Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo M Prata Madureira.pdf: 1781782 bytes, checksum: 147b6a5a9575521413a463d5b3bc2d74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / The western region of Paraná, the subject of this study, is an important region of Paraná State that makes a significant contribution to the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. It is an area of over 22,000 km², which corresponds to almost 12% of the total area of the state. It s most important demographic occupation occured when a military colony was set up in Foz do Iguaçu in the early twentieth century, and this intensified with the Vargas government s Westward March policy, which aimed at occupying the entire western side of the country. The farmers who settled in this region came primarily from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina and they adopted a mixed farming livelihood. The production of pigs, poultry, milk and corn were most popular, and in the late 1960 s the cultivation of soybeans was introduced. The supply chains that were set up in the region helped in the processes of economic and population growth. Thus, this study aims to identify and pinpoint the main productive chains that influenced the region's economic growth between 1985 and 2010, seeking to understand their role in this process. The following objectives were adopted: to estimate and analyze the process of economic growth in cities in the west of Paraná; to analyze changes in the pattern of growth of these cities, and also to identify the influence of the main agro-industrial chains in the growth of these cities. The theoretical approach that was adopted elaborated on the theories of Adam Smith regarding the division of labor and the specialization of production, François Perroux regarding regional development stimulated by specific industries, Albert Otto Hirschman and his theory of regional development through forward linkage effects and backward linkage effects , and finally, Douglas North and his theory of export base. Using data collected from SEAB (Ministry of Agriculture and Supply) as well as IPARDES (Paraná Institute of Economic and Social Development) it is clear that the top five chains that have stimulated economic growth in the region have been soybeans, corn, pork, chicken and milk. These five chains are described, and the manner in which they relate is demonstrated through a flowchart joining the five chains within the same organism. I conclude that the west of Paraná was strongly influenced in its economic and population growth by these chains with their many ramifications. The export base of the region in the early days of colonization was mate and wood, and it is currently represented by the export crops of soybeans and corn, and a series of products developed in the regional agribusinesses that are exported to other cities, states and countries and contribute towards the economic development of the state. / O oeste paranaense, objeto deste estudo, constitui-se em uma importante região do Estado do Paraná, apresentando contribuição significativa nos setores primário, secundário e terciário da economia. Sua área geográfica se estende por mais de 22 mil km², o que corresponde a quase 12% da área total do Estado. Sua ocupação demográfica mais efetiva aconteceu na instalação da colônia militar de Foz do Iguaçu no início do século XX e, depois, de forma mais intensa, estimulada pela política do Governo Vargas denominada Marcha para Oeste, que visava ocupar todo o lado oeste do país. Os agricultores que nessa região se instalaram vieram basicamente do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina e adotaram a policultura de subsistência. Desse tipo de produção, destacava-se a produção de suínos, aves, leite e milho, sendo que, no final dos anos 1960, foi introduzida a cultura da soja. Acredita-se que as cadeias produtivas que nessa região se instalaram auxiliaram no processo de crescimento econômico e populacional. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo geral identificar e apontar as principais cadeias produtivas que interferiram no crescimento econômico da região entre 1985 e 2010, buscando entender o seu papel nesse processo. Para tanto, adotaram-se como objetivos específicos: estimar e analisar o processo de crescimento econômico dos municípios do oeste paranaense; analisar as mudanças no padrão de crescimento desses municípios; e também identificar a influência das principais cadeias agroindustriais no crescimento desses municípios. O referencial teórico adotado versou sobre Adam Smith e sua teoria da divisão do trabalho e a especialização da produção; sobre François Perroux no que tange ao desenvolvimento regional estimulado pelas indústrias motrizes; sobre Albert Otto Hirschman e sua teoria do desenvolvimento regional através dos encadeamentos produtivos para frente (forward linkage effects) e para trás (backward linkage effects), finalizando com Douglas North e sua teoria da base exportadora. Através de dados coletados na SEAB Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura e do Abastecimento, bem como no IPARDES Instituto Paranaense de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, chegou-se à conclusão de que as cinco principais cadeias que estimularam o crescimento econômico da região foram as cadeias produtivas da Soja, do Milho, do Suíno, do Frango e do Leite. Diante disso, passa-se a descrever essas cinco cadeias e a seguir o modo com que elas se relacionam, através de um fluxograma que interliga as cinco cadeias num mesmo organismo. Conclui-se, então, que o oeste paranaense foi fortemente influenciado, em seu crescimento econômico e populacional, por tais cadeias e os respectivos inúmeros desdobramentos. Nesse processo, a base exportadora da região, que, nos primórdios da colonização, foi a erva-mate e a madeira, na atualidade é representada pelas culturas de exportação da soja e do milho, e de uma série de produtos desenvolvidos nas agroindústrias regionais que são exportados para outros municípios, outras unidades da Federação e outros países e contribuem para o desenvolvimento econômico do Paraná.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to produce and to test the performance of native starters cultures in the elaboration of fermented Italian sausage in relation to the security and quality of the sausages. In the first experiment strains of Staphylococcus xylosus isolated from colonial sausages, were characterized and after identified for the Kit Api Staph (Biomérieux). In the second experiment, the microorganism Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis was fermented in pork plasma culture medium and evaluated its efficiency in relation to MRS broth, through microbiological analyses and optic density (OD). In the third experiment the isolated and multiplied cultures were added in dry fermented sausages, elaborating four treatments: T1 - addition of commercial starters (Staphylococcus xylosus and Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis); T2 - mixture of isolated Staphylococcus xylosus more commercial Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis ; T3 - mixture of isolated Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis more commercial Staphylococcus xylosus and T4 - Staphylococcus xylosus and Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis both isolated, evaluating its influence on the microbiological, physico-chemical and sensorial characteristics. About 13.3% of the colonies isolated of sausages were identified as Staphylococcus xylosus. The maximum growth of Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis, in pork plasma culture medium was 8.58 Log UFC.mL-1 in 27 hours, and the OD 0.88. In the MRS broth the growth reached the maximum peak (8.70 Log UFC.mL-1) in 6 hours, presenting OD of 0.81. All the elaborated sausages presented a significant decreased of pH and a reduction in the water activity, ensuring a microbiological security to the products. In relation the lipid oxidation, the treatment that contained isolated strains of Staphylococcus xylosus presented significantly lower values than the other treatments. The sausages elaborated with both strains isolated presented better sensorial results than the sausages elaborated with commercial starters cultures. Therefore, this study indicated that would be promising to extend the availability of microorganisms for industrial use from the selection of native cultures, that the pork plasma culture medium becomes an alternative for the multiplication of lactic acid bacteria, because it presented a similar fermentation performance to the commercial culture medium and that the addition of natives starters cultures can be used in the elaboration of fermented Italian sausages, providing safety products and with differentiated flavor. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo produzir e testar o desempenho de culturas starters nativas na fabricação de salame tipo Italiano quanto à segurança e qualidade dos salames. No primeiro experimento, cepas de Staphylococcus xylosus foram isoladas de salames coloniais, caracterizadas e após identificadas pelo Kit Api Staph (Biomérieux). No segundo experimento, o microrganismo Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis foi fermentado em meio de cultura de plasma suíno e avaliado sua eficiência em relação ao caldo MRS, através de análises microbiológicas e densidade óptica (DO). No terceiro experimento, as culturas isoladas e multiplicadas foram adicionadas em salame, elaborando-se quatro tratamentos: T1 - adição de starters comerciais (Staphylococcus xylosus e Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis); T2 - mistura de Staphylococcus xylosus isolado mais Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis comercial; T3 - mistura de Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis isolado mais Staphylococcus xylosus comercial e T4 - Staphylococcus xylosus e Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis ambos isolados, avaliando sua influência nas características microbiológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais. Foram identificadas 13,3% das colônias isoladas de salames coloniais como Staphylococcus xylosus. O crescimento máximo de Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis, em meio de cultura de plasma suíno, foi de 8,58 Log UFC.mL-1 no tempo de 27 horas e DO de 0,88. Em caldo MRS, o crescimento atingiu pico máximo (8,70 Log UFC.mL-1) em 6 horas, apresentando uma DO de 0,81. Todos os salames elaborados apresentaram uma queda de pH significativa e também uma redução na atividade de água, garantindo uma segurança microbiológica aos produtos. Em relação a oxidação lipídica, os tratamentos que continham cepas de Staphylococcus xylosus isolados apresentaram valores significativamente menores que os outros tratamentos. Os salames elaborados com as duas cepas isoladas (T4) apresentaram melhores resultados sensoriais quando comparados com salames elaborados com culturas starters comerciais. Portanto, este estudo indicou que seria promissor ampliar a disponibilidade de linhagens para uso industrial proveniente da seleção de culturas nativas, que o meio de cultura de plasma suíno torna-se uma alternativa para a multiplicação de bactérias ácido lácticas, pois apresentou um desempenho semelhante à fermentação do meio de cultura comercial e que a adição de culturas starters nativas pode ser utilizada na elaboração de salames, proporcionando produtos seguros e com flavor diferenciado.

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Listeria monocytogenes est responsable de la listériose, une toxi-infection alimentaire présentant un taux de mortalité élevé (20 à 30%) chez les populations à risque. Les produits de la filière porcine ont été incriminés à plusieurs reprises dans des éclosions de listériose. En transformation, la contamination des produits prêts-à-manger est d’une importance particulière puisque ces aliments sont consommés sans préparation subséquente. Le pathogène, par son caractère psychrophile et sa capacité à former des biofilms est en mesure de s’établir et de persister dans les environnements de production alimentaire. Il peut alors être transféré de niches environnementales vers les produits de viande. Cette contamination croisée est inhérente à l’introduction préalable de L. monocytogenes dans l’environnement de transformation. Il a été rapporté que les pièces de viande crue provenant des étapes en amont de la transformation constituent la principale voie d’entrée de L. monocytogenes en atelier de transformation. Dans la nature, les biofilms sont composés de plusieurs microorganismes dont l’identité et les interactions façonnent le développement des communautés microbiennes. Le microbiote d’accompagnement a été proposé comme facteur pouvant influencer la présence et la persistance de L. monocytogenes. Ainsi, la présente thèse a pour but d’identifier des déterminants bactériens présents dans le microbiote des surfaces en contact avec les produits de viande en salle de découpe en abattoir porcin associés à la présence ou à l’absence de L. monocytogenes. La caractérisation du microbiote ainsi que la détection de L. monocytogenes ont été réalisées en parallèle sur les échantillons de surfaces recueillis. Les analyses de diversité menées sur les résultats issus du séquençage de l’ARNr 16S ont révélé une hétérogénéité dans la répartition des genres bactériens sur ces surfaces en fonction des lignes de production ainsi qu’en fonction des différentes visites. La présence de déterminants microbiens a permis la construction de deux modèles prédictifs basés sur les forêts d’arbres décisionnels permettant, sur la base du microbiote de chaque échantillon, de prédire son appartenance à une visite (à 94%) et à une ligne de production (à 88%). L. monocytogenes a été retrouvée dans 12,24% des échantillons de surfaces de découpe récoltés. Une distribution non stochastique des isolats a été observée (sur trois des six lignes de production) suggérant une localisation préférentielle de L. monocytogenes en salle de découpe. La caractérisation des isolats a révélé une faible diversité génétique ainsi que la présence de plusieurs caractéristiques associées à une adaptation à l’environnement de production et à une atténuation de la virulence. L’outil statistique MaAsLin a permis d’identifier le taxon Veillonella comme déterminant bactérien de la présence de L. monocytogenes sur les surfaces de découpe. Il a pu être démontré par approche culturale, en laboratoire, que Veillonella dispar et Veillonella atypica augmentaient significativement la croissance et la survie de L. monocytogenes en cocultures planctoniques ainsi qu’en biofilms. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que l’action de Veillonella serait médiée par des composés sécrétés ou rendus disponibles par la bactérie. Les résultats de la présente étude contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des patrons de contamination associés à L. monocytogenes en abattoir. / Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe illness in high-risk groups such as the immunocompromised and the elderly, who face a mortality rate of 20 to 30% with exposure to this deadly bacterium. Pork products have been incriminated on several occasions in listeriosis outbreaks. Contamination of ready-to-eat products is of particular importance since this kind of food is consumed without prior cooking. The pathogen's psychrophilic nature and its ability to form biofilms enable its establishment and persistence in food production environments. The bacterium can then be transferred from environmental niches to the food products. This cross-contamination is inherent to the prior introduction of L. monocytogenes into the ready-to-eat processing environment. It has been reported that raw meat cuts from the upstream processing stages constitute the main route of entry of L. monocytogenes into the ready-to-eat processing environment. The accompanying microbiota has been proposed as a factor that can influence the presence and persistence of L. monocytogenes. In processing environments, biofilms are composed of several microorganisms whose identity and interactions shape the development of microbial communities. Thus, the aim of the present thesis was to identify bacterial determinants, present in the microbiota of surfaces in contact with meat products in the cutting room of a pig slaughterhouse, associated with the presence or absence of L. monocytogenes. The characterization of the surface’s microbiota and the detection of L. monocytogenes were carried out in parallel on the surface samples collected. Diversity analyses carried out following 16S rRNA sequencing revealed heterogeneity in the distribution of bacterial genera on these surfaces, depending on the production line and the visit. The presence of microbial determinants enabled the development of two predictive models based on random forests classification algorithms, which, based on the microbiota of a sample, predicted its belonging to a visit (at 94%) and to a production line (at 88%). L. monocytogenes was found in 12,24% of the cutting room surfaces samples. A non-stochastic distribution of the isolates was observed (only three of the six production lines were contaminated) suggesting a preferential localization of L. monocytogenes in the cutting room. Isolates characterization revealed low genetic diversity and the presence of several genes associated with adaptation to the production environment and attenuation of virulence. Using the MaAsLin statistical tool, the Veillonella taxon was identified as a bacterial determinant of the presence of L. monocytogenes on the cutting room surfaces. Using a cultural approach, it was demonstrated that Veillonella dispar and Veillonella atypica significantly increased the growth and survival rates of L. monocytogenes in planktonic cocultures and biofilms. The results suggested that the action of Veillonella is mediated by compounds secreted or made available by the bacterium. The results of the present study contribute to a better understanding of L. monocytogenes contamination patterns in swine slaughterhouses.

Heat stress (HS) induced changes in energy metabolism, proteolysis, lipogenesis, and oxidative balance have meat quality ramifications for livestock. However, several knowledge gaps exist in understanding heat stressed finishing pig physiology and pork quality characteristics and how dietary zinc may ameliorate undesirable outcomes. Research was completed to determine zinc supplementation effects on carcass composition, meat quality, and oxidative stability of fresh and processed pork from pigs subjected to a chronic, cyclic heat stress using a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with main effects of environment (HS vs. thermoneutral; TN), added zinc level (50 vs. 130 mg kg^-1 available zinc), and zinc source (inorganic vs. organic). Commercial crossbred mixed-sex pigs (initially 72.0 kg) were group-housed under either TN (18.9-16.7°C) or cycling HS conditions with chronic diurnal heat (30-29°C/26-27°C for 12h:12h) on days 24-71 with acute heat waves (32-33°C/29-30°C for 12h:12h) on days 21-24, 42-45, and 63-65. One representative pig (<i>n</i>=80) per pen was slaughtered on day 64. The HS pigs were lighter bodyweight (<i>P</i>=0.039), yielded lighter carcasses (<i>P</i>=0.011), less last rib backfat (<i>P</i>=0.032), tended to have smaller loin eye area (<i>P</i>=0.062) but similar percent lean in belly center slices (<i>P</i>>0.10). Compared to TN, HS carcasses had higher 24-h pH (<i>P</i>=0.001) and decreased drip loss (<i>P</i>=0.034). Shifts in individual fatty acid profile of sausage product derived from HS carcasses were observed but were of insufficient magnitude to affect iodine value. Initially, sausage from HS carcasses tended (day 0, <i>P</i>=0.071) to have less thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than TN but over a 10-day simulated retail display, no treatment induced lipid oxidation differences (<i>P</i>>0.05) were observed in either sausage or displayed loin chops. Consistent treatment differences in CIE L*a*b* of products throughout the 10-day display were not observed. The relationships between physiological changes in pigs receiving supplemental zinc and their body and ambient temperatures were also investigated. A representative gilt (<i>n</i>=96) was selected for thermal monitoring from each pen of the 2×2×2 treatments plus 4 additional treatments representing 2 intermediate levels of Zn in both environments. Core body temperatures (T_core) during the day 42-45 acute heat wave were continuously recorded via indwelling vaginal thermometers and infrared thermal imaging was used to measure skin temperatures at 12-hour intervals. From a 64-gilt subset of the 2×2×2 treatments, jejunum and ileum samples were collected on day 64 for analysis of villus height, crypt depth, and jejunal gene expression of heat shock proteins (27, 70, 90), occludin, and mucin (MUC2). The HS model induced thermoregulatory changes and increases in T_core (<i>P</i><0.05). Day 42-45 ambient temperature was negatively correlated with expression of HSP-27 (r=-0.42, <i>P</i>=0.047), HSP-90 (r=-0.49, <i>P</i>=0.014), and occludin (r=-0.69, <i>P</i><0.001) in HS pigs. For the organic Zn supplemented pigs, ambient temperature was positively correlated with expression of HSP-27 (r=0.42, <i>P</i>=0.034) and MUC2 (r=0.45, <i>P</i>=0.017) and negatively correlated with villus height in jejunum (r=-0.42, <i>P</i>=0.027) and ileum (r=-0.38, <i>P</i>=0.048). Thermal Circulation Index (measure of heat dissipation) of HS pigs was negatively correlated with their ileum villus height (r=-0.51, <i>P</i>=0.015) and positively correlated with HSP-70 expression (r=0.46, <i>P</i>=0.041). The T_core lacked correlation with most variables. This research demonstrates cyclic HS affects carcass composition and quality but does not appear to reduce display shelf-life of pork as indicated by lack of differences in lipid oxidation and color stability. In this HS model, zinc level or source imparted negligible benefits and thermal correlations with gut integrity characteristics existed for organic zinc supplemented and HS pigs. The degree of heat dissipation by heat stressed pigs appeared to be associated with classic HS damage and intestinal responses which may be useful indicators of HS in the grow-finish pig. Another agricultural challenge is maintaining higher education programming which establishes a successful career trajectory for agricultural students amid generational shifts in attitudes and background experiences. Undergraduates studying Animal Science and/or Agricultural Economics were surveyed to understand their perception of how collegiate curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular experiences (coursework, club participation, relevant work experience, international experience, advising/mentoring, college life, and professional networking) contribute to their anticipated career success. A best-worst scaling experiment was used to force respondents (<i>n</i>=487) to make unbiased tradeoffs between the collegiate experience attributes. Responses were then related back to additional demographical and experience/perception characteristics of respondents. Students indicated relevant work experience was overwhelmingly the most critical of the 7 factors (57% preference share), followed by professional networking (19%), and coursework (14%). Students solely in a pre-veterinary Animal Science curriculum represented a distinct category of students regarding their beliefs and experiences. Further research is needed to investigate possible disconnects between student perceptions and reality in higher education and agricultural careers.

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Tesis por compendio / [ES] Se han desarrollado mediante termoprocesado películas multicapa biodegradables activas para el envasado de alimentos, combinando películas de almidón mejoradas y de una mezcla de poliésteres (PLA-PHBV), con diferentes ácidos fenólicos (ferúlico, p-cumárico y protocatecuico). En las películas almidón de yuca o de maíz se incorporaron gomas de origen microbiano (xantana y gelano) (10%) para mejorar sus propiedades funcionales. Las gomas mejoraron las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera al vapor de agua y al oxígeno de los films de almidón. Estos films se combinaron con films mezcla de PLA:PHBV en bicapas almidón-poliésteres por termocompresión. Las bicapas presentaron una alta capacidad barrera al oxígeno y al vapor de agua comparado con sus respectivas monocapas. La capa de poliéster contribuyó al refuerzo mecánico de la bicapa, aportando alta capacidad de barrera al vapor de agua, mientras que la capa de almidón aportó alta capacidad de barrera al oxígeno a la bicapa. La bicapa con almidón de yuca y goma gelano presentó la mejor adhesión entre capas, con propiedades funcionales adecuadas para el envasado de alimentos. Los ácidos ferúlico, p-cumárico y protocatecuico, con propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes, se incorporaron (2%) en los films mezcla de PLA:PHBV para obtener films activos. Los ácidos fenólicos modificaron positivamente las propiedades de la mezcla de poliésteres, incrementando su módulo de elasticidad y resistencia a la fractura y su capacidad de barrera al vapor de agua y al oxígeno, al tiempo que aumentaron levemente la Tg del material. El ácido protocatecuico provocó los mayores efectos, afectando a la cristalización del PHBV. La liberación de estos compuestos en diferentes simulantes alimentarios (con polaridad alta e intermedia) fue muy limitada en cuanto a velocidad y cantidad liberada, lo que disminuyó la capacidad de las películas para inhibir de forma significativa el crecimiento de Listeria innocua inoculada en medio de cultivo. Estos films, con y sin compuestos activos, se desintegraron en condiciones de compostaje, sin efecto significativo de los ácidos fenólicos. Los films sin activos y con ácido ferúlico se biodegradaron completamente después de 20 días de compostaje, mientras que los films que contenían ácido p-cumárico y protocatecuico lo hicieron en 21 y 26 días, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, ninguno de los ácidos fenólicos incorporados inhibió el proceso de biodegradación, pero se retardó el proceso, dependiendo del grado de retención del compuesto en la matriz polimérica. Los films bicapa biodegradables constituidos por una capa de almidón-gelano y otra de PLA:PHBV, con y sin ácidos fenólicos, se caracterizaron en sus propiedades mecánicas y de barrera al vapor de agua y al oxígeno y se utilizaron para el envasado de carne de cerdo, evaluando su calidad durante el almacenamiento a 5 °C. La presencia de ácidos fenólicos disminuyó el módulo elástico y la tensión de fractura de las bicapas y mejoró su capacidad de barrera al vapor de agua y al oxígeno. Esto último, junto al efecto activo de los ácidos, contribuyó a mejorar la conservación de la carne durante el almacenamiento, reduciendo los niveles de oxidación lipídica, cambios de pH y pérdidas de peso de las muestras envasadas, así como el crecimiento microbiano, especialmente coliformes totales y bacterias ácido-lácticas. Los films bicapa biodegradables con ácidos fenólicos, a base de almidón y poliésteres, se muestran como una estrategia adecuada para obtener materiales de envasado activo, con propiedades funcionales próximas a las de algunos plásticos sintéticos comúnmente utilizados en el envasado de alimentos. Estos materiales pueden alargar la vida útil de los alimentos, mitigando el impacto ambiental de los envases plásticos ya que pueden ser compostados. / [CA] S'han desenvolupat, mitjançant termoprocesat, pel·lícules multicapa biodegradables actives per a l'envasament d'aliments, combinant pel·lícules de midó millorades i d'una mescla de polièsters (PLA-PHBV), amb diferents àcids fenòlics (ferúlic, p-cumàric i protocatecuic). En les pel·lícules midó de iuca o de dacsa es van incorporar gomes d'origen microbià (xantana i gellan) (10%) per a millorar les seues propietats funcionals. Les gomes van millorar les propietats mecàniques i de barrera al vapor d'aigua i a l'oxigen dels films de midó. Aquests films es van combinar amb films mescla de PLA:PHBV en bicapes midó-polièsters per termocompresió. Les bicapes van presentar una alta capacitat barrera a l'oxigen i al vapor d'aigua comparat amb les respectives monocapes. La capa de polièster va contribuir al reforç mecànic de la bicapa, aportant alta capacitat de barrera al vapor d'aigua, mentre que la capa de midó va aportar alta capacitat de barrera a l'oxigen a la bicapa. La bicapa amb midó de iuca i goma gellan va presentar la millor adhesió entre capes, amb propietats funcionals adequades per a l'envasament d'aliments. Els àcids ferúlic, p-cumàric i protocatecuic, amb propietats antimicrobianes i antioxidants, es van incorporar (2%) en els films mescla de PLA:PHBV per a obtindre films actius. Els àcids fenòlics van modificar positivament les propietats de la mescla de polièsters, incrementant el seu mòdul d'elasticitat i resistència a la fractura i la seua capacitat de barrera al vapor d'aigua i a l'oxigen, al mateix temps que van augmentar lleument la Tg del material. L'àcid protocatecuic va provocar els majors efectes, afectant la cristal·lització del PHBV. L'alliberament d'aquests compostos en diferents simulants alimentaris (amb polaritat alta i intermèdia) va ser molt limitada en quant a velocitat i quantitat alliberada, la qual cosa va disminuir la capacitat de les pel·lícules per a inhibir de manera significativa el creixement de Listeria innocua inoculada en medi de cultiu. Aquests films, amb i sense compostos actius, es van desintegrar en condicions de compostatge, sense efecte significatiu dels àcids fenòlics. Els films sense actius i amb àcid ferúlic es biodegradaren completament després de 20 dies de compostatge, mentre que els films que contenien àcid p-cumàric i protocatecuic ho van fer en 21 i 26 dies, respectivament. Per tant, cap dels àcids fenòlics incorporats va inhibir el procés de biodegradació, però es va retardar el procés, depenent del grau de retenció del compost en la matriu polimèrica. Els films bicapa biodegradables constituïts per una capa de midó-gellan i una altra de PLA:PHBV, amb i sense àcids fenòlics es van caracteritzar en les seues propietats mecàniques i de barrera al vapor d'aigua i a l'oxigen i es van utilitzar per a l'envasament de carn de porc, avaluant la qualitat a llarg del emmagatzematge a 5 °C. La presència d'àcids fenòlics va disminuir el mòdul elàstic i la tensió de fractura de les bicapes i va millorar la seua capacitat de barrera al vapor d'aigua i a l'oxigen. Això últim, junt a l'efecte actiu dels àcids, va contribuir a millorar la conservació de la carn durant l'emmagatzematge, reduint els nivells d'oxidació lipídica, canvis de pH i pèrdues de pes de les mostres envasades, així com el creixement microbià, especialment coliformes totals i bacteris àcid-làctics. Els films bicapa biodegradables amb àcids fenòlics, a base de midó i polièsters, es mostren com una estratègia adequada per a obtindre materials d'envasament actiu, amb propietats funcionals pròximes a les d'alguns plàstics sintètics comunament utilitzats en l'envasament d'aliments. Aquests materials poden allargar la vida útil dels aliments, mitigant l'impacte ambiental dels envasos plàstics ja que poden ser compostats. / [EN] Active biodegradable multilayer films have been developed by thermoprocessing for food packaging purposes, combining improved starch films and a blend of polyesters (PLA-PHBV), with different phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric and protocatechuic). Into the cassava or maize starch films, gums of microbial origin (xanthan and gellan) were incorporated (10%) to improve their functional properties. The gums improved the mechanical and barrier properties to water vapor and oxygen of the starch films. These films were combined with PLA:PHBV blend films in starch-polyester bilayers by thermocompression. The bilayers exhibited high barrier capacity to oxygen and water vapor compared to their respective monolayers. The polyester layer contributes to the mechanical reinforcement of the bilayer, providing high water vapor barrier capacity, while the starch layer provided high oxygen barrier capacity to the bilayer. The bilayer with cassava starch and gellan gum showed the best interlayer adhesion, with adequate functional properties for food packaging applications. Ferulic, p-coumaric and protocatechuic acids, with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, were incorporated (2%) in the PLA: PHBV blend films to obtain active films. Phenolic acids positively modified the properties of the polyester blend, increasing its elastic modulus and resistance to break and its barrier capacity to water vapor and oxygen, while slightly increasing the Tg of the material. Protocatechuic acid caused the greatest effects, affecting the crystallization of PHBV. The release of these compounds in different food simulants (with high and intermediate polarity) was very limited in terms of release rate and released amount, which reduced the ability of the films to significantly inhibit the growth of Listeria innocua inoculated in culture medium. These films, with and without active compounds, disintegrated under composting conditions, without significant effect of phenolic acids. Films without active compounds and with ferulic acid biodegraded completely after 20 days of composting, whereas films containing p-coumaric and protocatechuic acids did so in 21 and 26 days, respectively. Therefore, none of the incorporated phenolic acids inhibited the biodegradation process, but the process was delayed, depending on the degree of retention of the compound in the polymeric matrix. The biodegradable bilayer films with a layer of starch-gellan and another of PLA: PHBV, with and without phenolic acids, were characterized as to their mechanical properties and barrier capacity to water vapor and oxygen and were used for packaging of pork meat whose quality development was analysed throughout storage time at 5 °C. The presence of phenolic acids decreased the elastic modulus and resistance to break of the bilayers and improved their barrier capacity to water vapor and oxygen. The latter, together with the active effect of the acids, contributed to improving the preservation of the meat during storage, reducing the levels of lipid oxidation, changes in pH and weight losses of the packed samples, as well as microbial growth, especially total coliforms and lactic acid bacteria. Biodegradable bilayer films with phenolic acids, based on starch and polyesters, appeared as a suitable strategy to obtain active packaging materials, with functional properties close to those of some synthetic plastics commonly used in food packaging. These materials can extend the shelf-life of foods, mitigating the environmental impact of plastic packaging since they can be composted. / The authors would like to thank the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain, for funding this study through the Project AGL2016-76699-R and PID2019-105207RB-I00, and the predoctoral research grant # BES-2017-082040 / Hernández García, E. (2022). Biodegradable Multilayer Films for Active Food Packaging, Based on Starch and Polyesters with Phenolic Acids [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181473 / TESIS / Compendio