La doctrine du libre-échange a favorisé la création d’un cadre multilatéral en 1947 avec l’accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) puis avec l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) en 1995. Les négociations commerciales multilatérales sous l’égide du GATT puis de l’OMC, aboutissent à une réduction considérable des droits de douane au niveau mondial. Or, devant la diminution progressive des droits de douane, un fort accroissement des barrières dites non tarifaires (BNT) apparaît.En effet, l’expansion du commerce international et l’extension des règles commerciales multilatérales à de nouveaux domaines, autrefois protégés, tels que l’agriculture, les services et la propriété intellectuelle ont amené beaucoup de pays à faire un usage plus intensif, voire « abusif » des barrières non tarifaires, une issue pour contourner la règle « libre-échangiste ».Ces barrières non tarifaires viennent ainsi compléter, voire remplacer les droits de douane et peuvent réduire, voire annuler la valeur des consolidations tarifaires. De plus, les BNT sont deux fois plus restrictives que les droits de douane, CNUCED, (2005) et elles limitent nettement plus l’accès aux marchés que les droits tarifaires, CNUCED, (2012). Egalement, les BNT peuvent prendre différentes formes, elles n’ont pas le même degré de restrictivité et ne s’appliquent pas de la même méthode. Elles varient en fonction des pays et des produits et correspondent à différents objectifs.La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux de quantification des barrières non tarifaires et vise l’évaluation du degré de restrictivité des BNT tarifaires appliquées sur les importations des pays sud-méditerranéens (MED) en provenance des pays de l’Union Européenne (UE) dans le cadre de l’intégration euro-méditerranéenne. Ce travail de recherche introduit deux modèles économétriques : le premier modèle est une équation d’ « importations », il évalue l’ampleur des barrières non tarifaires appliquées sur les importations (corrigées des tarifs) des pays MED en provenance du partenaire UE et ceci à travers le calcul des équivalents tarifaires ad-valorem. Le second modèle est une équation gravitationnelle, il estime le rôle des BNT et les coûts de commerce dans les échanges UE-MED pour aboutir à une analyse plus fine de l’impact des BNT et d’autres barrières à l’échange à savoir : les droits de douane ; les coûts de transport ; la performance logistique ; les facteurs de la proximité culturelle et les facteurs institutionnels sur le commerce euro-méditerranéen. / The doctrine of free trade has promoted the creation of a multilateral framework in 1947 with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and then with the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT and the WTO have resulted in a considerable reduction of tariffs worldwide. However, before the gradual reduction of tariffs, a strong increase in non-tariff barriers (NTBs) appeared.Indeed, the expansion of international trade and the expansion of multilateral trade rules to new areas previously protected, such as agriculture, services and intellectual property have led many countries to make more intensive use of non-tariff barriers, a way to overcome the " free-market " rule.These non-tariff barriers thus complement or replace tariffs and may reduce or cancel the value of tariff bindings. In addition, NTBs are twice as restrictive tariffs and imply a much more limited market access than tariffs. In addition, NTBs can take different forms, they do not have the same degree of restrictiveness and do not apply the same method. They vary across countries and products, and correspond to different objectives.This thesis aims to quantify non-tariff barriers and to assess their degree of restrictiveness on imports of Southern Mediterranean countries (MED) from the European Union (EU) in the framework of the Euro- Mediterranean integration. This research introduces two econometric models: the first model is an equation of "imports". It assesses the magnitude of non-tariff barriers applied by MED countries to the EU and other partners through the calculation of ad valorem tariff equivalents. The second model is a gravity equation. It considers the role of NTBs and trade costs in the EU -MED trade to achieve a more detailed analysis of the impact of NTBs and other barriers to trade, such as tariffs, transport costs, logistics performance as well as cultural proximity and institutional factors on the Euro- Mediterranean trade.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia de análise de multiresíduos para quantificação de resíduos de pesticidas em manga. Foram analisados 32 pesticidas, sendo dos seguintes grupos: 9 Organofosforados, 17 Organoclorados e 6 triazois sendo que neste mesmo método foi analisado novamente o Organofosforado fention. Os organofosforados foram analisados em cromatógrafo a gás (CG) acoplado ao detector fotométrico de chamas e os organoclorados foram analisados em cromatógrafo a gás (CG) acoplado ao detector de captura de elétrons (ECD). Os triazois foram analisados em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massa (CG/MS). A curva de linearidade para todos os padrões analíticos, foi realizada em triplicata e com 6 diferentes concentrações. As fortificações das amostras foram realizadas em dois níveis de concentração, no limite do método e 10 vezes o limite do método, sendo que a concentração do limite de quantificação do método (LOQ) foi realizada com sete repetições (N= 7) e a concentração de 10 vezes o LOQ foi realizada com N= 5, usando-se mangas tratadas no sistema orgânico (livres de pesticidas). Os métodos desenvolvidos e validados neste estudo apresentaram-se: a) Linear na faixa de: 0,1 - 4,0 µg/mL para o triclorfon e malation; 0,05 – 2,0 µg/mL para os demais organofosforados; 0,05 – 1,6 µg/mL para os organoclorados; 0,1 – 1,0 µg/mL para o paclobutrazol; 0,25 - 2,5 µg/mL para o fention e bromuconazol; 0,5 – 5,0 µg/mL para o tetraconazol e tebuconazol e 1,0 – 10 µg/mL para o procloraz e difenoconazol respectivamente, uma vez que o coeficiente de determinação foi maior que 0,99 para todos os ativos. b) Específicos, pois o nível de contaminação e/ou interferente na análise do branco dos reagentes e da amostra testemunha, foram inferiores a 30% do limite de quantificação. c) Exato, Preciso e Repetitivo, pois todos os ativos apresentaram recuperação dentro do intervalo de aceitabilidade de 70 a 120%, com coeficiente de variação porcentual (CV%) inferior a 15% em relação à média global de todos os níveis de fortificação. Foram também analisados os mesmos pesticidas em 15 amostras de mangas compradas nos supermercados de Piracicaba, procedentes do Nordeste do Brasil. Em nenhuma das amostras foram encontrados resíduos acima do limite estabelecido por lei ou acima do limite de quantificação deste método, no caso dos pesticidas não autorizados. / The principal objective of this study was the development and validation of a multiresidue analytical methodology for the quantification of pesticide residues in mangos. Quantitative analyses were made for 32 pesticides, from the following classes: organophosphorus (9), organochlorine (17) and triazole (6). The results from the method include the first analysis for the organophosphorus pesticide fenthion. The organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a flame photometric detector, while the organochlorine pesticides were analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to an electron capture detector (ECD). The triazoles were analyzed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). For each of the analytes, calibration curves were constructed in triplicate using solutions with six different concentrations, prepared from the analytical standards. Recovery experiments were performed at two levels of fortification, the limit of quantification of the method (LOQ) and 10 times this limit. Seven repetitions (N = 7) were performed at the limit of quantification, and five (N = 5) at the 10 times higher level of fortification. Mangos raised by organic farming methods (free from pesticides) were used for the recovery experiments. The methods developed and validated in this study have the following characteristics: a) linear range: 0.1 – 4.0 µg/mL for trichlorfon and malathion; 0.05 – 2.0 µg/mL for the other organophosphorus pesticides; 0.05 – 1.6 µg/mL for the organochloro pesticides; 0.1 – 1.0 µg/mL for paclobutrazol; 0.25 – 2.5 µg/mL for fenthion and bromuconazole; 0.5 – 5.0 µg/mL for tetraconazole and tebuconazole; and 1.0 – 10.0 µg/mL for prochloraz and difenoconazole, in each case the coefficient of determination was greater than 0.99. b) Specific: thus the level of contamination and/or intereference in analysis from the reagent blank and the control sample amounted to less than 30% of the limit of quantification. c) Exact, Precise and Repeatable, for each of the analytes the recovery was found to be within the acceptable interval of 70 to 120%, and with a coefficient of variation, expressed as a percentage, of less than 15% in relation to the global average of the results obtained at the two levels of fortification. Analyses were made for the same pesticides in 15 samples of mangos bought from supermarkets in Piracicaba, which were raised in the Northeast of Brazil. None of these samples contained residue concentrations above the limit established by law or, in the case of non-authorized pesticides, above the limit of the quantification of the current methodology.

Die Hexenbesenkrankheit (Crinipellis perniciosa) ist eine Pilzkrankheit, die nur meristematisches Pflanzengewebe des Kakaobaumes befällt. Sie tritt bisher ausschließlich auf dem Lateinamerikanischen Kontinent auf. Für die Region des Alto Beni im feuchttropischen Tiefland Boliviens wurden die Interaktionen zwischen Witterung, Inokulum und Phänologie der Wirtspflanze untersucht, um effiziente und ökonomisch vertretbare Kontroll- und Bekämpfungsprogramme zu entwickeln. Von 1994 bis 97 wurden zudem die Kakaoklone ICS 1, ICS 6, ICS 8, ICS 95 und TSH 565 unter Feldbedingungen auf Hexenbesentoleranz und Ertrag untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden unterschiedliche Baumschnittfrequenzen auf ihre Effizienz hinsichtlich des Ertragsverhaltens der Klone und der Auswirkung auf Hexenbeseninfektionen überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Niederschlagsereignissen und der Ausbildung von Fruchtkörpern an Hexenbesen. Es konnte im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum jedoch kein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen der Intensität von Fruchtkörperbildungen an Hexenbesentrieben und der Anzahl an Hexenbeseninfektionen der untersuchten Bäume festgestellt werden. Die fünf Klone zeigten sowohl signifikante Unterschiede in Bezug auf ihre Anfälligkeit gegenüber Hexenbesen als auch in ihrem Ertragsverhalten. Die unterschiedliche Schnitthäufigkeit zeigte dagegen weder statistisch abgesicherte Differenzen hinsichtlich der Anzahl von Hexenbeseninfektionen noch hatte sie Einfluss auf den Ertrag. Die gängigen Bekämpfungsmethoden wie Baumschnitt und der Einsatz von tolerantem Pflanzenmaterial stellen keine grundsätzliche Lösung des Problems dar. Die bisher gewonnen Erfahrungen im Landbau unter Anwendung der Prinzipien sukzessionaler Agroforstsysteme zeigten, dass diese möglicherweise eine langfristige Perspektive für die Landnutzung in tropischen Regionen und zur Reduzierung phytosanitärer Probleme darstellen könnten. / The witches’ broom disease (Crinipellis perniciosa) is a fungal infection which only affects the meristematic plant tissues of the cocoa tree. To date it has been restricted to the Latin American continent. The aim of this work was to examine scientifically the measures undertaken in the Alto Beni region in the humid tropical lowlands of Bolivia, to curb the witches’ broom disease (Crinipellis perniciosa) by phytosanitary pruning measures and by the use of various tolerant clones From 1994 to 97, the cocoa clones ICS 1, ICS 6, ICS 8, ICS 95 and TSH 565 were also studied under field conditions at the Sapecho location for witches’ broom tolerance and yield. In addition, various pruning frequencies were examined for their efficiency with regard to the yields of the clones and the effects on witches’ broom infection The results show a connection between rainfall levels and the formation of basidiocarps on the witches’ broom. However, over the whole of the investigation period, no causal connection was found between the intensity of basidiocarp production on the witches’ broom shoots and the number of witches’ broom infections on the trees under investigation. The five clones showed significant differences both in relation to their susceptibility to witches’ broom and in their yields. The different pruning frequencies, on the other hand, did not show any statistically provable differences in terms of the number of witches’ broom infections, nor did they influence the yields. It has become clear that neither the own studies nor the many research works undertaken at an international level were able to find a fundamental solution to the witches’ broom problem. Agriculture using the principles of successional agroforestry systems could represent a long-term perspective for land use in these areas, with the emphasis on more than short-term economic, social or structural objectives.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-26T12:19:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Alice Teodorio Lixa.pdf: 7684993 bytes, checksum: f6675b748532a5b5835d14d6a4480870 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T12:19:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Alice Teodorio Lixa.pdf: 7684993 bytes, checksum: f6675b748532a5b5835d14d6a4480870 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Coccinellid predators are natural enemies of agricultural pests such as aphids and scale insects. They are known colloquially as ladybirds, ladybugs or lady beetles. Some species only complete their development and produce viable eggs and offspring when they consume their preferred prey. However, in the absence of this prey, or in presence with lower nutritional quality prey, the ladybugs tend to consume alternative foods, such as pollen and nectar, to ensure their survival. Thus, the choice and maintenance of useful floral resources to ladybugs in agroecosystems is a strategy favorable to the conservation of natural enemy populations in the production environment. Another line is the use of pesticides that cause fewer negative impacts on natural enemies of pests. This study worked on these two fronts, seeking to know floral species beneficial in situ conservation of biodiversity of ladybugs, and to evaluable the impact of pesticides used in organic agriculture on these insects. The thesis is organized in three chapters. Chapter I aimed to identify plant families and/or plant species are natural sources of pollen grains for predatory ladybug adults in diversified organic system. Adults were collected from 26 August 2010 to 22 August 2011, at area of Integrated Agroecological Production System (IAPS), in Serop?dica, RJ, Brazil. Baker's legs and wings have been removed to avoid contamination with pollen attached to the outside of the insects, the remainder of the body subjected to acetolysis analysis, aiming at the identification of pollen possibly ingested. We identified pollen from different plant species: star fruit (Averrhoa carambola, Oxalidaceae), coriander (Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae), sunflower (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae), maize (Zea mays, Poaceae), elderberry (Sambucus nigra, Adoxaceae), and different families: coming from Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, and Passifloraceae. Pollens were found in seven species of ladybugs. Just Cycloneda sanguinea ingested pollen of all these families, and pollen unidentified families. Chapter II aimed to determine the diversity of adult ladybugs community in the area of IAPS, and characterize the population structure by faunistic indexes. Species richness was equal to seven [Cycloneda sanguinea, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculate, Coleomegilla quadrifasciata, Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis, and Olla v-nigrum]. C. sanguinea, H. convergens, and C. maculata were classified as dominant, being the first constant and others accessories. In Chapter III, the studies were conducted with C. maculata at laboratory conditions, with the objective of evaluating the effect of different concentrations of alternative pesticides used in organic agriculture (Natuneem?, Nim-I-Go?, Rotenat?, Lime sulfur, and Agrobio?) on biological aspects of this insect. The two neem based products (Natuneem and Nim-I-Go) to 2 % and the ?timb?? based product (Rotenat) 1% and 2 % decreased egg viability of C. maculata. Nim-I-Go at concentrations of 1% and 2% caused higher mortality than the control treatment (water) in all larval instars. Except Agrobio, all pesticides adversely affected the reproduction of C. maculata. The neem based products should be used sparingly to avoid negative effects on the development of C. maculata. / Dentre os inimigos naturais das pragas agr?colas, destacam-se os coccinel?deos predadores, tamb?m conhecidos como joaninhas. Algumas esp?cies s? completam seu desenvolvimento e produzem ovos e prog?nies vi?veis quando consomem sua presa preferencial. Todavia, na aus?ncia dessa presa ou na presen?a de uma presa com qualidade nutricional inferior, as joaninhas tendem a consumir alimentos alternativos, tais como p?len e n?ctar, para garantir sua sobreviv?ncia. Desse modo, a escolha e a manuten??o de recursos florais ?teis ?s joaninhas no agroecossistema ? uma estrat?gia favor?vel ? conserva??o de popula??es dos inimigos naturais no ambiente de produ??o. Outra linha ? o uso de defensivos que causem menos impactos negativos aos inimigos naturais das pragas. O presente trabalho atuou nessas duas frentes, buscando conhecer esp?cies florais ben?ficas a conserva??o in situ da biodiversidade das joaninhas e defensivos agr?colas, usados na agricultura org?nica, menos danosos a esses insetos. A tese foi organizada em tr?s cap?tulos. No Cap?tulo I objetivou-se identificar, em sistema org?nico diversificado, quais fam?lias e/ou esp?cies bot?nicas s?o fontes naturais de gr?os de p?len para adultos de joaninhas predadoras. Os adultos foram coletados de 26 de agosto de 2010 a 22 de agosto de 2011, em ?rea do Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica (SIPA), em Serop?dica, RJ. Asas e pernas das joaninhas foram retiradas a fim de evitar contamina??es por polens presos ? parte externa dos insetos, sendo o restante do corpo submetido ? an?lise de acet?lise, objetivando a identifica??o dos polens possivelmente ingeridos. Foram identificados polens de diferentes esp?cies bot?nicas: carambola (Averrhoa carambola, Oxalidaceae), coentro (Coriandrum sativum, Apiaceae), girassol (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae), milho (Zea mays, Poaceae), sabugueiro (Sambucus nigra, Adoxaceae); e de diferentes fam?lias: oriundos de Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae e Passifloraceae. Os polens foram encontrados em sete esp?cies de joaninhas afid?fagas. Apenas a Cycloneda sanguinea ingeriu p?len de todas essas fam?lias, al?m de polens de fam?lias n?o identificadas. No Cap?tulo II, objetivou-se determinar a diversidade comunidade de joaninhas adultas, em ?rea do SIPA, e caracterizar a estrutura das popula??es por meio da an?lise faun?stica. A riqueza de esp?cies foi igual a sete [Cycloneda sanguinea, Hippodamia convergens, Coleomegilla maculata, Coleomegilla quadrifasciata, Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis e Olla v-nigrum]. C. sangu?nea, H. convergens e C. maculata foram classificadas como dominantes, sendo a primeira constante e as demais acess?rias. No Cap?tulo III, os estudos foram conduzidos com C. maculata, em condi??es de laborat?rio, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentra??es de produtos fitossanit?rios alternativos usados em agricultura org?nica (Natuneem?, Nim-I-Go?, Rotenat?, Calda sulfoc?lcica e Agrobio?), sobre aspectos biol?gicos desse inseto. Os dois produtos ? base de nim (Natuneem e Nim-I-Go) a 2% e o produto ? base de timb? (Rotenat) a 1% e 2% diminu?ram a viabilidade dos ovos de C. maculata. Nim-I-Go nas concentra??es de 1% e 2% causou maior mortalidade do que o tratamento controle (?gua) em todos os instares larvais. Com exce??o do Agrobio todos os produtos fitossanit?rios influenciaram negativamente a reprodu??o de C. maculata. Os produtos ? base de nim devem ser utilizados com parcim?nia para evitar efeitos negativos ao desenvolvimento de C. maculata.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimundoIRS_TESE.pdf: 1193128 bytes, checksum: 507928ca7e543ba3ae01570b0c9bc9ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-01 / Brazil, producing more than 40 million ton of fruits in 2013, is one of the three greatest fruit producer in the world. In spite of the potential, we see some difficulties on the management of the cultures, specially phytosanitary problems. Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent one of the great phytosanitary for fruit growing due to damage on the fruits and quarantine restrictions, whose loss is equivalent one billion dollars per year. Thus, this work aimed to know the species of fruit flies through some traps, as well as accomplishing a prospection of host vegetable species on the region Baixo Jaguaribe, Ceará. The study was accomplished from 2010 to 2013, being divided in two stages: capture of flies, accomplished through McPhail traps Hydrolysed Maize Protein at 5% and periodical collections of fruits form cultivated or wild species. Identification of fruit flies species was accomplished in Applied Entomology Laboratory of UFERSA, considering female morphological characters. The number of fruit flies captured with traps was 6.350 and 9.626 were captured using fruit collection, being collected 64 vegetable species, from which 17 were infected by Ceratitis capitata and/or Anastrepha spp. C. capitata species represent approximately 75% of collected species; six species Anastrepha: Anastrepha sororcula, A. zenildae, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis, A. pickeli and A. alveata, being the last one registered for the first time in the state of Ceará. A. sororcula represents 72% of females and is associated specially to guava. A. zenildae is associated to guava, juazeiro, castanhola and murici and A. obliqua is associated to cajarana. The greatest infestation index for C. capitata were observed in castanhola, sapoti, seriguela, pitanga, acerola, guava and murici and for Anastrepha spp., murici, guava and juazeiro / O Brasil, com uma produção superior a 40 milhões de toneladas de frutas produzidas no ano de 2013, é um dos três maiores produtores de frutas do mundo. Apesar de todo este potencial, ainda nos deparamos com algumas dificuldades no manejo das culturas com ênfase aos problemas fitossanitários. As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) constituem um dos grandes problemas fitossanitários para a fruticultura em função dos danos diretos nos frutos e em virtude das restrições quarentenárias, cujos prejuízos chegam a 1 bilhão de dólares anuais. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer as espécies de moscas-das-frutas por meio de armadilhas, como também realizar uma prospecção de espécies vegetais hospedeiras na região do Baixo Jaguaribe, Ceará. O estudo foi realizado durante o período de 2010 a 2013, sendo dividido em duas etapas: captura das moscas, realizadas através do uso de armadilhas McPhail com proteína hidrolisada de milho a 5% e coletas periódicas de frutos de espécies cultivadas e/ou silvestre. A identificação das espécies de moscas-das-frutas foi realizada no Laboratório de Entomologia Aplicada da UFERSA, com base em caracteres morfológicos das fêmeas. O número de moscas-das-frutas capturadas com uso das armadilhas foi de 6.350 e por meio de coletas de frutos 9.626 exemplares, sendo coletados frutos de 64 espécies vegetais, das quais 17 estavam infestadas por Ceratitis capitata e/ou Anastrepha spp. A espécie C. capitata representa cerca de 75% das espécies coletadas; foram identificadas seis espécies Anastrepha: Anastrepha sororcula, A. zenildae, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis, A. pickeli e A. alveata, sendo esta última registrada pela primeira vez no estado do Ceará. A. sororcula representa 72% do total de fêmeas e está associada principalmente a goiaba; A. zenildae a goiaba, juazeiro, castanhola e murici e A. obliqua a cajarana. Os maiores índices de infestação para C. capitata foram verificados em castanhola, sapoti, seriguela, pitanga, acerola, goiaba e murici e para Anastrepha spp. murici, goiaba e juazeiro

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 938313 bytes, checksum: d2f748450594cfaea7fd57653c78d5fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-21 / In the last decades, the incremental amount of global commercial changes increased considerably the likelihood of introduction of quarantine pests. The Regulated Wood Packaging Material MEMR pose a high risk pathway to introduction of quarantine pests. In 2002, the transit of these regulated articles was harmonized internationally by The International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures n. 15. The rule requires the compulsory treatment of MEMR in the country of origin of the shipment and provides, among other phytosanitary measures, phytosanitary inspection of consignments. Nevertheless, there are few published data regarding operational procedures adopted by countries in ports, airports and border crossings. Considering the principles of International Plant Protection Convention IPPC, the procedures of phytosanitary inspection were established by each National Plant Protection Organizations NPPO from each country that signed the Convention. In Brazil, it is applied under the normative act SDA/MAPA no 04/2004 as an emergency regulation, which determines the phytosanitary inspection of all shipments containing MEMR, what in practice, makes it impossible to be implemented considering the lack of previous information about the presence of MEMR in consignment, the amount of imported containers and the restriction of existing human and operational resources. The procedure established as an emergency basis, ends up increasing the delay in releasing the imported consignments in points of entry and contributes to massive bureaucratic regulations. Such conditions play important role for Brazil negative index in the international rankings associated with competitiveness. The aim of the present study was to characterize the imported consignments classified as the major risk for introduction of pests, sent to Port of Santos, to support the review of brazilian rules and to promote some adaptation regarding the risk management and minimal impact, as principle of IPPC. Furthermore, this study will add the risk management in the new module of SIGVIG system, which it will computerize the database for controlling phytosanitary xinspections of MEMR conducted in ports, airports and border crossings in the near future. Initially, previous data from phytosanitary inspections in Port of Santos were ranged from 2008 to 2012 for developing a statistical model able to identify the imported non-compliant consignments and the likelihood of presence of MEMR through logistic regression using data from Origin, Importer and classification of goods under the Harmonized System (HS code or NCM). The validation of model developed was used as a new collection data from phytosanitary inspections made in 2013. It was concluded that the new system was suitable for predicting and selecting consignments that contains MEMR. The model developed can be implemented to new module SIGVIG, increasing the efficiency of phytosanitary inspections conducted by VIGIAGRO/MAPA in brazilian ports, airports and border crossings and contributing to increase the Brazil s competitiveness in international trade. / O incremento no volume das trocas comerciais globais nas últimas décadas aumentou consideravelmente a probabilidade de entrada de pragas quarentenárias, sendo que os materiais de embalagens de madeira regulamentados - MEMR, foram identificados como uma via de ingresso de alto risco para a introdução de pragas florestais, sendo que, a partir de 2002, o trânsito destes materiais passou a ser harmonizado internacionalmente através da Norma Internacional de Medidas Fitossanitárias no 15. A norma prevê o tratamento obrigatório dos MEMR no país de origem do envio e prevê, dentre outras medidas fitossanitárias, a inspeção fitossanitária dos envios importados, embora exista pouca literatura publicada sobre procedimentos operacionais adotados pelos países em portos, aeroportos e postos de fronteira. Considerando o princípio da soberania da Convenção Internacional de Proteção dos Vegetais - CIPV, os procedimentos para a inspeção fitossanitária acabam por ser definidos por cada Organização Nacional de Proteção Fitossanitária ONPF do país signatário da Convenção. No Brasil, vigora emergencialmente a Instrução Normativa SDA/MAPA no 04/2004 que condiciona a inspeção fitossanitária de todos os envios que contenham MEMR, o que na prática se torna impossível de ser executado, considerando a falta de informação prévia da presença de MEMR no envio, a quantidade de contêineres importados e a limitação de recursos humanos e operacionais existentes. O procedimento estabelecido emergencialmente acaba por aumentar ainda mais a demora na liberação aduaneira de envios importados e contribui para regulamentação burocrática excessiva, que sempre são índices negativos para o Brasil nos rankings de viiiavaliação de competitividade internacional. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho, caracterizar os envios importados através do Porto de Santos como de maior risco a introdução de pragas, de forma a subsidiar a revisão da norma brasileira, adequando-a aos princípios de manejo de risco e impacto mínimo previstos na CIPV, além de possibilitar a inclusão desta ferramenta no novo módulo do Sistema SIGVIG, que informatizará e irá controlar futuramente as inspeções fitossanitárias de MEMR em portos, aeroportos e postos de fronteira no Brasil. Inicialmente, foram levantados os dados com os resultados das inspeções fitossanitárias no Porto de Santos entre os anos de 2008 a 2012 para o desenvolvimento de um modelo estatístico que pudesse identificar os envios que contivessem não conformidades e a presença de MEMR através de regressão logística, utilizando dados como Origem, Importador e o código do Sistema Harmonizado (HR) presente no envio (NCM). A validação do modelo desenvolvido foi realizada utilizando um novo conjunto de dados referentes as inspeções fitossanitárias do ano de 2013, que concluíram por demonstrar um bom desempenho na predição e seleção de partidas que continham MEMR. O modelo desenvolvido poderá vir a ser implementado no novo módulo do SIGVIG, aumentando a eficácia das inspeções fitossanitárias conduzidas pelo VIGIAGRO/MAPA em Portos, Aeroportos e Postos de Fronteira brasileiros e contribuindo para aumentar a competividade do Brasil no comércio exterior.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia de análise de multiresíduos para quantificação de resíduos de pesticidas em manga. Foram analisados 32 pesticidas, sendo dos seguintes grupos: 9 Organofosforados, 17 Organoclorados e 6 triazois sendo que neste mesmo método foi analisado novamente o Organofosforado fention. Os organofosforados foram analisados em cromatógrafo a gás (CG) acoplado ao detector fotométrico de chamas e os organoclorados foram analisados em cromatógrafo a gás (CG) acoplado ao detector de captura de elétrons (ECD). Os triazois foram analisados em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massa (CG/MS). A curva de linearidade para todos os padrões analíticos, foi realizada em triplicata e com 6 diferentes concentrações. As fortificações das amostras foram realizadas em dois níveis de concentração, no limite do método e 10 vezes o limite do método, sendo que a concentração do limite de quantificação do método (LOQ) foi realizada com sete repetições (N= 7) e a concentração de 10 vezes o LOQ foi realizada com N= 5, usando-se mangas tratadas no sistema orgânico (livres de pesticidas). Os métodos desenvolvidos e validados neste estudo apresentaram-se: a) Linear na faixa de: 0,1 - 4,0 µg/mL para o triclorfon e malation; 0,05 – 2,0 µg/mL para os demais organofosforados; 0,05 – 1,6 µg/mL para os organoclorados; 0,1 – 1,0 µg/mL para o paclobutrazol; 0,25 - 2,5 µg/mL para o fention e bromuconazol; 0,5 – 5,0 µg/mL para o tetraconazol e tebuconazol e 1,0 – 10 µg/mL para o procloraz e difenoconazol respectivamente, uma vez que o coeficiente de determinação foi maior que 0,99 para todos os ativos. b) Específicos, pois o nível de contaminação e/ou interferente na análise do branco dos reagentes e da amostra testemunha, foram inferiores a 30% do limite de quantificação. c) Exato, Preciso e Repetitivo, pois todos os ativos apresentaram recuperação dentro do intervalo de aceitabilidade de 70 a 120%, com coeficiente de variação porcentual (CV%) inferior a 15% em relação à média global de todos os níveis de fortificação. Foram também analisados os mesmos pesticidas em 15 amostras de mangas compradas nos supermercados de Piracicaba, procedentes do Nordeste do Brasil. Em nenhuma das amostras foram encontrados resíduos acima do limite estabelecido por lei ou acima do limite de quantificação deste método, no caso dos pesticidas não autorizados. / The principal objective of this study was the development and validation of a multiresidue analytical methodology for the quantification of pesticide residues in mangos. Quantitative analyses were made for 32 pesticides, from the following classes: organophosphorus (9), organochlorine (17) and triazole (6). The results from the method include the first analysis for the organophosphorus pesticide fenthion. The organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a flame photometric detector, while the organochlorine pesticides were analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to an electron capture detector (ECD). The triazoles were analyzed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). For each of the analytes, calibration curves were constructed in triplicate using solutions with six different concentrations, prepared from the analytical standards. Recovery experiments were performed at two levels of fortification, the limit of quantification of the method (LOQ) and 10 times this limit. Seven repetitions (N = 7) were performed at the limit of quantification, and five (N = 5) at the 10 times higher level of fortification. Mangos raised by organic farming methods (free from pesticides) were used for the recovery experiments. The methods developed and validated in this study have the following characteristics: a) linear range: 0.1 – 4.0 µg/mL for trichlorfon and malathion; 0.05 – 2.0 µg/mL for the other organophosphorus pesticides; 0.05 – 1.6 µg/mL for the organochloro pesticides; 0.1 – 1.0 µg/mL for paclobutrazol; 0.25 – 2.5 µg/mL for fenthion and bromuconazole; 0.5 – 5.0 µg/mL for tetraconazole and tebuconazole; and 1.0 – 10.0 µg/mL for prochloraz and difenoconazole, in each case the coefficient of determination was greater than 0.99. b) Specific: thus the level of contamination and/or intereference in analysis from the reagent blank and the control sample amounted to less than 30% of the limit of quantification. c) Exact, Precise and Repeatable, for each of the analytes the recovery was found to be within the acceptable interval of 70 to 120%, and with a coefficient of variation, expressed as a percentage, of less than 15% in relation to the global average of the results obtained at the two levels of fortification. Analyses were made for the same pesticides in 15 samples of mangos bought from supermarkets in Piracicaba, which were raised in the Northeast of Brazil. None of these samples contained residue concentrations above the limit established by law or, in the case of non-authorized pesticides, above the limit of the quantification of the current methodology.

El presente trabajado a realizar consiste en el Análisis de las barreras comerciales que influyeron en las exportaciones de Uvas Frescas provenientes de la región de Piura dentro del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Perú durante el periodo 2009-2019. En la última década quedo evidenciado el incremento de las exportaciones de uvas fresca hacia los Estados Unidos, en el cual intervino una serie de barreras comerciales que influyeron en las exportaciones de dicho producto en el marco del TLC entre ambos países. Es por ello, el objetivo de la investigación es Analizar de las barreras comerciales que influyeron en las exportaciones de Uvas Frescas provenientes de la región de Piura dentro del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Perú durante el periodo 2009-2019. A través de la investigación de tipo mixta, se realizó el análisis de las variables identificadas como barreras comerciales por medio de dos tipos de análisis. En primer lugar, cualitativo, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad a los representantes de instituciones, expertos en temas agrícolas y empresas de la región de Piura. En segundo lugar, cuantitativo a través del modelo gravitacional. El cual empleo datos econométricos que se obtuvo de la búsqueda de fuentes como SUNAT, INEI Sistemas de gestión de información para MSF, OTC y Precios internacionales de uvas frescas, entre otros, los cuales sirvieron para poder desarrollar los objetivos que se plantearon en la investigación. Los resultados del análisis cualitativo concluyen que las MSF y OTC son barreras comerciales que influyeron en las exportaciones de uvas frescas de la región de Piura dentro del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Perú durante el periodo 2009-2019.Por otro lado, los precios internacionales no representan una barrera comercial que influyeron en las exportaciones de dicho producto. Esto se manifiesta en qué precio lo determina el mercado. Por lo contrario, los resultados cuantitativos en base al modelo gravitacional demostraron lo contrario tanto las MSF, OTC y Precios Internacionales no constituyen como barreras comerciales para exportar la uva fresca hacia el mercado de los Estados Unidos. / The present work has been carried out consists of the Analysis of the trade barriers that influenced the exports of Fresh Grapes from the Piura region within the Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Peru during the 2009-2019 period. In the last decade, the increase in exports of fresh grapes to the United States was evidenced, in which a series of trade barriers intervened that influenced the exports of said product within the framework of the FTA between both countries. For this reason, the objective of the research is to analyze the trade barriers that influenced the exports of Fresh Grapes from the Piura region within the Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Peru during the 2009-2019 period. Through mixed type research, the analysis of the variables identified as trade barriers was carried out by means of two types of analysis. First, qualitatively, in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of institutions, experts in agricultural issues and companies in the Piura region. Second, quantitative through the gravitational model. Which used econometric data that was obtained from the search of sources such as SUNAT, INEI Information management systems for MSF, OTC and International prices of fresh grapes, among others, which served to develop the objectives that were raised in the investigation .The results of both qualitative analysis conclude that the SPS and OTC are trade barriers that influenced the exports of fresh grapes from the Piura region within the Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Peru during the 2009-2019 period. , international prices do not represent a trade barrier that influenced the exports of said product. This is manifested in what price is determined by the market. On the contrary, the quantitative results based on the gravitational model showed the opposite; both the SPS, OTC and International Prices do not constitute trade barriers to export fresh grapes to the United States market. The keywords used in the research: Trade Barriers, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Technical Barriers to Trade, International Price of Fresh Grapes, Exports and Gravitational Model. / Tesis

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de la implementación de medidas sanitarias en las exportaciones del grano de cacao hacia Países bajos, según el acuerdo comercial vigente entre Perú – Unión Europea, durante el periodo 2009 - 2019. Se resaltan aspectos como, la importancia del cumplimiento de los estándares establecidos por las instituciones autorizadas para la exportación de cacao. Dentro de los aspectos metodológicos el enfoque usado fue mixto, es decir cualitativo y cuantitativo. De acuerdo con el enfoque cualitativo, se seleccionaron para la muestra seis actores claves y para el enfoque cuantitativo, se trabajó con datos de exportación en toneladas, precio FOB, centrados en la Dummy variable; se elaboró un instrumento con cinco preguntas por variable; para el análisis de datos cualitativos se utilizó el programa Atlas Ti y para datos cuantitativos el Programa SPSS versión 25. Los resultados indican que el control de contaminantes y residuos tiene un efecto positivo en la calidad de los productos y el modelo es viable; asimismo se comprobó que la legislación internacional no afecta drásticamente la exportación del grano de cacao peruano; la protección a la salud humana de los contaminantes y residuos en la exportación del grano de cacao muestra la prevención en las constantes actualizaciones de los contenidos permitidos en los alimentos. Se concluye que, el efecto de la implementación de medidas sanitarias en las exportaciones del grano de cacao hacia Países bajos puede considerarse positivo, debido a los cambios positivos generados en el país productor. / The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the implementation of sanitary measures on exports of cocoa beans to the Netherlands, according to the current trade agreement between Peru - European Union, during the period 2009 - 2019. Aspects such as, the importance of compliance with the standards established by the institutions authorized for the export of cocoa. In the methodological aspects, the approach used was mixed, that is, qualitative and quantitative. According to the qualitative approach, six key players were selected for the sample and for the quantitative approach, we worked with export data in tons, FOB price, centered on the variable dummy; An instrument was developed with five questions per variable; The Atlas Ti program was used for the analysis of qualitative data and the SPSS version 25 program for quantitative data. The results indicate that the control of contaminants and residues has a positive effect on the quality of the products and the model is viable; In the other hand, it was found that international legislation does not drastically affect the export of Peruvian cocoa beans; The protection of human health from the contaminates and residues in the export of cocoa beans shows prevention in the constant updates of the contents allowed in food. It is concluded that the effect of the implementation of sanitary measures on cocoa bean exports to the Netherlands can be considered positive, for the positive changes generated in the producing country. / Tesis

En el presente trabajo de investigación se busca analizar cuáles han sido los principales factores externos que han influido en la caída de las exportaciones de langostinos enteros congelados del departamento de Tumbes hacia el mercado español, en el periodo 2014-2019. Durante los años 2014 al 2016 las exportaciones de la partida 03.06.1711.00 mantuvieron una leve disminución en FOB. Para el año 2017, éstas llegaron a su pico máximo de exportaciones; y, posterior a este, en los años 2018 y 2019 cayeron nuevamente. Sin embargo, el comercio de los langostinos enteros congelados hacia el mundo, experimentaron ligeras fluctuaciones entre estos años, mas se mantuvieron en positivo; con excepción del año 2016, donde se presentó una caída en baja proporción. Para obtener resultados a esta investigación se empleó la metodología de enfoque cualitativo de teoría fundamentada con diseño sistemático. Es por ello que se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas tanto a expertos como a las principales empresas de Tumbes exportadoras del producto en estudio, durante los años 2014-2019 hacia España. Se analizó la información rescatada de las entrevistas con las variables definidas en la investigación, a fin de compararlas con lo expresado en el presente trabajo. / This research work seeks to analyze the main external factors that have influenced the fall in exports of frozen whole shrimp from the department of Tumbes to the Spanish market in the period 2014-2019. During the years 2014 to 2016, exports of heading 03.06.1711.00 continued with a slight decrease. For the year 2017, these reached their maximum peak of exports; and, after this, in the years 2018 and 2019 they fell again. However, the trade of frozen whole shrimp to the world, experienced slight fluctuations between these years, but remained positive, with the exception of 2016, where there was a drop in low proportion. In order to obtain results for this research, the qualitative approach methodology of grounded theory with systematic design was used. Therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with both experts and the main Tumbes companies exporting the product under study, during the years 2014-2019 to Spain. The information obtained from the interviews was analyzed with the variables defined in the research, in order to compare them with what was expressed in this paper. / Tesis