In recent years, one of the most significant pieces of environmental legislation in New Zealand has been the Resource Management Act (New Zealand Government 1991) that has empowered local government agencies to manage the use of natural resources in their regions. Three Government Departments have been responsible for developing policies directly relating to the use of natural resources in New Zealand. The Department of Conservation has been mainly concerned with the management of natural resources on public land. The Ministry for the Environment has particularly addressed environmental policy issues of national significance. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has worked with New Zealand's agricultural, horticultural and forestry industries to encourage sustainable resource use and development for the benefit of all New Zealanders. In general, local and central government agencies carrying out policy analyses have drawn upon highly goal driven theories such as Rational Choice or Incremental Policy Theories or alternatively they have applied more loosely framed theories such as Systems Policy Thinking or Garbage Can Theory. Policy formulation and instrument selection may have been based upon instrumentalist, proceduralist, contingentist or constitutivist selection criteria, depending upon the assumed influence of peoples' behavioural and social contexts in addition to the technical characteristics of the tools themselves. However, there has been a limited range of policy theories to guide the integration of policy analysis, and formulation and operational planning into a management strategy for effective policy delivery. Such theories would have assisted policy agencies to identify the human and social behaviours most closely related to policy issues and to better match policies to differences in the political and social context of each of the issues that they were dealing with. In academic articles a number of behaviour models from social psychology have been used to explain and predict human behaviour. One of those, the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) has a long history of use in research and application. It has been adapted to suit the needs of policy makers in human health, marketing, and education. Applications of the TRA have been reported to have achieved coefficients of determination for behaviour of on average, 53% in one study and 71% in another. Some of the modified models based upon the Theory such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, have in themselves been able to make additional contributions to peoples' understanding of how to explain and predict human behaviour in more complex situations. In this report, unless otherwise stated, references to the TRA are inclusive of all associated models, such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour. This thesis has examined the application of the Theory of Reasoned Action in the formulation of environmental policy. Five research questions were considered. 1. Could a human behaviour model based upon the Theory of Reasoned Action be developed sufficiently for environmental policy makers to explain landowner behaviour associated with managing indigenous vegetation? 2. How well could the social psychology model of human behaviour based upon the TRA have predicted public responses to a policy programme? 3. How well could the social psychology model of human behaviour based upon the TRA have distinguished between the policy-intervention needs of different stakeholder groups? 4. How much have peoples' values, attitudes and beliefs affected their behaviour? 5. What would be the immediate antecedents to peoples' behaviour and how have they led to behaviour change? This has been a quantitative study to develop and test models of human behaviour specific to the preservation of indigenous vegetation. Three data sets were compared from surveys of peoples' bush protection behaviour, the establishment of indigenous woodlots and the protection and planting of riparian areas with indigenous vegetation. The results from the analyses have shown that accounting for peoples' intentions could have been used to improve the estimates of peoples' use of policy-desired practices. The coefficients of determination in multivariate equations to predict peoples' natural resource behaviour based upon non-specific (external) variables, varied between 3 - 10%. By including intentions in the models, the level of explanation increased to 10 - 17%. The results may have been lower than expected from other examples in the literature due to poorly specified measures of behaviour relative to the measures used for intentions. When it came to estimating intentions (rather than the actual behaviours), the TRA variables in regression equations achieved coefficients of determination of 55 - 75% and these provided a measure of how well the underlying values, attitudes and beliefs could have given policy makers an understanding of peoples' behaviour. Comparing the beliefs of people with high and low intentions to perform the behaviours, clear differences have been identified that could have been the basis of policy strategies for behaviour change. After analysing and considering these examples, this thesis has argued that the TRA could be used in the future to provide policy agencies with an increased level of understanding of human behaviour and so enable them to formulate policy interventions for achieving predictable levels of behaviour change.

The primary objective of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between money and the macro-economy in Sri Lanka between 1977 and 1985, in order to identify the paths through which monetary policy impulses are transmitted over this period. In doing so, - we also hope to highlight the use of macro-simulation as a tool for the analysis of the monetary transmission mechanism and to emphasise the importance of formulating monetary policy within an explicit monetary control framework. This is especially important in Sri Lanka since monetary policy has been a key instrument of demand management since 1977 and historically there has been a noticeable absence of an explicit monetary control framework. Empirical research on the monetary transmission mechanism has been very limited as far as developing countries are concerned. An exception here is the SEACEN (1981) study which simulates the effects of monetary shocks on a number of South East Asian countries, including Sri Lanka, using a flexible monetarist approach. Our research is based upon a revision of the specification of this model for Sri Lanka and a more comprehensive disaggregation of the monetary transmission channels. Our empirical model produces statistical results which are generally acceptable and conform to a Priori expectations. This model is then simulated dynamically, both, to validate the equations in the context of a complete model and to quantify the impact of alternative policy scenarios relating to the monetary transmission mechanism in Sri Lanka. We believe that our results will help to shed light on the nature of the monetary transmission mechanism in developing countries as well as provide the basis for an on-going analysis of monetary management in Sri Lanka.

Folkhälsopolitiken skapar förutsättningar för befolkningens hälsa. Folkhälsoinsatserna bör vara politiskt förankrade på nationell, regional och lokal nivå för att förstärka folkhälsan. Hälsopolicytriangeln är ett hjälpmedel för de aktörer som vill skapa eller revidera handlingsplaner som används för att styra och följa upp kommunalt folkhälsoarbete. Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetet med policyformuleringen för Eskilstuna kommuns handlingsplan för folkhälsa ur ett aktörsperspektiv. Studiedesignen var kvalitativ med deduktiv manifest innehållsanalys med stöd av analysverktyget hälsopolicytriangeln. Totalt genomfördes fem intervjuer med politiker, tjänstemän och kommunchefer. I resultatet framkom det att intervjupersonerna beskrev arbetet i policyformuleringen som demokratiskt, att det inte fanns någon hierarki eftersom de strävade mot ett gemensamt mål för folkhälsan. Det framkom även att de ser policyformuleringen som en central och viktig roll i hela policyprocessen för handlingsplanen, eftersom det är där beslut tas angående vad som ska finnas med och vilka folkhälsoinsatser som kommunen ska göra. Handlingsplanen för folkhälsoarbetet speglas av kommunens politiska folkhälsoinriktning, tidigare folkhälsoarbeten och styrdokument. Slutsatserna var att aktörerna beskriver arbetet i policyformuleringen som prestigelöst och demokratiskt för att nå de gemensamt uppsatta målen för folkhälsan i kommunen. Policyformuleringen upplevdes av aktörerna som en central och viktig del i policyprocessen och att lokal folkhälsopolitik tillsammans med tidigare erfarenheter av lokalt folkhälsoarbete samt styrdokument för folkhälsa utgör underliggande faktorer för utformningen av Eskilstuna kommuns handlingsplan. / Public health politics creates opportunities for population health. Public health efforts must be politically supported to be able to enhance public health at national, regional and local level. Health policy triangle is a tool for operators who want to create or revise action plans that are used to control and monitor the municipal public health work. The purpose of this study was to describe the process of policy formulation for Eskilstuna action plan for public health from an actor's perspective. The study design was qualitative with deductive manifest content analysis supplemented by the analysis tool of health policy triangle. A total of five interviews with politicians, officials and municipal managers were conducted. The result shows that the interviewees described the work in policy formulation as democratic, that there was no hierarchy because they strove toward a common goal of public health. It also emerged that they see policy formulation as a central and vital role in the policy process of the action plan. It is where decisions are made and about what should be included and what public health actions that the municipality should do. The action plan for public health greeted appearance mirrored by municipal policy focus on public health, previous public health works and policy documents. The conclusions were that participants describe the work of policy formulation as unpretentious and democratic order to achieve the common goals of public health in the municipality. Policy formulation was perceived by participants as a central and important part of the policy process and that local public health policy, along with previous experience in local public health and regulatory documents for public health serve as underlying factors in the design of Eskilstuna Municipality's action plan.

Background: Iraq is a higher middle-income country with a GDP of $223.5 billion (as of 2014). In the 1970s and 1980s, an extensive network of primary, secondary and tertiary health facilities was built, and the country recorded some of the best health indicators in the Middle East. However, two decades of conflict (both inter- and intra-state), sanctions and poor planning have reversed many of the previous gains. In the aftermath of the 2003 war, the government of Iraq introduced a Basic Health Services Package (BHSP) with a user fee component. International actors often advocate BHSPs as a means of rapidly scaling-up services in health systems that are devastated by conflict. User fees have also been promoted as a way of raising revenue to enhance the financial sustainability of healthcare systems in such contexts. While Iraq is a conflict-affected state, it has retained an extensive healthcare infrastructure and has a ministry of health with considerable financial and administrative capacity. In such a context, the introduction of a BHSP is a notable and distinctive feature of health policy in this setting, and the process through which this occurred have not yet been examined. Aim: To explore the processes through which the BHSP was conceived and designed in Iraq. It compares Iraq’s BHSP with similar policies in other post-conflict settings. It examines the roles of domestic and external actors and models in the policy’s conception and design. It explores the preferences of internal and external actors about the financing of service delivery through user fees. The study also examines the extent of policy transfer in the formulation of Iraq’s BHSP. Methodology: The thesis utilises a qualitative case study approach, incorporating analysis of semi-structured elite interviews and documents. Twenty Skype, phone, and face-to- face interviews were conducted between January 2013 and August 2014. Interviewees included former ministers of health, directors of departments of health, academics and officials at donor agencies, bilateral and multi-lateral bodies and consultancies. Documents included 47 official government publications, evaluations, reports, policy briefs and assessments. Literature review: A search of the literature on health policy making in post-conflict and fragile settings identified three key gaps in existing evidence; first, there is a dearth of published work examining health policy in post-conflict Iraq. Second, the literature focuses mainly on the impact of policy action in post-conflict contexts, largely neglecting the processes through which those policies are introduced. Third, while the literature concentrates on the roles of external actors, it pays limited attention to the role of domestic actors and politics. Results: Iraq’s BHSP shares commonalities with the other selected countries (Uganda, Afghanistan, and Liberia) in its primary aims, influential actors, interventions included or excluded, and financing principles. However, Iraq’s BHSP also aims at broader, and longer-term, structural reform, while the BHSP in other countries is often motivated by short-term objectives. The MoH in Iraq also appears to assume a prominent role in this case relative to others. Also, Iraq’s BHSP includes a greater number of interventions compared to the other countries. The Iraq war of 2003 offered the opportunity for wide-ranging structural change in the healthcare system. External actors, especially the WHO, were influential in advocating for a BHSP drawing on the recent experience of a similar initiative in what was in some ways the similar context of Afghanistan. However, the removal of former politicians and the emergence of internal policy actors with considerable technical and financial capacity allowed the domestic authorities to debate, dispute and challenge the recommendations of external actors. Relatedly, some of the internationally distinctive features of the BHSP in Iraq, including user fees, are similar to those that exist elsewhere in the health system. Most interviewees agreed that the BHSP was a means of enhancing financial sustainability and that it would help to enhance efficiency by targeting resources at population health need. The BHSP, according to some, represented the categories of healthcare that the government should finance, while allowing the private sector to meet demand for other services. However, many domestic actors supported the introduction of user fees as part of the BHSP. Several external actors either distanced themselves from this decision or declared no position, claiming that this was properly a matter for the government of Iraq. Discussion: While the BHSP’s ‘label’ is new in the context of Iraq, its substantive content is not. The BHSP can be seen as the outcome of the combination of old (existing) technologies and instruments presented in new (and introduced) ways. The existing health system offered ideas, techniques and processes that were maintained and reproduced even if these were packaged in new ways, to create a policy framework which is genuinely novel. External experts highlighted the idea of the BHSP and provided models (such as Afghanistan) on which the policy could be based. Internal decision-makers, however, were active players in policy formulation, not passive recipients who did not question or modify the policy during the process of transfer. On the contrary, it seems that the latter exerted considerable influence. User fees represent one aspect of that continuity. Ownership of policies by ministries of health in post-conflict is often advocated. However, such involvement introduces the potential for replicating old structures and policies, and may result in a degree of policy incoherence. Policy ideas are likely to change significantly where there is considerable local engagement in policy design and implementation.

The purpose of this study is to examine the Swedish parliamentary debate on socioeconomicsegregation over two time periods: between 1995-2000 and 2016-2021. Considering thatsocioeconomic segregation has been on the rise in Sweden over the past three decades, thisstudy attempts to analyze how the Swedish parliament has discussed this particular issue.Using frame analysis, this study provides an overview of what frames are prevalent during theparliamentary debate over the course of each period. Essentially, this paper explores howsocioeconomic segregation has been conceptualized, particularly how the problem has beendefined, what the underlying causes are, what remedies are proposed, and what moraljudgments are made by political actors. As parliamentary debates frequently seem to revolvearound a struggle over who should get priority for a particular problem definition, this studyalso takes a further look at the framing strategies used by political actors in parliamentarydebates. As demonstrated in the results, there may have been a change in discourse over timeas political actors have to a greater extent moved away from an emancipatory frame in favorof a broader perspective on the segregation problem with housing policy measures as thecornerstone. In addition to showing which frames were advocated by which actor, analyzingframe construction through language to uncover who wins the hearing for their problempicture, results in a far more extensive and deepened understanding of power, politics andinterests.

This study is a policy investigation of community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The emergence of this tier of broadcasting can be traced to the 1990s, following the country's policy of politico-economic liberalisation. The state broadcasting system had hitherto reigned supreme. Based upon a focused synthesis of a range of historical, political, policy, regulatory and other factors, within the context of participatory development communication, this study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. To begin with, the study focuses on the historical factors that have influenced the development of community radio broadcasting in the country, particularly in the period before and after 1991. This historical analysis establishes the fact that the shape that community radio broadcasting has assumed in Zambia is largely reflective of the state-centric policy-making regime. This policy-making regime is itself a legacy of British colonialism. Next, the study offers a conceptual framework of community radio broadcasting. It analyses several theoretical antecedents upon which the conceptual edifice of community radio broadcasting would seem to be built. In particular, the study explores the contributions of media effects and normative media theories towards the conceptual underpinnings of community radio broadcasting. Furthermore, as an attempt at establishing some empirical referents for developing a community radio broadcasting policy for Zambia, the study delves into a comparative analysis of trends in broadcast policy and regulatory practices throughout the world, with a special focus on Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Australia. This comparative policy analysis reveals differentiated levels of sophistication of policy-cum-regulatory models relating to community radio broadcasting. This provides a wealth of chequered experiences for Zambia to learn from. To further substantiate the case for a policy model, the study examines selected community radio initiatives in Zambia. Finally, based upon this focused synthesis, the study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The policy proposal, informed by the assumptions of the group and organised anarchy models of policy-making, seeks to promote community radio broadcasting in terms of its vision, regulatory structures, funding, training, facilities, technology, production of local content and research. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil.

Os modelos tradicionais de análise de políticas públicas têm sido alvo de críticas devido suas explicações serem marcadas pela dualidade entre agência e estrutura, e também pelo seu caráter linear. Acadêmicos têm chamado atenção para o potencial da teoria da complexidade para área de políticas públicas, entretanto ainda são escassos os estudos neste sentido. Este trabalho contribuiu para a área ao propor um ferramental analítico para a análise de políticas públicas baseado na teoria da complexidade e que pode auxiliar a compreender o processo de formulação de políticas a partir de uma visão holística. Ao aplicar o fitness landscape, à análise do processo de formulação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos procurou-se compreender como os aspectos estruturais (recursos possuídos pelos atores) e os aspectos de agência (capacidade de articulação na defesa de seus interesses) se relacionam dinamicamente, e em que medida auxiliam na explicação da política que foi formulada. A base de dados foi composta prioritariamente de notas taquigráficas de audiências públicas no período de 10 anos, de 2000 a 2010. Foi construído um código de análise documental buscando identificar os recursos dos atores, e os temas objetos de discussão, e quais atores partilhavam de posições semelhantes. Entrevistas complementares foram realizadas a fim de que se pudesse sanar ambiguidades resultantes da análise documental. Verificou-se que os atores mais influentes (com recursos mais importantes e que conseguiam estabelecer relações com outros atores) conseguiram ter seus objetivos expressos na política e também conseguiam por vezes influir na dinâmica de negociação. A política resultante foi em grande parte reflexo das demandas dos atores com mais alto fitness em cada período. A análise do caso a partir da lente teórica da complexidade, possibilitou resultados diferentes daqueles proporcionados pelas teorias tradicionais, permitindo que a dinâmica pudesse ser incorporada na análise, possibilitando uma explicação holística do processo. / Traditional models of policy analysis have been criticized due to the fact that their explanations have been marked by the duality between agency and structure, and also to its linear character. Scholars have emphasized the potential of complexity theory to the area of public policy, but there are still few studies in this regard. This work contributed to the area by proposing an analytical tool for the analysis of public policies based on complexity theory and that can help in understanding the policy-making process from a holistic view. By applying the fitness landscape to the analysis of the formulation process of the National Solid Waste Policy, I tried to understand how the structural aspects (resources owned by the actors) and aspects of agency (capacity to align to defend their interests) dynamically relate to each other and to what extent, they help explain the policy that was formulated. The database was primarily composed of shorthand notes of public hearings in 10 years, from 2000 to 2010. It was built a code analysis seeking to identify the resources of the actors and the topics of discussion, and which actors shared similar positions. Additional interviews were conducted in order that they could solve ambiguities arising from the documentary analysis. It was found that the most influential actors (with the most important resources and that could establish relations with other actors) got their goals expressed in policy and could also sometimes affect the dynamics of negotiation. The resulting policy was largely a reflection of the demands of the actors with the highest fitness in each period. The case analysis trought the lens of complexity, resulted different outputs from those provided by traditional theories, allowing the time could be incorporated in the analysis, providing a holistic explanation of the process.

「政策的失敗，比貪污更為嚴重」。面對眾多政府政策訂定所引起之爭議，會令人懷疑政府政策規劃過程是否鬆散。鑑於完善之政策規劃乃施政成功之首要條件，本研究希冀藉用政策規劃之分析架構，探究「公務員基準法」草案之規劃過程，盼能發現其形成之肇因與規劃經過，並分析該法規劃過程之爭論問題，進而提供個人研究心得，做為未來政府規劃類似方案之借鏡。 　　本文第一章「緒論」，說明研究動機與目的、研究範圍，並訂定研究過程架構，說明本文研究各章內容、及研究方法與限制。 　　第二章「國內外公務員法制概況與文獻探討」，除介紹美、英、德、法、日等國家公務員法制之發展、現況與基本內涵及我國公務員法制之發展、現況與檢討外，並引證相關文獻做為本研究論證之支持。 　　第三章「我國公務員基準法草案問題形成分析」，敘述研擬我國基準法草案問題發生、認定與議程建立、及備選方案之探討，俾瞭解政府規劃公務員基準法草案整個過程之背景全貌。 　　第四章「我國公務員基準法草案規劃過程分析」，主要探討的面向包括我國公務員基準法草案規劃之經過、規劃過程中遭遇較爭議之問題、及規劃之主要內涵，俾瞭解政府規劃公務員基準法草案時，所考量的因素和所面臨的難題。 　　第五章「結論」，綜合上述各章之分析結果，提出研究發現與建議，期供我國未來類似公共政策規劃之參考。 　　藉由整過研究過程，筆者歸納主要研究發現與建議如次： 　　一、研究發現 　　（一）公共政策決策屬精英理論模式。 　　（二）似認每個問題僅有一個理想解決方案。 　　（三）規劃欠缺彈性原則及權變觀念。 　　（四）先訂框架扼殺創新方案提議。 　　（五）政策欠缺整體性與前瞻性規畫。 　　（六）政策宣導與溝通工作並未落實。 　　（七）政策方案可行性分析尚未周延。 　　（七）學者專家與政府意見連結不足。 　　二、研究建議 　　（一）先進國家政策制定過程模式之借鏡。 　　（二）強化行政部門政策規劃與分析能力。 　　（三）善用策略加強宣導與溝通協調工作。 　　（四）妥善運用學者專家知識與建議意見。 　　（五）儘速建立完善之人事管理資訊系統。

從原始社會以物易物的交換開始，人為了生活需求就已離不開「消費」，也逐漸產生消費者保護的議題。但由於近代人類大量消費和相關的生產活動，大量的截取自然資源，造成自然環境破壞，反而危害人類的生存環境，促使消費者保護關切到環境保護的課題。 由於環境迅速惡化的問題愈來愈獲國際社會重視，為了追求人類社會的永續發展，1992年聯合國環境和發展會議通過《廿一世紀議程(Agenda 21)》，並於其第四章「改變消費模式」中提出「永續消費(sustainable consumption)」理念及相關行動方針；1999年國際消費者保護聯盟(CI)並促請聯合國將1985年訂定的「聯合國消費者保護指導綱領」增加第G章「推動永續消費(Section G. Promotion of sustainable consumption)」，從此「永續消費」成為國際推動消費者保護工作的一個新主題。 台灣由於社會經濟環境的演進，因消費行為而影響環境或反過來影響消費者健康事件也愈趨頻仍，但目前尚無這方面具體的消費者保護政策。為了維護居住環境品質，確保台灣的永續發展，以及身為國際社會的一員，共同分擔國人消費行為對全球環境影響的責任，我國有必要制訂推動「永續消費」的消費者保護政策。行政院消費者保護委員會雖自2009年已依筆者的初步研究，正式開始推動「永續消費」，但缺乏具體的政策架構及推動內容，影響推動進展，有需要加以建立，而這也是本論文主要的研究動機與目的。 本論文先透過對國內外「永續消費」及消費者保護發展資料的蒐集、彙整、探討及分析比較，建立「消費者保護—推動永續消費」的操作性定義、政策原則及目標等政策架構，再依據政策規劃理論研訂出政策綱領(初稿)。為確保此一綱領的具體可行，運用問卷調查及焦點團體法廣泛蒐集消費者及各界學者專家的意見並加以彙整分析、評估及研處後，據以修訂完成綱領“草案”，將提供政府機關參採。 在以上的政策規劃及評估過程中，本論文有很多重要的研究發現，包括：對永續消費意涵的重新界定並建立我國的政策架構；就國際推動永續消費的困難，提出因應對策；「永續消費」應視為消費者應盡的「義務」或延伸責任；台灣應重視中高齡者環保商品和服務的開發、產業的轉型，以及加強因應食品、娛樂教育及文化服務、水資源、交通運輸及通訊、醫療及保健等產業的永續消費課題；透過問卷調查分析，獲知多數的受訪者雖認同「永續消費」的理念，但亦認為自己個人的能力有限．．．等。 針對以上研究發現，本論文提出的建議主要有：在政策理念發展方面，包括：將「永續消費」理念納入並研修消費者保護法令、基本政策及永續發展行動計畫等重要政策文件；關注國際永續消費及消費者保護的推動進展，積極參與並分擔消費對全球環境影響責任；以「永續消費」作為未來我國消費者保護新時代的推動方針；加強弱勢消費族群的經濟扶助及消費教育；獎助公務人員進行與業務有關的進修及研究並提供行政協助等。在未來政策綱領推動執行方面，包括：加強綱領觀念的推廣與宣導；強化推動組織的職能；參考焦點座談與談者所提涉及未來執行方面的建議，研議執行細節。 另就「永續消費」未來可繼續研究的方向，本論文建議包括：發展「永續消費」的其他政策面向；研究發展本土性的政策工具；及針對特定議題或推動困難進行專案研究。 / From the beginning of people exchange goods in primitive society, people need to consume for living, so there were some issues related consumer protection raised. Because of people had consumed too much and the related production activities in modern society, massive amounts of natural resources were consumed and that result to hurt the environment which human live, compelling the area of consumer protection be expended to environment protection. Due to the problem of environment getting worse be paid attention gradually at global society, for pursuing the sustainable development of human society, the idea of “sustainable consumption” and it’s related action guidelines were addressed in the 4th chapter “Changing consumption patterns” in "Agenda 21" which had passed in United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Then after, Consumers International(CI) promoted successfully that “United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection” which had passed in 1985 be added the Section G. Promotion of sustainable consumption in 1999, so “sustainable consumption” has become a new subject in consumer protection area from now on. As a result of the evolution of Taiwan’s society and economy, the events that consumer behavior affect the environment and the affected environment affect the consumer health in turn are becoming more often, but there is still not having the related concrete consumer protection policy in Taiwan now. In order to maintain the environmental quality to live and guarantee Taiwan’s sustainable development, being one of members of global society, Taiwan should share the duty of global environment affected by our people’s consumer behavior, so it is necessary to set up the consumer protection policy related sustainable consumption in Taiwan. Although the CPC (Consumer Protection Commission, Executive Yuan) has begun to promote consumer protection affairs related sustainable consumption according to my preliminary study since 2009, its progress is limited because of lacking a concrete policy framework and content, so it is necessary to establish the policy guidelines that is also the main research motivation and purpose of this dissertation. I established a policy framework which include the operational definition, policy principles and goals of the policy guidelines for “Consumer Protection - Promotion of sustainable consumption” through collecting, arranging, exploring, analyzing and comparing domestic and foreign information related sustainable consumption and consumer protection development at first, then draw up the first draft of this guidelines by applying the theory of policy formulation according to the policy framework. In order to guarantee the policy guidelines are indeed practicable, I collected extensively the opinions to this guidelines from consumer, scholars and experts by using questionnaire survey and focus group method afterwards. Finally, I integrated, analyzed, evaluated and studied these opinions to revise the first draft as a protocol which will be provided the government as a reference. There are some important discoveries in the policy formulation and evaluation process in this dissertation, including: redefined the meaning of sustainable consumption and established Taiwan’s policy; to create resolutions to the difficulties of promoting sustainable consumption ; regarding sustainable consumption as consumer’s responsibility or the extensive duty; Taiwan should pay more attention to develop environment friendly product and service for medium-elder people, industry reforming, as well as the issues of sustainable consumption in food, entertainment, education and cultural service, water resources, transportation and communication, medical service and health care, etc; by way of the analysis of questionnaire survey, we realized that most of interviewees not only identify with the idea of sustainable consumption, but also considered that individual ability to improve environmental quality is limited, etc. According to the above discoveries, the main suggestions of this dissertation are: firstly, at the aspect of development of policy idea, including: to revise consumer protection law, consumer protection basic policy, national action plan of sustainable development and other policy documents; to pay attention to the international development of sustainable consumption and consumer protection, and take part in and share positively the duty of impacts of global environment which is caused by consumption; to regard sustainable consumption as a guidelines in the new consumer protection era of Taiwan; to provide the disadvantaged consumer with economy assistance and consumer education; to encourage the servant pursue further education and have a study related their practice, as well as provide the administrative assistance. At the aspect of the execution of the policy guidelines later, including: to propagate and promote the idea of the policy guidelines actively; to intensify the function of promoting and executive organization; to explore the detail of execution, according to experts’ suggestions in the focus group meeting. In addition, at the aspect of the continued study for sustainable consumption in the future, the suggestions of this dissertation are including: to develop other policy aspect than consumer protection; to study and develop policy tools which are fit to Taiwan; and to conduct special research to specific issues or difficulties of promoting.

This study is a policy investigation of community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The emergence of this tier of broadcasting can be traced to the 1990s, following the country's policy of politico-economic liberalisation. The state broadcasting system had hitherto reigned supreme. Based upon a focused synthesis of a range of historical, political, policy, regulatory and other factors, within the context of participatory development communication, this study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. To begin with, the study focuses on the historical factors that have influenced the development of community radio broadcasting in the country, particularly in the period before and after 1991. This historical analysis establishes the fact that the shape that community radio broadcasting has assumed in Zambia is largely reflective of the state-centric policy-making regime. This policy-making regime is itself a legacy of British colonialism. Next, the study offers a conceptual framework of community radio broadcasting. It analyses several theoretical antecedents upon which the conceptual edifice of community radio broadcasting would seem to be built. In particular, the study explores the contributions of media effects and normative media theories towards the conceptual underpinnings of community radio broadcasting. Furthermore, as an attempt at establishing some empirical referents for developing a community radio broadcasting policy for Zambia, the study delves into a comparative analysis of trends in broadcast policy and regulatory practices throughout the world, with a special focus on Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Australia. This comparative policy analysis reveals differentiated levels of sophistication of policy-cum-regulatory models relating to community radio broadcasting. This provides a wealth of chequered experiences for Zambia to learn from. To further substantiate the case for a policy model, the study examines selected community radio initiatives in Zambia. Finally, based upon this focused synthesis, the study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The policy proposal, informed by the assumptions of the group and organised anarchy models of policy-making, seeks to promote community radio broadcasting in terms of its vision, regulatory structures, funding, training, facilities, technology, production of local content and research. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil.