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73 pp. / Originally developed in Iowa and adapted for Arizona. Arizona Youth Livestock Quality Assurance Member Manual; Arizona Youth Livestock Quality Assurance Activity Guide. / This trainer's reference is for use in implementing the youth livestock quality assurance program. The curriculum is designed to provide youth and adults with a better understanding of the risks involved in the food production industry, better understand the Good Production Practices (GPP's) that can help them produce a safer product and therefore, implement these GPP's in their own livestock production system.

Le but de cette étude est de mieux comprendre l’effet d’une fertilisation en lisier de porc sur la productivité d’une plantation de saule tout en évaluant les risques d’impact négatif sur l’environnement. Nous avons évalué la réponse des plants à des quantités croissantes de lisiers en plus de la comparer à celle d’une fertilisation minérale. Nous avons aussi vérifié l’impact du lisier sur les teneurs nutritionnelles du sol ainsi que sur les concentrations en nitrates et phosphore de la solution du sol. Bien que l’azote du lisier soit moins efficace que celui des engrais minéraux, les résultats de notre étude montrent que le lisier est un bon engrais pour les plantations de saules. En effet, les rendements sur deux ans des parcelles ayant reçu les quantités croissantes de lisier étaient de l’ordre de 30,3 à 32,9 t/ha. Nous avons observé l’augmentation des teneurs en nitrate, cuivre et zinc dans le sol en fonction des apports croissants de lisier. Ces teneurs ont d’ailleurs diminué lors de la deuxième saison de croissance, ce qui pourrait être dû au prélèvement par les saules. Les concentrations printanières des eaux de lysimètres indiquent que la quantité maximale de lisier telle que testée lors de nos essais comporte un certain facteur de risque de lessivage des nitrates. Nous n’avons pas analysé la solution du sol des parcelles fertilisées avec des quantités plus faibles de lisier, mais nous pouvons croire qu’elles auraient induit des concentrations en nitrate comportant moins de risque de lessivage tout en assurant une productivité considérable. / The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the use of pig slurry as fertilizer on the productivity of a willow plantation, while evaluating the risk of a negative impact on the environment. We evaluated plant response to increasing slurry amounts and compared this response to the effect of mineral fertilization. We also verified the impact of slurry on soil nutritional content as well as on nitrate and phosphorus concentrations in the soil. Although slurry nitrogen was less efficient than mineral fertilizer, the results of our study show that slurry constitutes an effective fertilizer for willow plantations. In fact, yields over two years on plots that received increasing amounts of slurry were on the order of 30.0 to 32.9 t/ha. We observed an increase in soil levels of nitrates, copper and zinc as a function of increasing slurry amounts. These levels actually decreased during the second growing season, possibly due to uptake by the willows. Springtime concentrations of water in lysimeters indicated that the maximum amount of slurry tested in our experiments was accompanied by a certain risk of nitrates leaching into the soil. We did not analyze the soil solution of plots fertilized with lower amounts of slurry, but it seems likely that these nitrate concentrations would have had a lower risk of leaching while still ensuring considerable productivity.

In der Studie wurden in der Intensivtierhaltung eingesetzte Abluftreinigungsanlagen einschließlich Lüftungssystem hinsichtlich ihres technischen Aufbaus, ihres Energieeinsatzes und ihrer Energieeffizienz untersucht. Auf dieser Basis wurden Vorschläge zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz erarbeitet. Aus der Betrachtung von zwei sächsischen Schweinehaltungsbetrieben konnten Hinweise für die Anlagenbetreiber und für Neuanlagen abgeleitet werden.

En el presente estudio se analizan los efectos de los fotoperiodos ambientales de otoño e invierno y los fotoperiodos experimentales de 24, 12 y 0 horas de luz artificial sobre la calidad del semen de machos reproductores porcinos de raza Landrace.El estudio se realizó sobre 30 machos postpuberales de 8 meses de edad y testados con el fin de comprobar la homogeneidad. Los machos fueron distribuidos aleatóriamente en los 3 grupos de luz artificial durante 3 meses. El tratamiento de 12 horas de luz artificial fue considerado como grupo control. Previamente al inicio de cada tratamiento, se sometió a cada grupo de machos al fotoperiodo ambiental correspondiente a la época del año; así, se caracterizó también la calidad seminal en otoño e invierno, manteniendo la temperatura constante.La nave experimental que acogió a los machos tiene una superficie de 100 m2 y una altura de 3,5 m. Un pasillo central divide la nave en dos hileras de 5 y 6 celdas respectivamente. En una de las celdas pequeñas se instaló el maniquí y fue utilizada para las extracciones de semen. La iluminación artificial se consiguió con la instalación de 6 lámparas fluorescentes en el techo del pasillo central que proporcionaron una luz homogénea superior a 200 lux. Así mismo, la nave se mantuvo en todo momento a 21±1ºC y la humedad relativa osciló entre el 60-75%.A todos los verracos se les proporcionó una dieta nutritiva y equilibrada y se les sometió a un regimen de extracciones de semen de 2 veces por semana, habiendo sido previamente entrenados en la monta del maniquí.Les muestras de semen fueron recogidas según la técnica de la mano enguantada (Martín, 1982; Daza, 1992) y se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: el volumen y el pH seminales, la concentración, la vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas, la resistencia acrosómica de los espermatozoides, la morfología espermàtica a partir de la frecuencia de los espermatozoides maduros, inmaduros y aberrantes, la producción testicular y el número de dosis seminales. Se analizó, además, bioquímicamente el plasma seminal al principio y al final de cada tratamiento experimental de luz artificial a partir de la concentración de proteína total, de la identificación de residuos fosforilados de proteína y del contenido de azúcares. También se determinaron los índices de fertilidad y prolificidad. El volumen y el pH de los eyaculados se utilizaron como marcadores del estado funcional de las glándulas sexuales accesorias; la concentración espermàtica como un indicador de la actividad testicular (Pinart y col., 1999). La vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas fueron estimadores del grado de diferenciación del espermatozoide tanto a nivel testicular como epididimario; la resistencia acrosómica fue utilizada para valorar el nivel de diferenciación de la membrana acrosómica durante la espermiogénesis y/o maduración epididimària (Briz i col., 1996; Pinart i col., 1999). Referente a la morfología espermática, los espermatozoides inmaduros fueron marcadores de anomalías en la maduración de éstos a lo largo del conducto epididimario y los espermatozoides aberrantes se utilizaron como marcadores de una diferenciación defectuosa a nivel de testículo (anomalías primarias) y a nivel de conducto epididimario (anomalías secundarias) (Briz i col., 1996). La concentración de proteína total se utilizó para valorar la integridad funcional de las membranas del espermatozoide y la actividad de las glándulas sexuales accesorias. La identificación de proteínas con residuos de tirosina fosforilados fue un estimador de la viabilidad celular y la actividad de las glándulas sexuales, y el contenido de azúcares como un indicador de la producción de las vesículas seminales.La determinación del volumen y el pH de los eyaculados se realizó en las instalaciones de la granja a partir de semen fresco el mismo día de la extracción. El resto de parámetros se analizaron en el laboratorio durante las 48 horas posteriores a la extracción a partir de semen diluido en BTS (diluyente de Bestville) (Daza, 1992) y transportado y conservado a 15ºC. Las muestras fueron previamente filtradas con el fin de eliminar la tapioca.El estudio estadístico de los resultados obtenidos se realizó a partir del análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) con un nivel de significación de =0,05.En cuanto al estudio comparativo de los fotoperiodos ambientales estacionales se ha observado un incremento significativo del pH del eyaculado en los machos expuestos a otoño (P0,0001), mientras que el volumen seminal se mantiene en valores similares en ambos tratamientos (P=0,1650). La concentración espermàtica, la producción espermàtica y el número de dosis seminales que se pueden preparar a partir de un eyaculado se duplica en los verracos sometidos al fotoperiodo de primavera (P0,0001). La vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas no experimentan cambios significativos entre tratamientos (P=0,3440 y P=0,9220, respectivamente). La resistencia osmótica de los acrosomas desciende únicamente en los machos expuestos a condiciones estacionales de otoño (P0,0001). En referencia a la morfología espermàtica aunque no se observan diferencias entre primavera y otoño (P0,05), sí se detecta un incremento de los porcentajes de espermatozoides inmaduros y aberrantes en ambos fotoperiodos estacionales, y en especial en los machos expuestos a condiciones fotoperiódicas de otoño. Según los resultados obtenidos en este estudio la calidad seminal de los verracos es inferior en el fotoperiodo de otoño debido a un descenso de la concentración y la producción espermáticas, un aumento del pH seminal, una disminución de la resistencia de la membrana acrosómica y a un incremento en la frecuencia de espermatozoides inmaduros y aberrantes. Parece ser, pues, que en el otoño tiene lugar la disminución de la producción testicular, cambios en la actividad de las glándulas sexuales accesorias y disfunciones en el proceso de diferenciación testicular y epididimària de los espermatozoides y especialmente del acrosoma.En relación a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de los diferentes fotoperiodos artificiales se observa que la iluminación continua provoca un aumento significativo del volumen del eyaculado en el primer y segundo mes de tratamiento (P0,0001), disminuyendo en el tercer mes. La oscuridad absoluta no modifica este parámetro (P0,05). En cuanto al pH seminal la iluminación continua provoca un incremento progresivo del valor del pH a lo largo del periodo experimental (P0,0001), mientras que la oscuridad absoluta tiene un efecto más irregular. La exposición de los machos a iluminación continua y a oscuridad absoluta se manifiesta en un descenso de la concentración y la producción espermáticas que se mantiene hasta el segundo mes de tratamiento (P0,0001), observándose un incremento en el tercer mes de exposición de los machos a oscuridad absoluta (P=0,1010). De todas maneras, este descenso es mas severo en los machos sometidos a iluminación continua ya que no presentan recuperación. La vitalidad y la motilidad espermáticas no se ven alteradas por la iluminación continua y la oscuridad absoluta, ni tampoco el contenido de los azúcares mayoritarios del plasma seminal (P0,005). La glucosa aparece como un azúcar minoritario y sí que presenta concentraciones inferiores en los tratamientos experimentales de luz continua y de oscuridad absoluta (P0,0001 y P=0,0002, respectivamente). La resistencia osmótica de los acrosomas desciende en ambos tratamientos artificiales extremos de luz continua y oscuridad total (P0,0001), aunque en los machos expuestos a iluminación continua se produce una recuperación a partir del segundo mes de tratamiento (P=0,4930). Dado que tampoco se han observado diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de proteína total (P0,05), es probable que las anomalías de la membrana acrosómica se originen durante el proceso de espermiogénesis y/o maduración epididimària. La exposición de los verracos a oscuridad absoluta no altera la morfología espermàtica de los eyaculados, aunque se observa un aumento de la frecuencia de espermatozoides con anomalías en la forma de la cola en el primer mes (P0,0001), y un aumento de la frecuencia de espermatozoides inmaduros con gota distal y de espermatozoides con anomalías en el número de colas en el tercer mes de experimentación (P=0,0030 y P0,0001). La luz continua, sin embargo, provoca un incremento de la frecuencia de espermatozoides inmaduros con gota distal (P0,0001) y de espermatozoides con anomalías en la forma de la cola (P=0,0040) ya en el primer mes. El fotoperiodo provoca un descenso de la fertilidad de los machos expuestos a oscuridad absoluta en el tercer mes de tratamiento (P0,0001) y un incremento de ésta en los machos sometidos a iluminación continua (P=0,0005). La prolificidad no se ve modificada por ambas condiciones extremas de luz artificial (P0,05). Así pues, los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el fotoperiodo afecta la actividad testicular, provoca alteraciones en la actividad de las glándulas sexuales accesorias, altera el proceso de expulsión de la gota citoplasmática y provoca anomalías en el proceso de diferenciación de la cola tanto a nivel testicular como epididimario, siendo los verracos expuestos a luz continua más sensibles a estos parámetros que los verracos sometidos a oscuridad absoluta. El fotoperiodo, sin embargo, no altera de forma esencial la integridad de las membranas del espermatozoide ni la capacidad fecundante de éste. / The present study analizes the effects of ambiental photoperiods of srping and autumn and of experimental photoperiods of 24, 12 and 0 hours lighting on the semen quality of Landrace boars.For this purpouse 30 healthy postpuberal boars of 8 months of age were selected; the males chosed showed both facility to mount on the dummy and high semen quality. In order to determine the effects of light on seminal features. Boars were randomly distributed into 3 experimental groups throughout 3 months. The artificial photoperiod of 12 h was considered a control treatment. Previous to the initiation of each experimental treatment, the males were exposed in a natural photoperiod of autumn or spring for 15 days by maintaining the temperature constant.In all groups the boars were kept in a experimental room of 100 m2 and 3,5 m high, divided into 2 files of 5 and 6 boxs, respectively. One box contained the dummy and was reserved for semen collections. The artificial lighting, upper the 200 lux, was obtained from 6 regulaly distributed lamps in the ceiling. The experimental room was always maintained in a temperature of 201ºC and an humidity of 60-75%.Boars were fed with a nutritious diet, and subjected to a semen collection rythm of twice per week. Semen samples were obtained by the gloved hand method. For each semen sample the parameters analized were the ejaculate volume and pH, the sperm concentration, vitality and motility, the acrosomic resistance, the sperm morphology from the frequency of mature, immature, and aberrant spermatozoa, the testicular production and the number of dosis for each ejaculate. Moreover, samples from the day 30th and 90th of each experimental treatment were processed for biochemical analysis in order to determine protein concentracion and identificate the tyrosine phosphorilated residues and to determine fructose, sorbitol and glucose concentrations; and, also they were processed to value fertility and prolificity indexs.The volume and pH of the ejaculates were measured from the sperm fraction the same day of the extractions. The other seminal parameters were analized in the 48 hours after the obtention of the samples from the filtration and dilution of the sperm fraccion. Statistical comparisons were made using the analysis of variance ANOVA at a significance level of =0,05.The comparative study of natural photoperiods indicated that pH was significantly higher in males under autumn conditions, while seminal volume did not differ. Sperm concentration, sperm production and number of seminal dosis were higher in males exposed to spring conditions. Sperm vitality and sperm motility was similar in males exposed to both spring and autumn conditions, whereas osmotic resistance of acrosomes was lower in autumn photoperiod. The sperm morphology did not differed between treatments, but in males exposed to autumn photoperiod an increase of the frequency of inmature and aberrant spermatozoa was found.These results show that the sperm quality of boars was lower in autumn photoperiod than in spring photoperiod due to low sperm concentration and sperm production, a high pH value of semen, a low osmotic resistance of acrosome and a high frequency of inmature and aberrant spermatozoa. Thus, autumn conditions induces a decrease in testicular production, and dysfunctions in both testicular and epididymal differentiation of spermatozoaThe comparative study of artificial photoperiods showed that 24 h lighting resulted in an increase of seminal volume in the first and second months of treatment, whereas 0 h lighting did not affect this parameter. The pH of semen increased progressively throughout the 24h treatment, whereas the 0h treatment showed an irregular effect on this parameter. Both experimental conditions produced a decrease in sperm concentration and sperm production until the second month; this decrease was more severe in males exposed to 24 h lighting. Neither the sperm vitality and motility nor the fructose and sorbitol concentration were affected by experimental condictions. In our study, glucose appeared as a minoritary sugar that was affected by artificial photoperiod. The effect of artificial photperiod on osmotic resistance of acrosome was more severe in darkness than in continuous lighting. The exposure of boars to darkness and continuous lighting did not alter the sperm morphology; however an increase of the frequency of inmature spermatozoa with distal droplet and aberrant spermatozoa with tail anomalies. The total protein concentration and the content of phophorilated tyrosine residues showed normal values throughout the experimental treatments. Fertility and prolificity were not affected by experimental conditions; however in males exposed to darkness a decrease in fertility was found in the third month of threatment.Data obtained indicate that photoperiod affects the semen quality of boars by decreasing the sperm concentration and sperm production, the osmotic resistance of acrosome and the glucose concentration, and by increasing the frequencies of inmature and tail aberrant spermatozoa; these alterations were more severe in those males exposed to 24h lighting thant in males exposed to 0h lighting. However, despite these anomalies both the fecundity and prolificity are not disturbed. Lack of abnormalitites in fecundity and fertility are correlated with the normal content of both sugar and proteins in seminal plasma of boars.

Aquest treball de tesis doctoral tracta de la Optimització de la fase d'engreix. L'objectiu és determinar les condicions d'enviament a sacrifici d'un lot d'animals des d'un punt de vista operatiu. En primer lloc es fa una anàlisi de la cadena de producció de carn porcina, resaltant-ne els canvis del sector que han influit en la fase d'engreixament. La conclusió d'aquesta anàlisi és el plantejament d'un model per prendre decisions degut al canvi de paradigma que s'evidencia: els productors de porcs en la fase d'engreix cal que orientin la gestió del paràmetres operatius i els productes finals a les exigències i gustos dels seus clients. Seguidament, es presenta el sistema d'ajut a la decisió basat en un model biològic que explica l'evolució de les variables productives (pes i consum de pinso). A més també prediu les variables associades a característiques de la canal, com són el percentatge de magre, la proporció de peces, el rendiment i el greix intramuscular. El sistema té en compte tres mercats de carn porcina alternatius: 1) basat en pes viu, 2) basat en mèrits de la canal (percentatge de magre) y 3) basat en el valor de les peces nobles resultants de l'especejament de l'animal. L'objetiu del sistema és determinar la millor estratègia d'enviament per a cadascun dels genotips que s'han estudiat (alternatives de producció) depenent del mercat on seran enviats els animals. A més, també ha estat estudiat l'efecte de la variabilitat biològica dels animals dins del lot sobre els valors econòmics. També s'ha considerat l'opció d'enviar els animals en diverses etapes per tal d'homogeneitzar el pes dels animals enviats. Aquest problema ha estat estudiat seguint l'enfocament de programació dinàmica. En els darrers capítols es presenten quatre aplicacions del model que s'han desenvolupat al llarg del treball. En un futur els mercats de carn porcina tindran la tendència a ser més definits, per tant la producció en la fase d'engreixament porcí hauria d'integrar i tenir en compte les demandes i les exigències del consumidor. / This PhD Thesis is related to optimisation of pig fattening phase under an operative point of view. Firstly it has been an analysis of the Pork Chain in order to establish a framework. The objective is to highlight the changes in the sector which have influenced on fattening phase. The result was the necessity of satisfying the consumer demands. In the following chapters a Decision Support was developed based on the consumers requirements. Based on a biological model, a managerial model has been developed to analyse the fattening phase. The decision support system takes into account three alternative pig meat markets: Live body weight pricing, carcass merit pricing, and components or cuts pricing system. Apart from the alternatives markets, its objective is to determine the best marketing strategy for each different genotypes (production alternatives) depending on the market where they will be sent. In addition, the effect of animal variability on economic figures has been studied. Also it has been considered the option of marketing the animals in different stages in order to homogenise the weight of animal sent. This problem has been treated under dynamic programming framework. In near future pig meat markets are going to be more defined, therefore the fattening phase of pork production must take consumer demands into account.

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Food security is a national priority, according to Section 27 of the South African Constitution. It states: “Every citizen has the right to have access to sufficient food and water, and that the state must by legislation and other measures, within its available resources, avail to progressive realisation of the right to sufficient food.” Nevertheless, while food security is clearly a government priority and regardless of the country being considered as self-sufficient in respect of food production, food insecurity remains a dire South African challenge. This study presents the improvement of smallholder pig farmers to a commercial standard with funding from the government as a potential means to address poverty and food insecurity in South Africa. Commercial standard pig farms as opposed to smallholder pig farms provide increased employment, food production, biosecurity and food safety. This investigative study evaluates the economic feasibility of a smallholder commercial pig farm in the Mamre area. The Empolweni community’s pig farmers serve as the case study and as an example of a typical smallholder pig farming community. Their current operations are studied, the requirements for a conversion to a commercial standard are assessed and the profitability and sustainability of the proposed commercial model is judged. The study’s findings indicate that specific scenarios (high production performance, large pig farm unit sizes, pork price increases or feed costs reductions) a commercial smallholder pig farm can achieve economic feasibility. However, trends indicate that there is low likelihood of the required conditions to achieve economic feasibility will be able to occur. The thesis judges only the potential economic feasibility of the case study, as opposed to the economic feasibility of commercial smallholder pig farmers on a national or regional level. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voedsel sekuriteit is ‘n nasionale prioriteit en vorm deel van die Artikel 27 Grondwetlike regte in Suid-Afrika. Die Grondwet stel dat elke landsburger die reg op toegang tot voldoende voedsel en water het en dat die staat deur middel van wetgewing en ander maatreëls, binne sy beskikbare middele, progressiewe verwesenliking van die reg op voldoende voedsel moet laat geskied. Nietemin, alhoewel voedsel sekuriteit ongetwyfeld ‘n prioriteit van die regering is en ten spyte daarvan dat Suid-Afrika as selfonderhoudend ten opsigte van voedselproduksie gesien word, heers onvoldoende voedsel sekuriteit steeds. Hierdie studie stel die volgende moontlike oplossing voor: Suid-Afrikaanse kleinskaalse varkboere moet hul bedrywighede opgradeer na 'n kommersiële standaard. Verskeie redes kan gegee word waarom hierdie oplossing 'n gangbare opsie bied om armoede en voedselsekuriteit in Suid-Afrika teë te werk. Kommersiële varkboere, in teenstelling met kleinskaalse varkboere, bied verhoogde vlakke van voedselproduksie, werkskepping, biosekuriteit en veiliger voedingsbronne. Hierdie studie poog om die ekonomiese gangbaarheid van ‘n kleinskaalse kommersiële varkplaas in die Mamre omgewing te bepaal. Die Empolweni gemeenskap se varkboere dien as 'n gevallestudie van ‘n tipiese kleinskaalse varkboerdery gemeenskap. Hul huidige bedrywighede is ondersoek, die benodighede vir ‘n opgradering is bepaal en die winsgewendheid en volhoubaarheid van die kommersiële model is beoordeel. Bevindings toon dat vir spesifieke gevalle (hoë produksievlakke, groot varkplaaseenhede, varkprys verhogings en voerkoste verlagings) ‘n kommersiële kleinskaalse varkplaas ekonomiese gangbaarheid kan behaal. Alhoewel, tendense toon dat daar ‘n lae waarskynlikheid is dat die nodige kondisie om ekonomiese gangbaarheid te behaal sal kan plaasvind. Die tesis oorweeg slegs die ekonomiese gangbaarheid van die gevallestudie. Die ekonomiese gangbaarheid van kleinskaalse varkboere op ‘n nasionale of streeksvlak word dus nie ingesluit nie.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soils subjected to successive pig slurry (PS) amendments present zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) increases, mostly on soil surface layer. The continuous application of PS causes accumulation of these heavy metals (HM) in soil, increasing risks for environmental contamination. Therefore, development of methods to estimate Zn and Cu accumulation in surface layer and their movement in soil is very important for the management planning of PS and of the agricultural soils amended with these residues. The main objective of this work was to model the vertical transport of Zn and Cu in profile of agricultural soils receiving successive application of PS at high, moderate and low doses, evaluating the effects of soil tillage and water absorption by roots on the movement of these HM. We also aimed to predict the long-term accumulation of HM in soil surface and their transport into groundwater, comparing estimated results with the threshold values established for agricultural soils and groundwater by the Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Two studies were performed on field experiments composed by different PS doses, the first located on an Alfisol in Santa Maria RS, and the second on an Oxisol in Campos Novos SC. Hydro-physical and chemical characteristics of these soils were measured and, accompanied by atmospheric and PS application data sets, were introduced into HYDRUS-1D for parameterization of the two-site model used. In the first study, simulations for next 100 years were performed under scenarios combining two PS doses and four time intervals between soil tillage of the arable layer. The solute transport model used on these simulations was already validated for this local soil in another study. In the second study, the validation of a solute transport model was carried out primarily, following the same approaches used for the Alfisol. Afterwards, root water uptake and root growth modules were introduced to the model. The future scenarios were simulated using applications of different PS doses during the next 50 years. The solute transport model previously validated for the Alfisol was also validated for the Oxisol, and the introduction of the root modules in HYDRUS-1D produced even better results. This increased the usefulness of the model for its use in simulations related to Zn and Cu transport on other contaminated soils. Future scenarios exhibit a great accumulation of these two HM in soil surface layer during the simulated times. Moreover, when soils are submitted to high PS annual doses, its Cu concentrations reached the maximum values established by CONAMA for agricultural soils in approximately 94 years on the Alfisol and in 29 years on the Oxisol. Reduction in PS doses and sporadic soil tillage are strategies that slow the increase of these HM concentrations in soil surface layer, decreasing so the environmental risks and making PS additions on agricultural soils viable for longer time. / Solos submetidos a sucessivas aplicações de dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS) apresentam incrementos nos seus teores de zinco (Zn) e cobre (Cu), principalmente na camada superficial. A continuidade dessa prática faz com que esses metais pesados (MP) se acumulem no solo, aumentando o potencial de contaminação do ambiente. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de métodos que estimem o acúmulo superficial e o movimento de Zn e Cu no solo é de extrema importância no planejamento do manejo dos DLS e dos solos agrícolas que recebem esses resíduos. O trabalho objetivou modelar o transporte vertical de Zn e Cu no perfil de solos agrícolas contaminados por aplicações sucessivas de altas, moderadas e baixas doses de DLS, avaliando o efeito do revolvimento do solo e da absorção de água pelas raízes no movimento desses MP, prevendo, no longo prazo, seus acúmulos na camada superficial do solo e suas transferências rumo ao lençol freático, confrontando os resultados estimados com os respectivos limites de concentração para solos agrícolas e águas subterrâneas estabelecidos pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Foram realizados dois estudos em experimentos de campo com diferentes doses de DLS, o primeiro localizado sobre um Argissolo, em Santa Maria RS, e o segundo sobre um Latossolo, em Campos Novos SC. Diversas características físico-hídricas e químicas foram determinadas nesses solos para, juntamente com os dados atmosféricos e do histórico de aplicação de DLS nessas áreas, serem introduzidos no HYDRUS-1D para parametrização do modelo químico de dois sítios utilizado. No primeiro estudo foram realizadas simulações para os próximos 100 anos, considerando cenários combinando duas doses de DLS e quatro intervalos de tempo entre revolvimentos periódicos da camada arável do solo. O modelo de transporte de solutos utilizado nessas simulações já havia sido validado para o solo deste local em outro trabalho. No segundo estudo foi feita a validação de um modelo de transporte de solutos, seguindo as mesmas premissas do modelo utilizado no Argissolo. Posteriormente, módulos de absorção de água e crescimento de raízes foram incorporados ao modelo. Realizaram-se então simulações futuras de cenários considerando aplicações de diferentes doses de DLS durante os próximos 50 anos. O modelo de transporte de solutos validado previamente no Argissolo foi validado também no Latossolo, apresentando resultados ainda melhores quando os módulos de raízes foram introduzidos no HYDRUS-1D. Isso aumenta a abrangência desse modelo para simular o transporte de Zn e Cu em outros solos contaminados. Os cenários futuros mostram que ocorre grande acúmulo desses MP na camada superficial do solo durante os períodos simulados. Além disso, quando os solos são submetidos a altas doses anuais de DLS, as suas concentrações de Cu atingem os valores máximos estipulados pelo CONAMA, para solos agrícolas, em aproximadamente 94 anos no Argissolo e 29 anos no Latossolo. Reduzir as doses de DLS e revolver o solo esporadicamente são alternativas que retardam o aumento da concentração desses MP na camada superficial do solo, diminuindo o potencial de impacto ao ambiente e tornando a adição de DLS em áreas agrícolas viável por mais tempo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main alternative of pig slurry discard is its disposition in the soil as source of nutrients for plants. However, copper and zinc accumulation in the soil has been increasing significantly and may become an environmental pollutant problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate copper and zinc potential pollutant in areas with successive applications of pig slurry through zinc and copper forms and accumulations in the soil, and their transference by surface runoff and percolation flow. The work was carried out in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Typic Hapludalf soil was used and four rates of pig slurry (0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1) were applied on the soil surface presenting a total of 17 applications. In October 2006, the soil samples were collected in the depths of 0 - 2, 2 - 4, 4 - 6, 6 - 8; 8 - 10, 10 - 12, 12 - 14, 14 - 16, 16 - 18, 18 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 35, 35 - 40, 40 - 50, and 50 - 60 cm. After collect, total contents in the pig slurry, as well as total contents and extracted contents by HCl 0.1 mol L-1 of copper and zinc in soil were analyzed. Soil samples (0 and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry) and dry pig slurry samples were collected and copper and zinc sequential extraction analyzed. Water volume and sediment losses were determined. Moreover, copper and zinc forms in samples of solutions transferred by surface runoff and percolation flow collected during the cycle of the corn (2006/07) in each event (rain + surface runoff) were determined. Successive applications of pig slurry increased the total content of copper and zinc extracted by HCl 0.1 mol L-1 in soil (superficial layers). These metals tended to be transferred to deeper layers of soil and to other environment compartment. The sequential extraction in soil where 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry was applied showed an increase in the copper and zinc contents in the soil samples of the superficial layers when extracted with water deionization, MgCl2, HNO3 + H2O2, and NH2OHHCl, which represent soluble forms, exchangeable forms, mineral fraction forms, and organic matter forms, respectively. The findings showed an increase in the copper and zinc bioavailable forms. Losses by surface runoff were the main form of transferring copper and zinc, especially in treatments with successive applications of pig slurry. / A principal alternativa para o descarte do dejeto líquido de suínos é sua disposição no solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, a constatação do acúmulo de cobre e zinco no solo vem causando preocupação com relação à segurança ambiental. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial contaminante do cobre e do zinco em área com aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos, através do acúmulo e das formas do cobre e do zinco no solo e suas transferências por escoamento superficial e percolação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. As doses de dejeto líquido de suínos foram 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1, sendo realizadas 17 aplicações de dejetos até o momento da coleta do solo em outubro de 2006, num Argissolo Vermelho Arênico distrófico. As camadas de solo amostradas foram as seguintes: 0 - 2; 2 - 4; 4 - 6; 6 - 8; 8 - 10; 10 - 12; 12 - 14; 14 - 16; 16 - 18; 18 - 20; 20 - 25; 25 - 30; 30 - 35-; 35 - 40; 40 - 50 e 50 - 60 cm de profundidade. Foram determinados os teores totais e extraídos com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 de Cu e Zn no solo e os teores totais nos dejetos. Foi realizada a extração seqüencial de Cu e Zn onde não foi aplicado dejeto e onde foi aplicado 80 m3 ha-1, bem como na fração seca do dejeto. Determinou-se o volume de água e sedimentos transferidos e as formas de Cu e Zn em amostras de soluções transferidas por escoamento superficial e percolação durante o ciclo do milho, ano agrícola 2006/07, em cada evento (chuva + escoamento superficial). As aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos promoveram aumentos nos teores totais de Cu e Zn e extraídos por HCl 0,1 mol L-1 nas camadas superficiais do solo, com tendência de transferência para camadas mais profundas do solo e para outros compartimentos do ambiente. A extração seqüencial em solo onde foi aplicado 80m3 ha-1 de dejeto mostrou que nas camadas superficiais do solo, ocorreu um incremento nos teores de Cu e Zn extraídos com os extratores água deionizada, MgCl2, HNO3 + H2O2 e NH2OHHCl, que representam, respectivamente, as formas solúveis, trocáveis, ligadas à fração mineral e à matéria orgânica do solo. Isso evidencia que houve um aumento das formas consideradas biodisponíveis de Cu e Zn no solo. Com relação às transferências, se observou que a principal forma de transferência de cobre e zinco do solo foi à solução escoada superficialmente, onde foram significativas as transferências de cobre e zinco nos tratamentos com aplicações sucessivas de dejeto.

The application of pig slurry in agricultural soils can be an efficient form of nutrients cilcle and one of the best alternative for discard and minimizing his pollutant potential. However, the differences between his composition and the needs of the plants, especially of trace elements, it hinders her more rational use. The composition of the pig slurry is reflex of the feeding type offered to the animals, which usually contains larger amounts of nutrients than the required for the animals. That fact, associate to systematic applications of pig slurry in the soils can cart in accumulations, becoming pollution source not punctual in the environment. The present work was elaborated with the objective in identifying the possible sources of contamination of the soils with trace elements, to esteem the capacity of the soils in receiving successive applications of metals and also verify if the soils that receive systematic applications of pig slurry with high tenors of metals can in a small space of time resent problems of environmental contamination. Three studies were conduced in the watersheed Rio Coruja/Bonito and Lajeado Fragosos in Santa Catarina state. In the study 1 it was looked for to evaluate the sources of entrance of trace elements in the environment. In the study 2 it was looked for to evaluate the current state of trace elements in the soils under application and the main attributes of the soils that influence in her retention. In the study 3 it was looked for to evaluate the maximum capacities of retention of trace elements of the soils and the interaction degree with the soils. In the first samples of feeds and pig slurry were collected in 12 properties of each one of the watersheeds and the total amounts of the elements of the feeds were analyzed. In the second study collections of soils were accomplished in the 12 properties, representative of the three main classes of soils of watersheeds, the total and available amounts of trace elements were analyzed in the soils, the mineralogy and the organic matter of the soils. And in the third study they were applied doses of trace elements to the soils to esteem the retention capacity for the elements considered pollutants, it was also esteemed the capacity of liberation of the elements retained starting from a disturbance. The obtained results show that it is made a super-dosage of trace elements to the swine in the feeds and these are transferred to the pig slurry, that, allied the great applied amounts elevate the levels in soils. The attributes of the soils responsible for the retention of the trace elements are not capable to the systematic reception of the pig slurry, and, the annually applied amounts don't reflect the amounts found on the soils. The soils of watersheeds didn't reach his maximum capacity of retention for the elements of larger addition to the soils, even if being these lowers. Therefore, practice that propitiate to the soils improvement of the attributes responsible for the retention of the trace elements are pressing to reduce the probability of environmental contaminations. / A aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos em solos agrícolas pode ser uma eficiente forma de ciclagem de nutrientes e uma das melhores alternativas para seu descarte minimizando seu potencial poluente. Contudo, as diferenças entre a sua composição e as necessidades das plantas, especialmente de metais pesados, dificulta seu uso mais racional. A composição dos dejetos é reflexo do tipo de alimentação oferecida aos animais, a qual normalmente contém quantidades maiores do que o requerimento dos animais. Esse fato, associado à aplicações sistemáticas de dejetos líquidos de suínos nos solos pode acarretar em acúmulos, tornando-se fonte de poluição não pontual no ambiente. O presente trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de identificar as possíveis fontes de contaminação dos solos com metais pesados, estimar a capacidade dos solos em receber aplicações sucessivas de metais e ainda verificar se os solos que recebem aplicações sistemáticas de dejetos com altos teores de metais pesados podem em um pequeno espaço de tempo apresentar problemas de contaminação ambiental. Foram conduzidos três estudos nas microbacias hidrográficas Rio Coruja/Bonito e Lajeado Fragosos em Santa Catarina. No estudo 1 buscou-se avaliar as fontes de entrada de metais pesados no ambiente. No estudo 2 buscou-se avaliar o estado atual de metais pesados nos solos sob aplicação e os principais atributos dos solos que influenciam na sua retenção. No estudo 3 buscou-se avaliar as capacidades máximas de retenção de metais pesados dos solos e o grau de interação com os solos. No primeiro foram coletadas amostras de rações e dejetos em 12 propriedades de cada uma das microbacias hidrográficas e foram analisados os teores totais dos elementos das rações. No segundo estudo foram realizadas coletas de solos nas 12 propriedades, representativas das três principais classes de solos das MBH s, foram analisados os teores totais e disponíveis dos metais pesados nos solos, a mineralogia e a matéria orgânica dos solos. E no terceiro estudo foram aplicadas doses de metais pesados aos solos para estimar a capacidade de retenção para os elementos considerados contaminantes, foi estimada também a capacidade de liberação dos elementos retidos a partir de um distúrbio. Os resultados obtidos mostram que é feita uma superdosagem de metais pesados aos suínos nas rações e estas são transferidas aos dejetos, que, aliada as grandes quantidades aplicadas eleva os teores nos solos. Os atributos dos solos responsáveis pela retenção dos metais pesados não encontram-se aptos ao recebimento sistemático dos dejetos líquidos de suínos, e, as quantidades aplicadas anualmente não refletem os teores dos solos. Os solos das MBH s não atingiram a sua capacidade máxima de retenção para os elementos de maior adição aos solos, mesmo que sendo estas baixas. Portanto, práticas que propiciem aos solos melhoria dos atributos responsáveis pela retenção dos metais pesados são prementes para diminuir a probabilidade de contaminações ambientais.