and experimental studies has been conducted over the last 30 years to establish the link between protein interaction properties, phase transitions and self-assembly. Both colloidal and polymer physics provide a new framework for understanding the driving force for proteins phase behaviour. Such studies have been limited to health-related proteins and to a few food proteins, mainly animal proteins such as casein, whey proteins. This thesis aims to apply this approach to plant proteins to better understand their interactions properties, at the basis of their functional properties within grains and food matrices. This work was carried out on a wheat storage protein isolate mainly composed of the monomeric fraction: gliadins.The objective of this PhD thesis is to investigate the phase transitions of wheat proteins to develop our knowledge on their interaction properties and the associated structures. We organized our experimental approach in five steps. First, we developed an extraction procedure to work on a protein isolate of controlled composition with molecular weight ranging from 20 to 300 kg mol-1. Then, we investigated the phase behaviour of the protein isolate by decreasing the solvent quality, here the temperature. We determined the T-Φ phase diagram, where T is the temperature and Φv the protein volume fraction, that maps the phase and structural transitions of the proteins. This study showed the existence of a liquid-liquid phase separation in the system upon a temperature decrease. We evidenced two different behaviours among proteins as a function of their MWs and highlighted a critical protein size above which the molecular weight is the key determinant of the protein properties. From the phase diagram, two structural studies were conducted. The first one studied the kinetics of phase separation upon temperature decrease to characterize the local dynamics of phase separation and to identify the mechanisms that generate concentrated systems. Two main mechanisms of phase separation have been identified: nucleation-growth and spinodal decomposition. The second one studied the effect of protein concentration on the multi-scale structure of wheat gliadins in good solvent. The integration of all these results allowed us to build the phase diagram of wheat gliadins, integrating thermodynamic and structural data.

A caracterização dos méis monoflorais tomou-se uma tendência mundial. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e otimização de metodologias para as análises de carboidratos por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para o tipo de montagem da lâmina para a realização do espectro polínico e para a determinação do conteúdo de umidade, com o intuito de caracterizar as amostras de méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja de algumas regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Na análise polínica foi empregado o método modificado de Iwama e Melhem (1979) para limpeza dos grãos de pólen, e para a montagem da lâmina foi realizado um estudo de comparação entre o método de Iwama e Melhem (1979) e o método proposto (Louveaux modificado, 1978), através de um teste de duas proporções. No conteúdo de umidade foi realizada a comparação de dois métodos oficiais (AOAC e EHC) através de um planejamento fatorial e um estudo da variabilidade empregando-se um planejamento hierárquico. Para a análise do conteúdo de carboidratos realizou-se a otimização das condições de análise por CLAE, empregando-se um planejamento de misturas e uma análise de regressão linear para curvas de calibração, um teste-t para estudo da recuperação e uma análise de variância (ANOVA) para comparar os conteúdos de carboidratos das duas floradas. Na análise polínica pode se observar que o método proposto (Louveaux modificado) era o mais adequado visto que este apresentava uma maior distribuição das famílias de menor freqüência. Com os espectro polínicos (pólen dominante) das amostras de méis coletadas pode-se classificar os méis como monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. Através da análise do espectro polínico completo pode-se observar que os méis monoflorais de laranja possuem uma diversificação maior de famílias em relação aos méis monoflorais de eucalipto, sugerindo que estes méis possuem uma maior variação de néctares e grãos de pólen na sua formação, sendo que este fato pode estar relacionado às regiões de cultivo. O planejamento fatorial 22 no conteúdo de umidade sugeriu que as amostras cristalizadas interferem na medida do índice de refração. O emprego do pré-tratamento da amostra (EHC) permitiu uma diminuição nos conteúdos de umidade das amostras cristalizadas. Quando este pré-tratamento foi usado para amostras líquidas não se observaram diferenças significativas no teor de umidade. Pode-se então sugerir que o método refratométrico da Comunidade Européia de Mel (EHC) seria os mais adequados para ser usada nas amostras líquidas e cristalizada. O estudo da variabilidade dos conteúdos de umidade realizado através de um planejamento hierárquico e análise de variância (ANOVA) indicaram que existem diferenças significativas entre as fontes florais e entre as amostras de méis. Foram escolhidas como melhores condições experimentais para a determinação dos carboidratos no mel por CLAE, o uso de coluna de aminopropil de tamanho menor (15,0cm x 4,5cm), e uma temperatura de 32&#176;C na coluna e de 35,5&#176;C para o detector de índice de refração e uma vazão de fluxo de 1,2 mL/min. Para a fase móvel o planejamento em misturas realizado, indicou como melhor fase móvel a mistura 50:10:40(acetonitrila; água; acetato de etila). Ao realizar as curvas de calibração dos carboidratos (glicose, frutose, sacarose, turanose e maltose) pode-se observar que estas eram lineares, com R2ajust altos e precisão aceitáveis para a quantificação dos carboidratos. Foi determinada a capacidade de detecção (0,2 - 0,4%) e capacidade de quantificação (0,7 - 1,3%) para a sacarose, turanose e maltose. O estudo de recuperação média dos carboidratos sugeriu que curvas de calibração poderiam ser utilizadas com confiança para determinar os conteúdos de carboidratos. A avaliação entre as concentrações médias dos carboidratos individuais pela ANOVA e pelo teste-t ao nível de 95% de confiança dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja, sugeriu que existem diferenças significativas nas concentrações de glicose, sacarose e turanose nas amostras de méis. Desta forma pode-se classificar os méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja através do espectro polínico. Conclui-se que as determinações do conteúdo de umidade e carboidratos (glicose, sacarose e turanose) podem se empregados para caracterizar a origem botânica dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. / Considering the characterization of monofloral honeys as a worldwide tendency, this study presents the development and optimization of methodologies for carbohydrate analysis by HPLC, the kind of standardization for lamina preparations for pollen analysis and the determination of moisture content in order to characterize eucalyptus and orange monofloral honey samples from some regions in São Paulo State. The modified method of Iwama and Melhem (1979) was employed for pollen analysis pollen cleaning. For lamina preparation it a comparison study was made between the Iwana and Melhem (1979) method and the proposed method (Louveaux modified) through two proportion tests. A comparison for moisture content was made between two official methods (AOAC and EHC) through a factorial desing and a study of variability through hierarchical desings. For the carbohydrate content analysis an optimization of analysis conditions for HPLC was made using mixture desing and a linear regression analysis for calibration curves, a t-test for a recovery study and a variance analysis (ANOVA) to compare the carbohydrate contents of both floral origins. In pollen analysis one can observe that the proposed Louveaux modified method was the most adequate since it showed a bigger distribution of less frequently occcoring families. With the pollen spectrum (dominant pollen) from honey samples, the monoflorals of eucalyptus and orange, can be classified. And by complete pollen spectrum analysis one can observe that orange monofloral honeys contain more diversified families relative to eucalyptus monofloral honeys, suggesting these honeys have a bigger variation of nectars and pollen grains in their formation. This fact can be related to regions of plantation. The factorial desing 22 in moisture content suggests that the crystallized samples interfere in refractive index measurements. The (EHC) sample pre-treatment led to lower moisture contents of crystallized samples. When this pre-treatment was used for liquid samples no significant differences were observed concerning moisture content. Therefore it can be suggested that the EHC refractrometric method is more appropriate to use for liquid and crystallized samples. The study of moisture content variability through hierarchical desing and variance analysis indicates significant differences among floral sources and moisture content of honey samples. The use of a aminopropil column of smaller size (15,0 cm x 4,5 cm) and a temperature of 32 &#176; C in the column and 35,5 &#176; C for the refractive index detector and a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min were the best experimental conditions chosen to determine the carbohydrates in honey by HPLC. For the mobile phase the mixture desing indicated that the best combination was 50: 10: 40( acetonitrile, water, ethyl acetate). The calibration curves of the carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, turanose, maltose) were linear, with high R2 and had acceptable accuracy for carbohydrate quantification. 80th the detection capacity and quantification capacities were determined the former being (0.2 - 0.4%) and the latter (0.7 - 1.3 %) for sucrose, turanose and maltose. The mean recovery study of carbohydrates suggested that the calibration curves are reliable to determine carbohydrate contents. The evaluation among the mean concentrations of individual carbohydrates by ANOVA and t-test at the 95% confidence level of eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys suggested that there are significant differences in glucose, sucrose and turanose concentration in these honey samples. In this way eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by the pollen spectrum. Therefore, it was concluded that the eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by moisture content determination and/or carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose and turanose) determination.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-18T19:21:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Luiza D'Oliveira Sant'Ana.pdf: 2146437 bytes, checksum: 5d8a20463f01fc73a88b5b0c2e56d28c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T19:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Luiza D'Oliveira Sant'Ana.pdf: 2146437 bytes, checksum: 5d8a20463f01fc73a88b5b0c2e56d28c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-05 / This work aimed at the evaluation of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of sixty Apis mellifera honey samples, commercialized in different regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro (Metropolis, Southern, Central, Northwestern and Seaside). For each sample, the total phenolic and the total flavonoid contents were analyzed by the Folin-Denis and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) methods, respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity (%AA and EC50) for all the honey samples was evaluated, as well as for some phenolic acids and flavonoids, used as standards. The determination of the antioxidant capacity was carried out by the method of trapping the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl organic radical (DPPH) by antioxidant compounds, resulting in an absorbance decrease at 520 nm. The analyzed honeys were classified as monofloral or heterofloral. For the monofloral samples, it was observed that Anadenanthera honeys showed the highest average value for total phenolics (112,60 mgEAG/100g) and also for the antioxidant capacity (59,93 (AA)mgEQC/500g or 18,92 mg/mL if expressed as EC50), while the Eucalyptus honeys showed the highest mean for total flavonoids (9,17 mgEQC/100g). With these results, a comparative study was carried out with diverse honey samples of different regions, in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity and some physico-chemistry parameters (HMF, acidity, pH, humidity, water activity and color intensity). Comparison of these results allowed to observe that darker honeys showed both higher antioxidant activity and the highest values for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as for all the other physico-chemical parameters. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de fen?licos e flavon?ides totais de sessenta amostras de mel de Apis mellifera comercializadas em diferentes mesorregi?es do estado do Rio do Janeiro (Metropolitana, Sul, Centro, Noroeste Fluminense e Baixada Litor?nea). Para cada amostra foram analisados os totais de fen?licos e flavon?ides, atrav?s dos m?todos de Folin-Denis e cloreto de alum?nio (AlCl3), respectivamente. Foi determinado, tamb?m, o potencial da atividade antioxidante (%AA e CE50) para todas as amostras de mel, bem como para alguns padr?es de ?cidos fen?licos e flavon?ides. O m?todo utilizado para determinar a capacidade antioxidante foi o de captura do radical org?nico 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH) por antioxidantes, produzindo um decr?scimo da absorb?ncia a 520 nm. Os m?is avaliados foram classificados de monoflorais e heteroflorais. Para os monoflorais foi observado que os m?is de Anadenanthera apresentaram a maior m?dia em totais de fen?licos (112,60 mgEAG/100g), e tamb?m a maior atividade antioxidante (59,93 (AA)mgEQC/500g ou 18,92 mg/mL em termos de CE50), enquanto os m?is de Eucalyptus apresentaram, em m?dia, o maior conte?do de flavon?ides totais (9,17 mgEEC/100g). A partir dos resultados obtidos foi feito um estudo comparativo entre as v?rias amostras de m?is de diferentes regi?es quanto ao teor de fen?licos e flavon?ides totais, a atividade antioxidante e algumas propriedades f?sico-qu?micas (HMF, acidez, pH, umidade, atividade de ?gua e intensidade de colora??o). Ao comparar esses resultados, foi poss?vel observar que os m?is mais escuros apresentaram uma maior atividade antioxidante e uma maior quantidade de fen?licos e flavon?ides totais, bem como valores mais altos para todos os outros par?metros f?sico-qu?micos comparados.

La famille des Astéracées est économiquement très importante, car beaucoup de ses plantessont cultivées principalement pour leurs valeurs alimentaires dont la laitue (Lactuca), lachicorée (Cichorium) et le tournesol (Heliantus annuus) cultivé pour son huile. Une despropriétés typiques de cette famille, dont fait partie le Silybum marianum, est la richesse deses huiles en divers composés naturels bénéfiques pour la santé. Actuellement et pour lesdécennies à venir, les maladies liées à l’âge constituent un problème majeur de santépublique. Prévenir leur apparition ou s'opposer à leur évolution est un objectif majeur. Dansce contexte, les activités cytoprotectrices de l'huile de graines de Silybum marianumoriginaires de différentes régions de la Tunisie ont été étudiées sur le modèled’oligodendrocytes murins 158N en utilisant le 7-cétocholestérol (7KC) comme agentcytotoxique. Le 7KC a été utilisé car il est augmenté dans le plasma, le liquide céphalorachidienet/ou certains tissus (paroi vasculaire et intestinale, rétine, cristallin, cerveau) depatients atteints de maladies liées à l’âge (maladies cardiovasculaires, maladie d'Alzheimer,dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge, cataracte) ou de maladies inflammatoires évolutives del’intestin. Le 24S-hydroxycholestérol (24S-OHC) a aussi été utilisé car il est augmenté dans lecerveau aux stades précoces de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Afin de déterminer la composition del'huile de Silybum marianum (acides gras, tocophérols, polyphénols, phytostérols) diversestechniques physicochimiques et de chromatographie liquide et gazeuse ont été utilisées. Lespropriétés anti-oxydantes de l'huile de Silybum marianum ont été définies par les tests KRL,FRAP et DPPH et les propriétés cytoprotectrices par des techniques complémentaires demicroscopie, de cytométrie en flux et de biochimie. Les études sur la compositionphysicochimique des huiles des graines de Silybum marianum de différentes régions de laTunisie (Bizerte, Sousse, Zaghouan) ont montré que ces dernières sont riches en Vitamine E(α-tocophérol) et sont fortement anti-oxydantes. Les acides gras majeurs sont l'acidelinoléique (C18:2) (valeurs comprises entre 57,0% et 60,3%) et l'acide oléique (C18:1) (lesvaleurs se situent entre 15,5% et 22,4%). Trois acides phénoliques ont également étéidentifiés (vanillique, p-coumarique et silybine), avec une prédominance de l'acide vanillique.Sur les cellules 158N, ces huiles atténuent la cytotoxicité du 7KC et du 24S-OHC: perted'adhérence cellulaire, altération de la membrane plasmique, dysfonctionnementmitochondrial, surproduction d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène, induction de l'apoptose(condensation et / ou fragmentation nucléaire, activation de la caspase-3 et clivage PARP) etautophagie (activation de LC3-I en LC3-II). L'atténuation des effets cytotoxiques du 7KC etdu 24S-OHC observée avec les huiles de Silybum marianum est de l'ordre de celle observéeavec l’α-tocophérol utilisé comme témoin positif. La composition chimique et les résultatsobtenus cellules 158N sont en faveur d’effets bénéfiques de l’huile de Chardon-Marie sur lasanté humaine et la prévention de certaines maladies liées à l’âge. / The family Asteraceae is economically very important because many of its plants are grownmainly for their food values including lettuce (Lactuca), chicory (Cichorium) and sunflower(Heliantus annuus) grown for its oil. One of the typical properties of this family, whichincludes Silybum marianum, is the richness of its oils in various natural compounds beneficialto health. Currently and for decades to come, age-related diseases are a major public healthproblem. Preventing their appearance or opposing their evolution is a major objective. In thiscontext, the cytoprotective activities of Silybum marianum seed oil originating from differentarea of Tunisia were studied on the 158N murine oligodendrocyte model using 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) as a cytotoxic agent. The 7KChas been used because it is increased in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and / or tissues (vascularand intestinal wall, retina, lens, brain) of patients with age-related diseases (cardiovasculardiseases, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, cataract) or inflammatorybowel disease. The 24S-OHC was used because it is increased in the brain at the early stagesof Alzheimer’s disease. In order to determine the composition of Silybum marianum oil (fattyacids, tocopherols, polyphenols, phytosterols) various liquid and gas chromatographytechniques were used. The anti-oxidant properties of Silybum marianum oil were defined byKRL, FRAP and DPPH tests and cytoprotective properties by complementary microscopy,flow cytometry and biochemistry techniques. Studies on the physicochemical composition ofSilybum marianum seeds oils from different regions of Tunisia (Bizerte, Sousse, Zaghouan)have shown that the latter are rich in vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and are strongly antioxidant.The major fatty acids are linoleic acid (C18:2) (values between 57.0% and 60.3%) and oleicacid (C18:1) (values between 15.5% and 22.4%).. Three phenolic acids have also beenidentified (vanillic, p-coumaric and silybin), with a predominance of vanillic acid. On 158Ncells, these oils attenuate the cytotoxicity of 7KC and 24S-OHC: loss of cell adhesion,alteration of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial dysfunction, overproduction of reactiveoxygen species, induction of apoptosis (nuclear condensation and / or fragmentation). ,activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage) and autophagy (activation of LC3-I in LC3-II).The attenuation of cytotoxic effects of 7KC and 24S-OHC observed with Silybum marianumoils is of the order of that observed with α-tocopherol used as a positive control. The chemicalcomposition and results obtained on 158N cells are in favor of the beneficial effects of milkthistle oil on human health and on its ability to prevent some age-related diseases.

Ressonância magnética nuclear é particularmente útil na caracterização de síntese molecular. Quase todos os compostos moleculares de interesse contêm átomos de nitrogênio e oxigênio em sua estrutura. Como esses elementos químicos costumam desempenhar funções estratégicas em reações e interações intra e intermoleculares, seus espectros NMR têm particular interesse. Com foco na blindagem magnética nuclear e no acoplamento entre spins nucleares, investigamos a dependência dessas constantes magnéticas com relação ao meio. A polarização eletrônica e relaxação geométrica do soluto, devido à presença do solvente, foram sistematicamente consideradas utilizando um tratamento sequencial QM/MM. Nossas observações gerais mostram que efeitos de relaxação de geometria mediados pelo meio têm pouca influência sobre o mecanismo da blindagem magnética nuclear, pelo menos quanto aos sistemas aqui investigados. Em contrapartida, os efeitos da polarização eletrônica são cruciais sobre essa propriedade molecular. Para o nitrogênio em piridina, amônia e formamida, por exemplo, as contribuições isoladas provenientes da relaxação geométrica são da ordem de 1,2 ppm. Note-se que este efeito é muito pequeno se considerarmos que com frequência são observados desvios gás-líquido da ordem de -26 ppm para o nitrogênio. Sobre o oxigênio, esses efeitos podem chegar até 100 ppm. Assim, é crucial entender as origens desses efeitos se desejamos utilizar corretamente espectroscopia RMN em caracterização molecular. Relevantes contribuições para a blindagem magnética têm origens em interações específicas entre soluto e solvente, como ligações de hidrogênio, as quais apenas podem ser isoladas e quantificadas através de modelagem molecular. Sistematicamente constatamos que a blindagem magnética é drasticamente afetada pelo caráter doador ou aceitador do sítio atômico envolvido em ligações de hidrogênio. Com respeito ao nitrogênio, nossos resultados indicam que o comportamento aceitador de hidrogênio de um elemento é responsável por um desvio gás-líquido positivo, enquanto que o caráter doador causa um desvio negativo. Nossas investigações também mostram que a blindagem magnética nuclear é independente com relação à hibridização do nitrogênio e oxigênio, indicando que as contribuições principais têm origens em interações específicas soluto-solvente, as quais devem ser corretamente modeladas. Investigamos sistematicamente os efeitos do solvente sobre o acoplamento indireto entre spins nucleares em amônia líquida. Embora a polarização do soluto seja realmente importante, para essa propriedade há outras contribuições fundamentais. Sem considerar efeitos de geometria, calculamos o acoplamento ANTPOT. 1 J(N-H) como -67,8 Hz. Após incluir esses efeitos, conseguimos uma descrição teórica mais apurada, obtendo um acoplamento de -63,9 Hz. Esses resultados mostram que efeitos de relaxação geométrica mediado pelo meio têm grande influência sobre o acoplamento indireto entre spins nucleares. / Nuclear magnetic resonance is helpful on molecular characterization. Most organic molecular compounds of interest contain nitrogen or oxygen atoms which play strategic functions in chemical reactions and molecular interactions. The NMR technique provides local atomic scale information on molecular properties, thus the study of nuclear magnetic properties of these elements in molecules is of particular interest. Focusing on nuclear magnetic shielding and spin-spin coupling constants we investigated the dependence of these magnetic constants with respect to the medium. Electronic polarization and geometry relaxation effects due to solvent were systematically studied. Our general findings indicate that geometry contributions are negligible in understanding the variation of shielding constants of the investigated systems, but polarization effects are crucial for this molecular property. On nitrogen in pyridine, ammonia and formamide, for instance, isolated contributions from geometry relaxation to shielding constants are around 1,2 ppm. Nitrogen shielding constants are very sensitive to the medium, where solvent effects around -26 ppm are often observed. On oxygen-17 magnetic shielding, the solvent effects can easily reach 100 ppm. It is crucial to understand the origins of these effects if one desires to correctly use NMR spectroscopy for molecular characterization. Our investigations also show that magnetic shielding constants are totally independent of the nitrogen or oxygen hybridization, which indicated that the main contributions arise from solute-solvent interactions. Relevant contributions to shielding constants come from specific solute-solvent interactions like hydrogen-bonds, which can only be quantified by explicit molecular modeling, and we observed that this property has a very strong dependence on the donor or acceptor character of the atomic site involved in hydrogen-bonding interactions. On nitrogen, the acceptor behavior is responsible by the positive gas-liquid shift in shielding constants, while the donor character causes positive shift. We systematically investigated the solvent effects on indirect spin-spin coupling constants of liquid ammonia. Solute polarization is very important, but there are other fundamental contributions to this property. Without including geometry effects we calculated the 1J (N-H) coupling to be -67,8 Hz. After accounting for the solute geometry relaxation we improved the theoretical prediction obtaining the coupling constant value of -63,9 Hz. These results show that geometry relaxation has drastic influence on indirect spin-spin coupling constants.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la production de matériaux 2D en phase liquide, en utilisant des approches pouvant permettre la production en masse de graphène et de matériaux apparentés. Notre objectif est de surmonter certains problèmes critiques pour le traitement et l'utilisation pratique des encres à base de matériaux 2D et de fournir une compréhension approfondie de la relation structure-propriétés dans ces matériaux, constituant des étapes obligatoires pour leurs applications futures. Cette thèse porte principalement sur l'UILPE et l'exfoliation électrochimique du graphène et du disulfure de molybdène (MoS2), qui ont été choisis comme matériaux prototypes à 2 dimensions. Les approches synthétiques sont combinées à une caractérisation physico-chimique des matériaux produits, à l'aide de techniques telles que l'AFM, la microscopie électronique, la spectroscopie XPS et Raman, ainsi qu'à une caractérisation électrique. Des applications dans le domaine de la détection et de l'électronique ont été explorées et ont permis de démontrer que des approches d'exfoliation en phase liquide pouvaient être utilisées pour obtenir un contrôle précis des propriétés des matériaux 2D ouvrant la voie à leur intégration en tant que matériaux actifs dans de nouveaux dispositifs multifonctionnels. / This thesis is devoted to the production in liquid-phase of two-dimensional materials, by using approaches that may enable mass production of graphene and related materials. We aim to overcome some issues that are critical for the processing and practical use of 2D materials-inks and to provide a deep understanding of the structure-properties relationship in such materials being mandatory steps toward their future applications. This thesis mainly focuses on ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation and electrochemical exfoliation of graphene and molybdenum disulfide, which have been chosen as prototypical 2D materials. The synthetic approaches have been combined with a multiscale physico-chemical and electrical characterization of the produced materials, by employing techniques such as AFM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. Applications in the field of sensing and electronics have been explored and allowed to demonstrate that liquid-phase exfoliation approaches can be conveniently employed to achieve a fine control on the properties of 2D materials paving the way to their integration as active materials in novel multifunctional devices.

La pollution atmosphérique constitue de nos jours un enjeu sociétal majeur, tant pour ses conséquences néfastes sur la santé humaine que sur l'environnement. L'objectif général de ce présent travail était de déterminer le niveau de la pollution atmosphérique dakaroise, extérieure et intérieure, et d'évaluer son impact sanitaire au sein de la population urbaine. Les particules fines (PM₂.₅) et une fraction plus grossière (PM>₂.₅) échantillonnées sur un site urbain de Dakar (HLM), caractérisées par de fortes émissions du trafic routier, ont été comparées aux particules échantillonnées dans une zone rurale, Toubab Dialaw, située à environ 40 kms de Dakar. Les caractéristiques physicochimiques des échantillons ont révélé que les particules différaient par leurs propriétés physiques (surface) et chimiques (en termes de CHN, métaux, ions, paraffines, COV et HAP) de 65 à 75 % plus élevées dans les échantillons urbains. Selon les différentes sources et les différentes propriétés physiques et chimiques, la réponse inflammatoire (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) et les dommages oxydatifs (protéines carbonylées totales et 8-OHdG) se sont révélés plus importants dans les cellules bronchiques BEAS-2B exposées aux particules urbaines. La campagne de mesure de la qualité de l'air a montré que l'intérieur du bus était plus pollué en PM₁₀, CO, CO₂ et NO que le marché et les sites intérieurs urbains et ruraux. La comparaison de la qualité de l'air entre les sites intérieurs et extérieurs a révélé que, particulièrement dans les zones urbaines, la qualité de l'air intérieur pouvait être moins bonne que celle des sites extérieurs correspondants. Le suivi de l'exposition individuelle aux polluants a montré que les ménagères de la zone urbaine et rurale étaient plus exposées que les professionnels à la pollution de l'air, confirmant les observations précédentes d'un niveau d'exposition potentiellement plus élevé des polluants dans l'environnement intérieur. Cependant, il convient de tenir compte du niveau d'exposition des commerçants et des conducteurs d'autobus résultant de l'échappement du trafic avec des véhicules souvent anciens, mal entretenus et non contrôlés, en raison des niveaux élevés de polluants gazeux rapportés ici. / Air pollution is nowadays a major societal challenge, as much for its harmful consequences on human health as on the environment. The general objective of this work was to determine the level of Dakar air pollution, outdoor and indoor, and to assess its health impact in the urban population. Fine particles (PM₂.₅) and a coarser fraction (PM>₂.₅) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65 to 75 % higher in urban samples. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and the oxidative damage (total carbonylated proteins and 8-OHdG) were found higher in bronchial BEAS-2B cells exposed to urban PMs. The air quality measurement campaign showed that the bus interior was more polluted with PM₁₀, CO, CO₂ and NO than the market and the urban and rural indoor sites. The comparison of air quality between indoor and outdoor sites revealed that, particularly in urban areas, indoor air quality may be worse than the corresponding outdoor one. Monitoring individual exposure to pollutants showed that housewives in urban and rural sites were more exposed than professionals to air pollution, confirming previous observations of potential higher individual exposure level to pollutants in indoor environment. However, exposure level of traders and bus drivers that would result from the exhaust of traffic with often old, poorly maintained and uncontrolled vehicles has to be taken into consideration due the higher levels of gaseous pollutants here reported.