<p>Within the last few decades, swine breeding programs have been refined to include pork quality and novel carcass traits alongside growth, feed efficiency, and carcass leanness in the selection programs for terminal sire lines with a goal to produce high quality and efficient pork product for consumers. In order to accurately select for multiple traits at once, it becomes imperative to explore their genetic and biological architecture. The genetic architecture of traits can be explored through the estimation of genetic parameters, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), gene networks and metabolic pathways. An alternative approach to explore the genetic and biological connection between traits is based on principal component analysis (PCA), which generates novel “pseudo-phenotypes” and biological types (biotypes). In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to understand the genetic and biological relationship between three growth, eight conventional carcass, 10 pork quality, and 18 novel carcass traits included in two studies. The phenotypic data set included 2,583 records from female Duroc pigs from a terminal sire line. The pedigree file contained 193,764 animals and the genotype file included 21,344 animals with 35,651 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The results of the first study indicate that genetic progress can be achieved for all 39 traits. In general, the heritability estimates were moderate, while most genetic correlations were generally moderate to high and favorable. Some antagonisms were observed but those genetic correlations were low to moderate in nature. Thus, these relationships can be considered when developing selection indexes. The second study showed that there are strong links between traits through their principal components (PCs). The main PCs identified are linked to biotypes related to growth, muscle and fat deposition, pork color, and body composition. The PCs were also used as pseudo-phenotypes in the GWAS analysis, which identified important candidate genes and metabolic pathways linked to each biotype. All of this evidence links valuable variables such as belly, color, marbling, and leanness traits. Our findings greatly contribute to the optimization of genetic and genomic selection for the inclusion of valuable and novel traits to improve productive efficiency, novel carcass, and meat quality traits in terminal sire lines.<br></p><p></p>

The aim of this thesis is to analyse empirically, proposing new methods to tackle disputed questions in the literature of political and labour economics, the Italian institutional setting both in a political competition context and in the occupational structure. The first paper explores the relationship between transfers from central state to political aligned municipalities and the effect of these transfers on local electoral consensus. This study contributes to the empirical literature of the political determinants of spikes in central transfers in pre-electoral periods and of the electoral benefits of pork barrel measures for incumbent politicians. Despite several findings of strong evidence that intergovernmental fiscal transfers rise during election years, in the Italian case researchers investigated little the political incentives that lay behind these increases or the success of these transfers in attracting votes. We focus on the so called swing municipalities, defined as those in which the probability of winning is close to one-half, analysing data of Italian comuni with more than 15 000 inhabitants, in the period 2007-2014. From an empirical perspective, every attempt to estimate the causal impact of political alignment on the amount of federal transfers is clearly complicated by endogeneity issues. Without a credible source of exogenous variation in political alignment, the empirical correlation between alignment and transfers (if any) can be completely driven by socio-economic factors influencing both dimensions. We propose a new model specification to account for the endogeneity issue arising when estimating the causal impact of political alignment on transfers: the unpredicted change in the government occurred in 2011 after the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi and the following appointment of Mario Monti as prime minister. We perform our empirical estimation in two steps: first, we apply the close-race RDD setup (Lee 2008) to assess the impact of political alignment on transfers. Results from the close-race RDD show that aligned municipalities receive more grants, with this effect being stronger before elections. At a second empirical stage, we perform a local linear regression of the re-election probability of the local incumbent on transfers, including the first stage error term to have our coefficient of interest measuring only the effect of politically-driven transfers on electoral outcomes, and we conclude that this probability increases as grants increase. The second paper stems from the observation of the most recent phenomena in the domestic and foreign labour market: technological progress has been associated to a crowding-out of cognitive-skill intensive jobs in favour of jobs requiring soft skills, such as social intelligence, flexibility and creativity. Soft skills can be defined as interpersonal, human, people or behavioural skills necessary for applying technical skills and knowledge in the workplace. The nature of the soft skills make them hardly replaceable by machine work, and Among soft skills, creativity is one of the hardest to define and to codify, therefore, creativity-intensive occupations have been shielded from automation. In our work, we focus on creativity, starting from its definition in order to get significant insights on which occupational profiles in Italy can be considered creative and to explore their dynamics in the labour market. A possible analytical definition of creativity comes from the seminal work of Edward De Bono. According to his pioneering research in the field, lateral thinking is strictly related to creativity and it can be described along four dimensions: 1) fluidity, as the ability of a subject to give the highest possible number of answers to a certain question; 2) flexibility, as the number of categories to which we can bring back these questions; 3) originality: ability of expressing new and innovative ideas; 4) processing: ability of realizing concretely one’s ideas. We apply this definition to a uniquely detailed occupational dataset on tasks, skills, work attitudes, and working conditions regarding all Italian occupations: the Inapp-Istat Survey on Occupations (Indagine Campionaria sulle Professioni, ICP hereafter), an O*NET-type dataset developed by the Italian National Institute for Public Policy Analysis. The Survey on Occupations, in fact, presents a list of skills and competences and workers are asked to identify those they make use of in performing their job. Inside this list, we identify 25 skills associated to creativity and we formulate a Matrix Completion (MC) optimization problem, as discussed theoretically in Mazumder (2010). Matrix Completion is the task of filling in the missing entries of a partially observed matrix, which we generate by obscuring randomly 10%, 25% and 50% of the entries in the columns associated with the creative skills, given a fixed row (occupation). In our analysis, we use a formulation of the problem known as Nuclear Norm Minimization and we solve it with the Soft Impute Algorithm. We conclude our analysis on social skills in our third paper where we analyse the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on soft skills in the context of Italian occupations, operating in about 100 economic sectors. We leverage detailed information from ICP, the Italian O*Net, and we simulate the impact of Covid-19 on those workplace characteristics and working style that were more seriously hit by the lockdown measures and the new sanitary dispositions (physical proximity, face-to-face discussions, working remotely, ecc.). We simulate three possible scenarios based on the intensity of the effects of COVID-19 on some working conditions, such as working from home, keeping physical distance and so on. We then apply matrix completion, a machine learning technique used in recommendation systems, in order to predict the levels of soft skills required for each occupation when working conditions change, as these changes might be persistent in the near future. Professions showing a lower intensity in the use of soft skills, with respect to the predicted one, are exposed to a deficit in their soft-skill endowment, which might ultimately lead to lower productivity or higher unemployment, thus enhancing the negative effects of the pandemic.

L’objectif de ce travail est de développer une démarche permettant de prédire l’évolution de la charge microbienne à la surface de carcasses de porc lors d’un transport frigorifique selon les conditions opératoires (température et humidité de l’air de soufflage) et des conditions initiales (profil de température en sortie de chambre froide d’abattoir). La croissance microbienne dépendant notamment de la température et de l’activité de l’eau, il est nécessaire d’étudier les transferts de chaleur et de matière de type diffusif au sein des carcasses et de type convectif autour des carcasses. Ces derniers dépendent de la circulation d’air dans le véhicule frigorifique lorsqu’il est chargé de centaines de demi-carcasses ce qui rend la géométrie particulièrement complexe.De ce fait, ce travail fait appel à diverses disciplines : mécanique des fluides, transferts thermiques et microbiologie prévisionnelle. Le couplage de ces trois disciplines permet d’apporter des réponses scientifiques quant à la qualité sanitaire des carcasses de porc.En travaillant sur un dispositif expérimental reproduisant une semi-remorque chargée de carcasses de porc à l’échelle réduite, les écoulements d’air ont pu être caractérisés par vélocimétrie laser Doppler 2D dans deux configurations de distribution d’air (avec et sans conduits). De plus, les coefficients de transfert convectifs locaux ont pu être estimés à la surface de différentes parties des carcasses de porc et à différentes positions dans la semi-remorque à l’échelle réduite. Un schéma simplifié des écoulements d’air a été établi, il permet de localiser les « zones à risque » dans la semi-remorque chargée (faible circulation d’air et faible coefficients de transfert convectif).En se basant sur les résultats de l’étude expérimentale à l’échelle laboratoire et sur ceux récoltés au cours de vrais transports frigorifiques, la variabilité des paramètres caractérisant l’air circulant autour des carcasses a pu être estimée. Ces informations ont servi de conditions aux limites d’un modèle de transfert de chaleur et de matière (eau) au sein de la partie la plus sensible au niveau microbiologique: le jambon. Ce modèle 3D, résolu par la méthode des éléments finis, permet de prédire l’évolution de la température, de la teneur en eau et de la charge microbienne (Pseudomonas) à la surface de la partie maigre du jambon pour différents scénarios de transport frigorifique. Les résultats ont montré que si le transport commence alors que le cœur des carcasses est encore tiède (15°C au lieu de 7°C selon la réglementation actuelle) la croissance des microorganismes à la surface des carcasses de porc n’est globalement pas plus importante entre l’abattage et l’arrivée sur le site de découpe.Enfin, une étude de terrain a permis de valider les données obtenues à l’échelle du laboratoire et de réaliser une étude énergétique. Il apparait que quelle que soit le pourcentage de carcasses tièdes dans la semi-remorque, la capacité frigorifique du système de production de froid est généralement suffisante pour évacuer la chaleur des carcasses.Cette étude a permis de développer des méthodes de caractérisation des écoulements et des transferts dans une géométrie particulièrement complexe. Elle a montré l’intérêt de coupler des modèles de transfert et de microbiologie prévisionnelle. Les expérimentions à l’échelle laboratoire ont été construites en reproduisant au plus près les conditions réelles grâce à l’appui de spécialistes de la filière viande. Ainsi les carcasses modèles ont été réalisées dans des moules obtenus par impression 3D d’après des scanners X de vraies carcasses. Les résultats de cette étude sont directement utilisables par la profession et les pouvoirs publics pour l’adaptation de la réglementation des transports réfrigérés. La démarche développée pourra être adaptée pour des problèmes similaires dans des enceintes ventilées très encombrées. / The objective of this work is to develop an approach allowing to predict the evolution of the microbial load on the surface of pork carcasses during a refrigerated transport according to the operating conditions (temperature and humidity of the blowing air) and initial conditions (temperature profile at the outlet of the slaughterhouse cold room). Since microbial growth depends mainly on temperature and water activity, it is necessary to study heat and mass transfer the transfer within and around the carcasses. These phenomena depend on the circulation of air in the refrigerated vehicle loaded with hundreds of half-carcasses which makes the geometry particularly complex.Thus, this work involves various disciplines: fluid mechanics, heat transfer and predictive microbiology. The coupling of these three disciplines makes it possible to provide scientific answers as to the sanitary quality of the pork carcasses.By conducting experiments on a semitrailer loaded with pork carcasses on a reduced scale, the air flows could be characterized by 2D Doppler laser velocimetry in two air distribution configurations (with and without air ducts). In addition, local convective heat transfer coefficients could be estimated at the surface of different parts of pork carcasses and at different positions in the reduced-scale trailer. A simplified model of the airflow has been established, that makes it possible to identify the "risk zones" in the loaded semi-trailer (low air circulation and low convective transfer coefficients).Based on the results of the experimental laboratory scale study and those collected during actual refrigerated transport, the variability of the parameters characterizing the air circulating around the carcasses could be estimated. This information served as boundary conditions for a model of heat and mass (water) transfer within the most sensitive part at the microbiological level: the ham. This 3D model, solved by the finite element method, makes it possible to predict the evolution of the temperature, the water content and the microbial load (Pseudomonas) on the surface of the lean part of the ham for different scenarios. The results showed that if the transport begins while the heart of the carcasses is still warm (15°C instead of 7°C according to current regulation) the growth of microorganisms on the surface of pork carcasses is generally not more between slaughter and arrival at the cutting site.Finally, a field study validated the data obtained at the laboratory scale and carried out an energy study. It appears that whatever the percentage of warm carcasses in the semi-trailer, the cooling capacity of the cooling system is generally sufficient to evacuate the heat of the carcasses.This study has made it possible to develop a method that characterizes airflow and heat transfer methods in a particularly complex geometry. It showed the interest of coupling transfer models and predictive microbiology models. Experiments at the laboratory scale were built by reproducing the real conditions as closely as possible thanks to the support of specialists in the meat sector. Thus the model carcasses were made in molds obtained by 3D printing from X-Ray scanners of real carcasses. The results of this study are directly usable by the profession and the public authorities for the adaptation of the refrigerated transport regulations. The approach developed may be adapted for similar problems in very congested ventilated enclosures.

Se estudió la influencia de la tecnología del sacrificio sobre la calidad de la canal y la carne porcinas. El trabajo consistió en estudiar minuciosamente todas las operaciones llevadas a cabo en un matadero industrial de gran capacidad, desde la recepción de los cerdos, hasta la obtención de la canal refrigerada, con el objeto de detectar y, en su caso, subsanar, posibles pérdidas de calidad que pudieran ser atribuibles a la tecnología empleada. Para ello, se valoró la importancia de aquellas operaciones que podrían jugar un papel relevante en la consecución de una mejor calidad, incluido el diseño de instalaciones, tales como zonas de descarga, corrales, salas de sacrificio y faenado y cámaras frigoríficas. El estudio fue realizado sobre 2047 cerdos de cebo procedentes de 36 granjas, realizando diferentes medidas y ensayos según las operaciones estudiadas. Se determinó el peso, magro y panículo adiposo de la canal, estableciéndose su clase comercial y conformación subjetiva. La temperatura de la canal fue estudiada en el músculo SM a 3 niveles de profundidad (superficial, medio y profundo) a 45 min, 2 y 24 h. pm. La calidad de la carne fue estimada en el músculo SM a partir de medidas de pH (45 min, 2, 8 y 24 h) y CE (45 min, 2 y 24 h). Las carnes fueron clasificadas como PSE (CE2>8 mS/cm), DFD (pH86,2) y Normales cuando la CE2<6 mS/ cm y el pH8<6. Los resultados obtenidos muestran como la calidad de la carne va a estar condicionada por el manejo presacrificio, la refrigeración de las canales, y en menor medida, por el faenado. Especialmente críticos son el reposo, acarreo y aturdido, como las operaciones más influyentes en vida del animal, junto con los ritmos de sacrificio que puedan sobrepasar la capacidad frigorífica del sistema de oreo rápido. También se encontraron mermas en la calidad de la carne como consecuencia del diseño y ubicación inadecuadas de algunas instalaciones o equipos. / The influence of the slaughter technology on carcass and pork meat quality was studied. The work consisted in a throughout study including all the operations carried out in a great capacity industrial slaughter, from the arrival of the animals to the refrigerated carcass. This was made in order to detect and correcting possible quality losses related to the technology applied. For this purpose, it was considered the most important processes that could have influence on the meat quality, among them were included: installation design, loading areas, corrals, slaughtering rooms, and refrigeration rooms. 2047 pigs from 36 different farms were studied considering different batches and measurements according to the industrial stage under study. Weight, lean, and backfat of carcass were determined in order to establish their commercial type and subjective conformation. SM temperature at 45 min. 2 and 24 h pm was measured at three different deep levels (surface, middle, bottom). pH (45min. 2,8,and 24h pm and CE (45min, 2, and 24h pro) measurements at SM were used for the estimation of meat quality. Meat was classified according to the latest parameters as PSE (CE2>8 mS/cm), DFD (PH8>6.2), and normal (CE2<6mS/cm and pH8<6). The results obtained showed the relationship between antemortem handling, carcass refrigeration conditions, and slaughter handling with meat quality. The most critical parameters affecting meat quality can be considered: resting animal, entry of animals into the slaughter rooms, stunning, and finally refrigeration room capacity being enough to keep the slaughtering rate. Losses of meat quality were also found because of non-adequate design and location of the installations.

Salmonella est une bactérie zoonotique qui représente un problème majeur de santé publique. Le porc est identifié comme l'un des principaux réservoirs de Salmonella. L'objectif de ces travaux de recherche était d'identifier les mesures prioritaires à mettre en place afin de limiter la présence de Salmonella dans la filière porcine réunionnaise. Près de 80% des élevages de porcs investigués étaient infectés par Salmonella en fin d'engraissement. Cette infection asymptomatique est associée à plusieurs facteurs de risque : les conditions géo-climatiques (altitude et pluviométrie), la production de volailles sur le site, la taille de l'élevage et la présence de salmonelles dans les salles avant l'entrée du lot. Le suivi longitudinal a d'ailleurs mis en évidence que les salmonelles résiduelles étaient la principale source d'infection, que ce soit pendant l'élevage, le transport et l'attente. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance d'améliorer l'efficacité des protocoles de nettoyage et de désinfection. La faune sauvage semble également impliquée dans l'épidémiologie de Salmonella dans la filière porcine. Une forte similarité génétique a été observée entre les souches isolées de rongeurs et de cafards et celles isolées des porcs. Par ailleurs, une prévalence en Salmonella de 16,5% dans les saucisses à base de porc démontre que Salmonella dans la filière porcine peut représenter un risque pour la santé humaine à La Réunion. Ces travaux de recherche démontrent la nécessité d'agir aux différents maillons de la filière porcine. En outre, une lutte globale doit être envisagée, incluant les différentes filières, les industriels, les services vétérinaires et les pouvoirs publics. / Salmonella is a zoonotic bacterium that represents a public health burden all over the world. Pig is considered as one of the main reservoir of this pathogen. The goal of this research project was to identify the main measures that would limit the presence of Salmonella in the Reunionese pig production. Nearly 80% of the pig farms investigated were infected with Salmonella at the end of the fattening period. This asymptomatic infection was associated with several risk factors: geo-climatic conditions (altitude and rainfall), poultry production on the same site, the size of the farm and the presence of residual Salmonella in rooms before the loading of the pig batch. Furthermore, the longitudinal investigation highlighted that environmental residual Salmonella were the main source of infection whether at farm, during the transport and the lairage of pigs. These results strengthen the importance of improving efficiency of cleaning and disinfection procedures. The wild fauna of Reunion Island seems to be involved in the epidemiology of Salmonella in the pig production, since high genetically relationships were observed between Salmonella strains isolated from rodents and cockroaches and those isolated from pigs. Otherwise, our study also highlighted Salmonella prevalence of 16.5% in pork sausages demonstrating that Salmonella in the pig production may represent a risk for public health in Reunion Island. These works stress the need to act at each stage of the pig production. Moreover, a global effort has to be considered, including professionals of the different animal production, industrials, veterinary and health services and authorities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Oliveira Osorio.pdf: 1862567 bytes, checksum: 813428c042e3674960ae7b2861eeff3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / Even sectors which usually offer products with a high degree of similarity as agribusiness can develop brand strategies, which are potentially capable of promoting a greater perceived value by consumers. Brazil is a world leader in the production and export of various agricultural products, and agribusiness is one of the most important sectors of national economy. This paper discusses how the Origin of the Product (national or imported), Perceptions and Attitudes of Consumers about Food Production Processes and Brand Equity assigned by Consumers to Certification Processes, affect the formation of Brand Equity in agricultural commodities. The aim was the characterization of consumer`s attitudes and perceptions that influences the formation of Brand Equity, throughout an empirical study conducted with Brazilian pork consumers. A literature review on branding strategies and their applications for agribusiness is presented. A theoretical construct with six research hypotheses were tested, using a structural equation model. Based on the results obtained from a sample with 132 consumers (interviewed about consumption of Brazilian pork), three out of the six original hypotheses were supported. A second questionnaire about the consumption of imported pork, with 52 respondents, was used to compare means between groups by ANOVA, in order to study the effect of information on the origin of the product on consumer´s attitudes and perceptions. Managerial recommendations based on the confrontation of the results with literature review are presented. Through a better understanding of factors that affect Brand Equity for agricultural commodities, this study sought to suggest Branding strategies that can assist organizations to offer products with higher perceived value by consumers, and thus achieve greater competitive advantage. / Mesmo segmentos como o agronegócio, que em geral oferecem produtos com alto grau de similaridade, podem desenvolver estratégias de marca, as quais potencialmente são capazes de promover uma maior percepção de valor por parte dos consumidores. O Brasil é um dos líderes mundiais na produção e exportação de vários produtos agropecuários, e o agronegócio é um dos segmentos mais importantes da economia nacional. O presente trabalho aborda como a Origem do Produto (nacional ou importado), as Percepções e Atitudes dos Consumidores frente os Processos de Produção dos Alimentos, e o Valor de Marca atribuído pelos Consumidores aos Processos de Certificação, afetam à Formação do Valor de Marca (Brand Equity) em commodities agropecuárias. O objetivo foi caracterizar, por meio de um estudo empírico realizado com consumidores brasileiros de carne suína, as percepções e as atitudes dos consumidores que influenciam à formação do Valor da Marca (Brand Equity). Uma revisão de literatura sobre estratégias de Branding e suas aplicações para o agronegócio é apresentada. Seis hipóteses de pesquisa foram testadas, constituindo assim um constructo teórico que foi analisado por meio de um modelo de equações estruturais. Baseado nos resultados obtidos a partir de uma amostra que contou com 132 consumidores entrevistados sobre o consumo da carne suína brasileira, foram suportadas três das seis hipóteses propostas. Um segundo questionário relativo ao consumo de carne suína importada, com 52 respondentes, foi utilizado para a comparação das médias entre os grupos através da análise de variância ANOVA, a fim de estudar o efeito da informação sobre a origem do produto sobre as percepções e atitudes dos consumidores. Recomendações gerenciais baseadas nos resultados obtidos confrontados com a revisão teórica são apresentadas. Por meio de um melhor conhecimento do comportamento do Valor da Marca (Brand Equity) para commodities agropecuárias, este estudo procurou contribuir sugerindo estratégias de Branding capazes de auxiliar na oferta de produtos com maior valor percebido pelos consumidores, e que assim, ofereçam maior vantagem competitiva para as organizações.

CAPES / A Salmonella spp. é um dos principais micro-organismos patogênicos envolvidos em Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos (DTA’s), com destaque para surtos envolvendo a ingestão de carne suína. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a segurança alimentar na produção de carne suína e embutidos quanto a presença de Salmonella spp. no processo produtivo. As amostras foram coletadas em um frigorífico que abate suínos e fabrica embutidos, localizado na região dos Campos Gerais - PR. Inicialmente, para padronização da PCR foi necessário determinar um protocolo de extração, bem como, ajustes metodológicos para amplificação de DNA. Para esses testes realizados, foi utilizada amostra de Salmonella spp previamente isolada de alimento. O protocolo de extração testado foi lise térmica e para reação de amplificação foram avaliadas três concentrações de DNA e diferentes temperaturas de hibridização para estabelecimento do padrão ideal. O protocolo escolhido mostrou-se bastante eficiente para extração do DNA de Salmonella spp, pois permitiu a obtenção de DNA em quantidade e com qualidade suficiente para amplificação de bandas. Para a amplificação, a melhor condição encontrada foi a concentração de DNA de aproximadamente 40 ng e uma temperatura de hibridização de57 ºC.Com o intuito de validar a análise molecular via PCR, realizouse um estudo comparativo inicial com a microbiologia convencional para comprovação dos resultados obtidos pela análise molecular. Inicialmente foram escolhidos dezessete pontos durante as diferentes etapas do processo produtivo do frigorífico em estudo. Duas carcaças foram acompanhadas durante todo o processo e amostras foram coletadas, contemplando desde a etapa de escaldagem até o embutimento do produto final. A utilização da técnica de PCR mostrou-se vantajosa nos seguintes aspectos: tempo de análise total de aproximadamente 30 horas; maior sensibilidade comparado ao método convencional. Decorrida a validação, foi realizada nova coleta, contemplando etapas desde pré-abate até a obtenção do embutido, perfazendo um total de 62 amostras, com intuito de avaliar contaminação durante a produção de carne suína e embutidos. Como resultado, foi verificado que 60% das amostras estavam contaminadas por Salmonella spp, em diversas etapas do processo produtivo. A partir dessa avaliação, foram selecionados alguns pontos contaminados e elaborado um plano de ações corretivas, a fim de controlar e diminuir os perigos microbiológicos existentes no local. Através de novas análises via PCR foi possível verificar que o plano de ações foi eficiente em 100% das amostras. / The Salmonella spp is major pathogens involved in Food borne Diseases (FBD), especially outbreaks involving the ingestion of meet and this products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the food safety in pork and sausages production for the Salmonella spp. presence in the process. The samples were collected in a refrigerator that slaughter pigs and manufactures sausages, located in the Campos Gerais - PR. Initially, to standardize the PCR was necessary to determine an extraction protocol, as well as methodological adjustments to the PCR reaction. For these tests it was used sample of Salmonella isolated from food. The extraction protocol was tested by heating process and for amplification reaction were evaluated three different concentration of DNA and hybridization temperatures to establish the ideal standard. The chosen protocol proved to be very efficient for the Salmonella ssp DNA extraction because it allowed obtaining DNA in sufficient quality and quantity for amplification bands. For amplification, the best condition was found a concentration of approximately 40 ng DNA and a hybridization temperature of 57 ° C. In order to validate the molecular analysis by PCR, we carried out a comparative study with the initial conventional microbiology for proof of all results obtained by molecular analysis. Seventeen points were chosen during the different stages of production process. Two carcasses were monitored throughout the procedure and samples were collected, comprising the scalding step to the final product inlay. The PCR usage technique proved advantageous in the following aspects: total analysis time of approximately 30 hours; higher sensitivity compared to conventional. After validation, we performed a new collection, covering stages from pre-slaughter until embedded obtaining, making a total of 62 samples, in order to assess contamination during production of pork and sausages. As a result, it was found that 60% of the samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp, in various stages of production. From this evaluation, we selected some points contaminated and developed a corrective action plan in order to control and reduce microbiological hazards on the premises. Through further analysis by PCR was possible to verify that the action plan was effective in 100% of samples.

This theses fokus on the enviromental impact of livestock raising cycle (cattle, pigs and poultry). Energetical costs and emissions caused by livestock fattening are counted including processing and transport of the final product ? meat. Conventional and organic farming were compared as well as different forms of housing. SIMA Pro software tool was used for obtaining the emission load. The aim of the work was to find which form of livestock raising has the least environmental impact. This work was created in the European Union internatiponal project M00080-EUS-AT-SUKI Sustainable Kitchen focusing on the emission load of substantial links of vertical production chain.

Submitted by Rodrigo Simonaio Morata (rmorata@gmail.com) on 2017-02-16T16:40:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LOCAL DE NASCIMENTO E TRANSFERENCIAS CONVENIADAS.pdf: 432198 bytes, checksum: ea42bcb5bbddd6e2add57e2fcbbd1d08 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Rodrigo, boa tarde Seu trabalho foi rejeitado por não estar de acordo com as normas da ABNT. Efetuar as seguintes alterações: - Retirar a acentuação do nome Getúlio. - Na capa, abaixo do nome da Fundação é necessário retirar o nome do curso (mestrado profissional) e incluir o nome da escola (ESCOLA DE ECONOMIA DE SÃO PAULO). - Nas páginas que constam o nome da cidade, retirar a sigla SP que consta ao lado. - Alterar a numeração das páginas: por exemplo, se a Introdução foi a página 9, incluir o número e seguir. - Verificar o tamanho da Fonte utilizada, que também precisa estar de acordo com as normas. ABNT: http://sistema.bibliotecas-sp.fgv.br/bkab_normalizacao clicar em Normas para Apresentação de Monografias - página 12. Em seguida, submeter o trabalho novamente. Att on 2017-02-17T18:38:33Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rodrigo Simonaio Morata (rmorata@gmail.com) on 2017-02-20T00:20:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LOCALDENASCIMENTOETRANSFERENCIASCONVENIADASv1.pdf: 966739 bytes, checksum: 8b8fda4c7da9b76fb7063b1c7c754fcf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2017-02-20T16:28:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LOCALDENASCIMENTOETRANSFERENCIASCONVENIADASv1.pdf: 966739 bytes, checksum: 8b8fda4c7da9b76fb7063b1c7c754fcf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T17:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOCALDENASCIMENTOETRANSFERENCIASCONVENIADASv1.pdf: 966739 bytes, checksum: 8b8fda4c7da9b76fb7063b1c7c754fcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se o local de nascimento de deputados federais e senadores influenciam nas transferências conveniadas celebradas entre o governo federal e o governo municipal. Para isto, elaborou-se um banco de dados contendo dados pessoais dos deputados federais e senadores eleitos no período entre 1998 e 2010, além de informações dos prefeitos, governadores, presidentes, dados socioeconômicos e valores pagos via convênios para o mesmo período. Utilizou-se dados do DATASUS, RAIS, banco de dados do TSE e dados do Portal da Transparência para esta elaboração. Aplicou-se painéis de efeito fixo tanto para os deputados federais quanto para os senadores, variandose o tipo de convênio celebrado. Estes foram segmentados nos seguintes grupos: valor total liberado entre a União e os municípios, o total liberado entre cada Poder (Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário) e os municípios e sobre o recurso liberado por tipo de custeio (Custeio e Não-Custeio) entre a União e os municípios. Os resultados sugerem que, na maioria dos casos, o local de nascimento independentemente de onde tenha sido eleito o parlamentar, possui impacto positivo e significante na celebração de convênios, que pode variar entre R$ 4,60 a R$ 32,25 per capita. Quando considera-se a região de eleição, o local de nascimento de deputados possui impacto significativo em cerca de R$ 0,21 per capita em acordos com o Poder Legislativo e entre tratados cujo objetivo seja de não custeio (aproximadamente, R$ 50,00 per capita). Já para os senadores, os resultados são não conclusivos. / The present study aims to evaluate if the birthplaces of federal deputies and senators are favored in the allocation of federal government transfers. For this purpose, was created a database containing personal data of federal deputies and senators elected in the period between 1998 and 2010, as well as information from mayors, governors, presidents, socioeconomic data and amounts paid through federal transfers for the same period. It was collected data from DATASUS, RAIS, TSE database and Portal da Transparência website. To estimate the impact, fixed-effect panels were applied to both federal deputies and senators. The regressions differ from each other depending of the kind of transfer used. These were segmented into the following groups: total amount released between Union and municipalities, the total released between each Power (Executive, Legislative and Judiciary) and municipalities and the released according to the destination of the transfer (Costing1 and Non-Costing) between Union and municipalities. It was indicated that, in most cases, the town of birth regardless of where the parliamentarian was elected, has a positive and significant impact on the transfers agreements, which can vary from R$ 4.60 to R$ 32.25 per capita. When faced with the region of election, the place of birth of deputies has a significant impact of around R$ 0.21 per capita in agreements with the Legislative Branch and in Non-Costing transfers (approximately R $ 50.00 per capita). But for the senators, no conclusion was presumed.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 443777 bytes, checksum: aa47df0593f4494e3ed6277403324b28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was mapping QTL on pig chromosomes 16, 17 and 18 and associate them to performance, carcass, internal organs, viscera, carcass cuts and meat quality traits. A F2 population was produced by crossing two naturalized Brazilian Piau sires and 18 commercial dams (Landrace x Large White x Pietrain). The population was genotyped for 11 microsatellite markers. After the genotype scoring, it was constructed the linkage map for these markers in the population. The microsatellites markers were considered appropriate for quantitative trait analysis. It was analyzed their values for observed heterogosity (Ho), expected heterozigosity (He) and polymorphic information content (PIC). The evaluation of the four loci amplified in the SSC16 found average values of Ho, He; and PIC of 0,67, 0,57 and 0,50, respectively. In the SSC17 the average values for Ho, He and PIC of 0,72, 0,61 and 0,56, respectively for the four amplified loci. And in the SSC18, average values of Ho, He and PIC were 0,67, 0,63 and 0,59, respectively for each one of three loci. Data were analyzed by multiple regressions by F2 mapping method using the QTLEXPRESS software. Eleven QTL were mapped and not yet described in the literature: teat number, cooking loss, redness, lower backfat thickness after last lumbar vertebrae, bacon depth, heart weight and lung weight on SSC16. QTL for weight at 63 and 77 days of age were assigned on chromosome 17. QTL for weight at 21 days of age and slaughter age were identified on SSC18. Four QTL Already described in another populations were also identified: weight at 21 days of age on SSC16, backfat thickness after last lumbar vertebrae and after the last rib (at 6,5 cm from the midline ) on SSC17 backfat thickness after last lumbar vertebrae and after the last rib (at 6,5 cm from the midline) and total loss on SSC18. The generated information of significant QTL is useful for future studies dealing with fine mapping to identify genes that could provide a better understanding of the production traits in pigs. / O objetivo ao realizar este trabalho foi o mapeamento de QTL nos cromossomo 16,17 e 18 de suínos e a associação destes a característica de desempenho, de carcaça, órgãos internos e vísceras, de cortes de carcaça e de qualidade de carne. Foi construída uma população F2 provenientes do cruzamento de dois varrões da raça naturalizada Brasileira Piau com 18 fêmeas da linha comercial (Landrace x Large White x Pietrain). Foram utilizados onze marcadores microssatélites distribuídos nos SSC16, SSC17 e SSC18. Com o resultado da genotipagem foi construído o mapa de ligação específico dos marcadores para a população desenvolvida. Os marcadores de microssatélites foram considerados adequados para estudos de características quantitativas, quando foram analisadios os valores de heterozigosidade observada (Ho), heterozigosidade esperada (He) e conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC). A avaliação dos quatro locos amplificados no SSC16 forneceu valores das médias da Heterozigosidade observada (Ho) e esperada (He); e do Conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC) de 67,62%, de 57,71% e 0,50, respectivamente. No SSC17 foram encontrados os resultados das médias de Ho, He e PIC de 72,20%, 61,40% e 0,56, respectivamente para os 4 locos utilizados. E no SSC18, o valor das médias de Ho, He e de PIC foram 67,80% 63,54% e 0,59, respectivamente utilizando 3 locos. Foi utilizado o método de regressão por intervalo de mapeamento, e as análises foram realizadas por meio do programa QTLEXPRESS. Foram detectados 11 QTL não descritos na literatura: número de tetas, índice de vermelho; perda por cozimento, menor espessura de toucinho na região acima da última vértebra lombar na linha dorso-lombar, espessura de bacon, peso do coração e do pulmão no SSC16; peso aos 63 dias de idade e peso aos 77 dias de idade no SSC 17; peso aos 21 dias e idade de abate no SSC18; e quatro QTL já descritos em outras populações foram também identificados, como para peso aos 21 dias de idade no SSC16, espessura de toucinho medida imediatamente após a última costela, a 6,5 cm da linha dorso-lombar no SSC17, espessura de toucinho medida imediatamente após a última costela, a 6,5 cm da linha dorsolombar e perda total no SSC18. As informações dos QTL significativos encontrados servem como base de estudos futuros de mapeamento fino para identificação de genes permitindo o melhor entendimento das características de produção em suínos.