O estudo fitoquímico dos extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas da espécie Piper reticulatum, coletada na Floresta Nacional de Carajás, levou ao isolamento de quatro amidas, incluindo diidrowisanidina, descrita previamente nesta espécie, wisanidina, (2E,4E)-N-isobutileicosa-2,4-dienamida, (3E,5E,14E)-N-pirrolidileicosa-3,5,14-trienamida (inédita em função da posição das insaturações da cadeia alquílica), uma lignana (siringaresinol) e uma nitrila (benzoato de cianobenzila), além de terem sido propostas as estruturas de oito amidas contendo longa cadeia alquílica, com base nos dados de cromatografia gasosa e líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os extratos e produtos naturais isolados foram avaliados quanto aos seus potenciais antifúngicos frente aos fitopatógenos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e atividade inibidora da enzima acetilcolinesterase, sendo constatada forte atividade para as amidas em ambos ensaios, além de forte atividade para a nitrila contra C. sphaerospermum. Além disso, os extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas de P. reticulatum foram analisados através de EM (ESI+) e os dados analisados por PCA (análise dos componentes principais) e através de HCA (análise por agrupamento hierárquico) juntamente com a espécie P. amalago, filogeneticamente relacionada com P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum e P. tuberculatum, afim de uma distinção ou classificação de grupos seguindo parâmetros metabólicos. / The phytochemical study of extracts from adult plants and seedlings of the species Piper reticulatum, collected in the Carajás National Forest, afforded the isolation of four amides, including dihydrowisanidine, previously described from this species, wisanidine, (2E,4E)-N-2-isobutyleicosa-2,4-dienamide, (3E,5E,14E)-N-3,5,14-pyrrolidyleicosa-trienamide (novel based on the unsaturations position at the alkyl chain), a lignan (syringaresinol) and a nitrile (cianobenzyl benzoate) and, additionaly eigh amides containing long alkyl chain had their structures proposed based on gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry data. The extracts and the isolated natural products were evaluated for their potential antifungal activity against the phytopathogens Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, being found strong activity for amides for both two tests, and strong activity for nitrile against C. sphaerospermum. In addition, extracts of adult plants and seedlings of P. reticulatum were analyzed by MS (ESI +) and by PCA (principal component analysis) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis) together with the species P. amalago, phylogenetically related to P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum and P. tuberculatum in order to distinguish or classify them according to the metabolic profile.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5708410 bytes, checksum: 3dc640049b48eb903bd5551d6508eb48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Piperaceae Family is made up of 14 genus and 1950 species, distributed in the tropical regions of the globe being common in Brazil, especially in the Atlantic Forest. Piper auboreum, popularly known as fruto de morcego , alecrim-de-Angola , pau-de-Angola or beto-preto , is used in popular medicine in the form of tea in order to treat rheumatisms, bronchitis, cold and other illnesses of the urinary apparatus as well as venereal diseases. Under a chemical and pharmacological point of view, only a few reports are related to this species. Among the substances isolated are N-[10-(13,14-Metylenodioxyphenyl)-7(E),9(Z)-pentadienoyl]-pyrrolidine; arboreumine; N-[10-(13,14-Metylenodioxyphenyl)-7(E)-pentaenoyl]-pyrrolidine; N-[10-(13,14-Metylenodioxyphenil)-7(E),9(E)-pentadienoyl]-pyrrolidine e o metyl-3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. In this work, the literature relates pharmacological activities such as parasite and antibiotic. Consulting the chemical data in the literature, was possible to isolate and identify, through phytochemical analysis, four compounds of Piper arboreum: four amides e two aristolactams. Through chromatography and spectroscopic experiments using infrared and 1D and 2D NMR and comparison with the literature data, the following compounds were isolated: Piplaroxide; Sintenpiridone; 3,4-Epoxy-8,9-dihydropiplartine; 8,9-Dihydropiplartine; 10-Metilamina-4-hidroxy-2,3-dimetoxyphenantrene-1-carboxylic acid-lactam e 10-Metilamina-4-hidroxy-3-metoxyphenantrene-1-carboxylic acid-lactam. All these compounds are reported for the first time in this species displaying considerable value to the chemical taxonomy of the plant. / A família Piperaceae compreende cerca de 14 gêneros e 1950 espécies, amplamente distribuídas nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do globo e muito comum nas formações florestais brasileiras, principalmente na Mata Atlântica. Piper arboreum, popularmente conhecida como fruto de morcego, alecrim-de-Angola, pau-de-Angola ou beto-preto, é utilizada na medicina popular, na forma de decocto para o tratamento de reumatismo, bronquite, gripe e resfriado, além de também ser empregada contra doenças venéreas e do trato urinário. Do ponto de vista químico-farmacológico poucos relatos têm sido evidenciados com esta espécie, dentre estes tem-se o estudo das folhas de Piper arboreum dos quais foram isoladas: N-[10-(13,14-Metilenodioxifenil)-7(E),9 (Z)-pentadienoil]-pirrolidina; arboreumine; N-[10-(13,14-Metilenodioxifenil)-7(E)-pentaenoil]-pirrolidina; N-[10-(13,14-Metilenodioxifenil)-7(E),9(E)-pentadienoil]-pirrolidina) e o 3-geranil-4-hidroxibenzoato de metila. Farmacologicamente têm-se relatos de atividades: antifúngica, tripanomicida, leishmanicida, e antimicrobiana. Este trabalho reporta o isolamento e identificação estrutural de quatro amidas e duas aristolactamas, através do estudo fitoquímico da espécie Piper arboreum. Utilizando-se métodos cromatográficos usuais e técnicas espectroscópicas de IV e RMN de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais e a comparação dos dados com a literatura foi possível isolar e identificar os constituintes Piplaroxido; Sintenpiridona; 3,4-Epoxi-8,9-dihidropiplartina; 8,9-Dihidropiplartina; 10-Metilamina-4-hidroxi-2,3-dimetoxifenantreno-1-ácido carboxílico-lactama e 10-Metilamina-4-hidroxi-3-metoxifenantreno-1-ácido carboxilico-lactama todos isolados pela primeira vez na espécie, apresentando, portanto, relevante importância quimiotaxonômica para a mesma.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4924015 bytes, checksum: b58a10396c3699de03f34eaec912196b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The genus Piper considered the largest in the family Piperaceae, with at least 1000 species found mainly in Asia and the New World. Yours species have several representative commercial and medical applications, being subject of several studies related to the discovery of new sources of natural active substances. Based on data described in the literature regarding the pharmacological potential of the metabolites isolated from the genus Piper, as well as the occurrence of species not yet fully exploited in terms of chemical and pharmacological, then was decided to perform the phytochemical study of the species Piper mollicomum (Kunth) aiming at the isolation and identification of chemical constituents of this species, as well as the availability of its extracts, fractions and isolated compounds for pharmacological studies. From the phytochemical study of phase dichloromethane Piper mollicomum Kunth was possible to isolate, by chromatographic methods such as column chromatography on silica and Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography, five substances, among them two isobutyl amides: 2-Propenamide, 3-(6-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)-(2E) and 2- Propenamide,3-(6- methoxy -1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)-(2Z) and two pyrrolidines amides: Pirrolidine, 1-[3-(6- methoxy -1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl-(E) and Pirrolidine, 1-[3-(6- methoxy -1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl-(Z) and a phenylpropanoid called a 2-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxypropilphenone. For structural identification of these substances were used spectroscopic methods such as IV and NMR 1H and 13C uni and two-dimensional techniques and the comparison with models data in the literature. / O gênero Piper considerado o maior da família Piperaceae, com pelo menos 1000 espécies encontradas especialmente na Ásia e no Novo Mundo. Suas espécies tem boa representatividade comercial e diversas aplicações medicinais, sendo objeto de vários estudos relacionados à descoberta de novas fontes de substâncias naturais ativas. Com base nos dados apresentados na literatura referentes ao potencial farmacológico dos metabólitos isolados do gênero Piper, bem como a ocorrência de espécies ainda não devidamente exploradas do ponto de vista químico e farmacológico, decidiu-se, então, realizar o estudo fitoquímico da espécie Piper mollicomum (Kunth) visando o isolamento e identificação de constituintes químicos desta espécie, bem como a disponibilização de seus extratos, frações e substâncias isoladas para realização de estudos farmacológicos. A partir do estudo fitoquímico da fase diclorometânica de Piper mollicomum Kunth foi possível isolar, através de métodos cromatográficos como Cromatografia em Coluna em sílica e Cromatografia em Camada Delgada Preparativa, cinco substâncias, dentre estas duas amidas isobutílicas: 2-Propenamida, 3-(6-metoxi-1,3-benzodioxol-5-il)-N-(2-metilpropil)-(2E) e 2-Propenamida, 3-(6-metoxi-1,3-benzodioxol-5-il)-N-(2-metilpropil)-(2Z) e duas amidas pirrolidínicas: Pirrolidina, 1-[3-(6-metoxi-1,3-benzodioxol-5-il)-1-oxo-2-propenil-(E) e Pirrolidina, 1-[3-(6-metoxi-1,3-benzodioxol-5-il)-1-oxo-2-propenil-(Z), além de um fenilpropanóide denominado 2-Metoxi-4,5-metilenodioxipropilfenona isolado nas espécies Piper marginatum, Piper barbatum e Piper aleyreanum. Para identificação estrutural destas substâncias utilizou-se métodos espectroscópicos como Infravermelho e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais, bem como as comparações com dados de modelos da literatura.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Piper tuberculatum Jacq. (pimenta de macaco) à uma Piperaceae muito usada no Nordeste do Brasil como condimento ou remÃdio. A piplartina (PIP), uma alcamida isolada da planta, ainda à pouco estudada e isto incentivou a investigaÃÃo do seu potencial efeito comportamental e neurobioquÃmico. Os resultados mostraram que a PIP (50 e 100 mg/Kg, i.p.) aumentou o nÃmero de grooming e rearing de camundongos no campo aberto e reverteu a catalepsia induzida por haloperidol. O composto tambÃm apresentou efeito ansiolÃtico, no labirinto em cruz elevado, que foi revertido pelo flumazenil. A atividade hipnÃtica da PIP foi observada apenas no teste de potencializaÃÃo do tempo de sono com Ãter, mas nÃo no tempo de sono barbitÃrico. Apesar desses efeitos, a droga nÃo induziu dÃficit motor nos animais no teste do rota rod. A PIP (50 e 100 mg/Kg, i.p.) apresentou efeito antidepressivo ao reverter a acinesia em animais prÃ-tratados com reserpina (10 mg/Kg, i.p.) e ao reduzir o tempo de imobilidade dos camundongos submetidos ao nado forÃado. Neste teste, o efeito da PIP (20 mg/Kg, i.p.) foi potencializado com a imipramina (6 mg/Kg, i.p.), mas nÃo com a paroxetina (1 mg/Kg, i.p.). AlÃm desses efeitos a PIP (100 mg/Kg, i.p.) aumentou a concentraÃÃo de NA e DA no corpo estriado dos animais, sugerindo que a droga tenha uma aÃÃo antidepressiva e prÃ-convulsivante semelhante aos ATCâs. Este Ãltimo efeito foi observado com a reduÃÃo do tempo de morte de camundongos tratados com PTZ (80 mg/Kg, i.p.). A piplartina apresentou aÃÃo antimuscarÃnica apenas sobre os tremores induzidos por oxotremorina (0,5 mg/Kg, i.p.), nÃo sendo observados outros efeitos da alcamida sobre o sistema colinÃrgico de animais tratados com pilocarpina (350 mg/Kg, i.p.) ou submetidos ao teste da esquiva-passiva ou sobre a densidade de receptores muscarÃnicos (M1 + M2). A alcamida nÃo apresentou aÃÃo anti-oxidante frente ao DPPH, mas reduziu as concentraÃÃes de TBARS e de nitrito, gerados em homogenatos de cÃrebro submetidos ao choque tÃrmico. Por fim, a droga (1, 5 e 50 Âg/mL) nÃo alterou a viabilidade de cÃlulas mesencefÃlicas de ratos e protegeu-as da aÃÃo da 6-OHDA (10 Âg/mL). Na concentraÃÃo de 100 Âg/mL, a PIP mostrou-se tÃxica, isoladamente ou associada a 6-OHDA. Estes resultados mostram que a piplartina possui importantes efeitos sobre o comportamento, que tÃm como base a interaÃÃo da droga com alguns sistemas de neurotransmissÃo e eventos bioquÃmicos celulares. / Piper tuberculatum Jacq. (pimenta de macaco) is a Piperaceae widely used in Northeast Brazil as a spicy or remedy. The few studies found in the literature on Piplartine (PIP), an alcamide isolated from the plant, lead us to evaluate its potential behavioral and neurobiochemical effects. The results showed that PIP (50 e 100 mg/Kg, i.p.) increased the number of grooming and rearing of mice in the open field and reversed the catalepsy induced by haloperidol. The compound also showed an anxyolitic effect, on the elevated plus maze, which was reversed by flumazenil. The hypnotic activity of PIP was registered only in the presence of ether, but not in the presence of tiopental. Despite of these effects, the drug did not induce motor coordination deficit on the animals subjected to the rota rod test. PIP (50 e 100 mg/Kg, i.p.) had an antidepressant effect, by reversing the akinesia of reserpine pre-treated animals and by decreasing the immobility time of mice subjected to the forced swimming test. In this task, the effect of PIP (20 mg/Kg, i.p.) was potentiated by imipramine (6 mg/Kg, i.p.), but not by paroxetine (1 mg/Kg, i.p.). Also, PIP (100 mg/Kg, i.p.) increased the level of NA and DA in striatum of pre-treated animals, suggesting that the drug has an antidepressant and pro-convulsant TCA-like effects. The pro-convulsant effect was noted by the decrease of the death time in PTZ-treated mice. Piplartine showed an antimuscarinic action only on the tremours induced by oxotremorine (0,5 mg/Kg, i.p.) and no other effects of the alcamide were registered on the cholinergic system of the animals treated with pilocarpine (350 mg/Kg, i.p.) or subjected to the passive-avoidance task or on the density of muscarinic (M1 + M2) receptors. PIP was devoided of antioxidant action against DPPH, but the drug decreased the concentration of TBARS and nitrite, generated on brain homogenates subjected to a thermic chock. At last, piplartine (1, 5 and 50 Âg/mL) did not alter the viability of mesemcephalic rat cells and protected them from the action of 6-OHDA (10 Âg/mL). The concentration of 100 Âg/mL of PIP was toxic, when isolated or associated to 6-OHDA. All these findings indicate that piplartine has important effects on behavior, as the result of the interaction of the drug with some neurotransmitters systems and cellular biochemical events.

Estudos fitoquímicos em geral são realizados com indivíduos adultos visando isolar e caracterizar substâncias em quantidade para testes de atividade biológica e por isso, há poucos estudos de metabólitos secundários em estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento das plantas. Assim, o trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de analisar o perfil de metabolitos secundários ao longo da ontogenia de espécies do gênero Piper. Os extratos brutos de plântulas e plantas adultas de diversas espécies de Piper foram analisados por técnicas cromatográficas, espectrométricas e espectroscópicas (RMN de 1H, CLAE-UV-EM, CG-EM). Os dados submetidos à análise de componentes principais (PCA) revelaram três grupos, sendo que no primeiro grupo contendo amidas (P. tuberculatum, P. amalago e P. reticulatum) não foi observada diferença significativa no perfil químico nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. No segundo grupo (P. gaudichaudianum, P. solmsianum, P. regnellii, P. caldense e P. hemmendorfii) foi observado o acúmulo de alilfenois nas folhas das plântulas contrastando com as folhas adultas que produziam lignanas, neolignanas ou ácidos benzóicos prenilados. No terceiro grupo (P. richardiaefolium e P. permucronatum) observou-se o predomínio de amidas nas folhas das plântulas enquanto que lignanas ou flavonoides constituem-se nos metabólitos predominantes no estágio adulto. A diferenciação observada na produção de metabólitos secundários ao longo da ontogenia fornece indícios de possíveis estratégias de defesa contra fitopatógenos ou herbívoros. / Phytochemical studies are usually carried out with adult plants for isolation and characterization of compounds in large amounts especially when bioactivity is involved and thus remarkably little is known about the production of secondary metabolites in Piper species at early developmental stages. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to describe the secondary metabolites profile of plants during the ontogeny of the Piper species. Crude extracts from seedlings and adult plants of several Piper species were analyzed by chromatographic, spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, HPLC-DAD-MS, GC-MS). The analysis with the aid of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three groups: the first group containing amides (P. tuberculatum, P. amalago and P. reticulatum) no significant differences were observed in the chemical profile at different developmental stages. In the second group (P. gaudichaudianum, P. solmsianum, P. regnellii, P. caldense and P. hemmendorfii) allylphenols were detected as major compounds in the seedling leaves while adult leaves contained lignans, neolignans or prenylated benzoic acids. Additionally, in a third group (P. richardiaefolium and P. permucronatum) amides were observed as major compounds in the seedling leaves instead of lignans or flavonoids found in the adult leaves. The differentiation observed in the secondary metabolite production suggests a plant defensive strategy against phytopathogens and herbivores.

O estudo fitoquímico dos extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas da espécie Piper reticulatum, coletada na Floresta Nacional de Carajás, levou ao isolamento de quatro amidas, incluindo diidrowisanidina, descrita previamente nesta espécie, wisanidina, (2E,4E)-N-isobutileicosa-2,4-dienamida, (3E,5E,14E)-N-pirrolidileicosa-3,5,14-trienamida (inédita em função da posição das insaturações da cadeia alquílica), uma lignana (siringaresinol) e uma nitrila (benzoato de cianobenzila), além de terem sido propostas as estruturas de oito amidas contendo longa cadeia alquílica, com base nos dados de cromatografia gasosa e líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os extratos e produtos naturais isolados foram avaliados quanto aos seus potenciais antifúngicos frente aos fitopatógenos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e atividade inibidora da enzima acetilcolinesterase, sendo constatada forte atividade para as amidas em ambos ensaios, além de forte atividade para a nitrila contra C. sphaerospermum. Além disso, os extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas de P. reticulatum foram analisados através de EM (ESI+) e os dados analisados por PCA (análise dos componentes principais) e através de HCA (análise por agrupamento hierárquico) juntamente com a espécie P. amalago, filogeneticamente relacionada com P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum e P. tuberculatum, afim de uma distinção ou classificação de grupos seguindo parâmetros metabólicos. / The phytochemical study of extracts from adult plants and seedlings of the species Piper reticulatum, collected in the Carajás National Forest, afforded the isolation of four amides, including dihydrowisanidine, previously described from this species, wisanidine, (2E,4E)-N-2-isobutyleicosa-2,4-dienamide, (3E,5E,14E)-N-3,5,14-pyrrolidyleicosa-trienamide (novel based on the unsaturations position at the alkyl chain), a lignan (syringaresinol) and a nitrile (cianobenzyl benzoate) and, additionaly eigh amides containing long alkyl chain had their structures proposed based on gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry data. The extracts and the isolated natural products were evaluated for their potential antifungal activity against the phytopathogens Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, being found strong activity for amides for both two tests, and strong activity for nitrile against C. sphaerospermum. In addition, extracts of adult plants and seedlings of P. reticulatum were analyzed by MS (ESI +) and by PCA (principal component analysis) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis) together with the species P. amalago, phylogenetically related to P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum and P. tuberculatum in order to distinguish or classify them according to the metabolic profile.

The problem of this study was the identification of selected characteristics of Minnie Stevens Piper Professors. Purposes of the study were: (a) to determine characteristics of Minnie Stevens Piper Professors, and (b) to determine whether these professors possess characteristics which typify outstanding college teachers as described by the Selection Research, Incorporated College Teacher Perceiver interview. Forty subjects, 20 from community colleges and 20 from senior colleges, were randomly selected from the 1978 through 1988 lists of Piper Professors. Fifteen community college and 11 senior college professors agreed to participate by being interviewed with the College Teacher Perceiver. This interview identified 13 characteristics, or themes, of excellent college teachers.

This dissertation delineates the theological tenets of John Piper's evangelistic ministry at Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis. In addition to his basic conservative, evangelical presuppositions, there are four theological tenets that drive the evangelistic ministry of John Piper: the sovereignty and supremacy of God, the depraved affections of man, conversion as the creation of a Christian Hedonist, and the glorifying witness of the church. Chapter 1 addresses Piper's role in modern evangelicalism as a recovery theologian. He is one of several pastors and authors calling evangelicals to recover the god-centered theology of the reformers. Piper's unique perspective of Christian Hedonism is his prescribed vehicle for that recovery. The theology of evangelism springing from this perspective is particularly valuable as a remedy for the atheological pragmatism currently driving so many evangelical churches. Chapter 2 is biographical in nature, exploring Piper's life and theological development. In addition to describing the experiences of his conversion and call to ministry, this chapter details the pivotal awakening he experienced at Fuller Seminary that led to the development of Christian Hedonism and his subsequent espousal of Calvinism. This chapter also recounts the theological developments Piper has experienced during his pastorate, including the missiological awakening that took place at Bethlehem Baptist Church during the mid 1980s. Chapter 3 then delineates the four theological tenets and the sub-points that embody the evangelistic aspects of each tenet. His published writings are the primary sources for this chapter, and the material reflects his affinity for Edwards and his God-centered hermeneutic. Chapter 4 examines five facets of Piper's ministry to prove that the theological tenets delineated in chapter three do indeed define and drive the evangelistic ministries of Bethlehem Baptist Church. Preaching, prayer, discipleship, outreach (local and global), and Piper's writing ministry are each examined to show the foundational presence of the four tenets in the evangelistic aspects of each ministry. Chapter 5 closes the dissertation by summarizing the material presented in chapters three and four. The final section of this fifth chapter briefly addresses the strengths and weaknesses of Piper's theology of evangelism and Bethlehem's evangelistic ministries. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

A child dies in road traffic crashes every fourth minute. Totally were 186 300 children under the age of 18 killed in vehicle accidents in 2012, even more were severely injured [1]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) could conclude that fatalities in traffic accidents are more likely to occur in low- to middle income countries compared to high income countries [1]. Finite element based human body models has enabled the increased understanding of kinematics and injury mechanisms of child occupants. These models sustain higher biofidelity than the previously used crash test dummies. The European project PIPER [6] had the aim to develop a model that, combined with a framework, would simplify positioning and also to offer a scalable HBM child model. The PIPER framework software and the scalable PIPER model offers child HBM:s within the ages 1.5-6-years old and is an useful tool for the analysis of child occupants.    The present study evaluates the kinematics and dummy responses of the 4- and 6-year old PIPER model evaluated. The objective of this master thesis is to evaluate the PIPER model with respect to its sensitivity to seat belt geometries, child restraint system, load cases and child anthropometrics. The aim of the master thesis is to get an increased comprehension of the PIPER model and its capability to evaluate occupant kinematics relevant for safety developments, with a special focus on seat belt geometry and interaction in frontal impacts.   The PIPER model showed good sensitivity to different seatbelt geometries regarding the abdominal part of the shoulder belt and to different CRS. The PIPER framework was perceived as hard to use and with the presence of errors. The kinematic response showed good accuracy compared to other previous studies with other crash test dummies however, reoccurring error termination could not be neglectable.    The PIPER model is limited to its ease to positioning in desired sitting postures within the PIPER framework. It is regardless of its disadvantages believed to be a suitable tool to further understand occupant kinematics, as for different belt routings, child anthropometrics and dummy responses are further studies needed to validate the outputs that the model offers and to conclude its robustness in crashworthiness tests.

O presente trabalho visou a avaliação do potencial antifúngico de extratos brutos das diferentes partes do vegetal (folha, caule e raiz) de espécies de Piperaceae, os quais foram submetidos ao ensaio de bioautografia frente aos fungos Cladosporium cladosporioides e Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Após a triagem biológica, os extratos brutos das espécies Piper mollicomum, Piper marginatum, Peperomia alata e Peperomia glabella foram selecionados para etapas posteriores de fracionamento e purificação, utilizando-se técnicas cromatográficas. O estudo fitoquímico biomonitorado das espécies selecionadas identificou como metabólitos ativos dois cromenos e uma di-hidrochalcona; duas flavanonas e três fenilpropanóides, sendo um de estrutura inédita, denominado marginatumol; dois policetídeos inéditos, alatanona A e alatanona B; quatro acilresorcinóis e quatro secolignanas, incluindo a peperomina G inédita. Todos os metabólitos isolados apresentaram potencial atividade antifúngica, sendo os policetídeos alatanona A e alatanona B os mais ativos, com atividade superior às substâncias controle (nistatina e miconazol). Assim, os dados obtidos neste estudo permitiram descrever diferentes classes de produtos naturais a partir de uma coleção de extratos de espécies de Piperaceae, com potencial para estudos de relações estrutura-atividade. / The present study was addressed to evaluate the antifungal activity of crude extracts from Piperaceae species in which different parts of the plant (leaves, stems and roots) were assessed by means of bioautography against Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium sphaerospermum. After antifungal assay, the extratcs from Piper mollicomum, Piper marginatum, Peperomia alata and Peperomia glabella displayed higher growth inhibitory potency and thus were selected for further fractionation and purification using chromatographic techniques. Such dereplication using the bioautographic assay yielded two chromenes and one dihydrochalcone; two flavanones and three phenylpropanoids, including the novel compound marginatumol; two new polyketides, alatanone A and alatanone B; four acylresorcinols and four secolignans, including the novel peperomin G, respectively. The bioautography indicated potential antifungal activity for all isolated metabolites and compounds alatanone A and alatanone B were found the most active in comparison to positive controls (nystatin and miconazole). The bioprospecting approach was proven to be very effective when the isolation of bioactive compounds from a collection of crude extracts is concerned, although not necessarily unraveling the major biosynthetic pathways in each plant species.