The aim of the thesis was to define the meaning of radiochemical processes which take place in coolant of the primary circuit of the Nuclear Power Plant; and to describe the way of measurement of chemical parameters. The second aim was to define the significance of dissolved hydrogen to compensate for corrosion-threatening corrosion-safe operation of plant and to describe the method of generating hydrogen by ammonia. The third aim was to investigate the time courses of ammonia and hydrogen concentrations within the two production units. The last aim was to investigate unilateral dependence between ammonia and hydrogen concentrations. The first two aims were met by using system analysis of coolant chemical parameters, methods of measuring them, and ongoing radiochemical processes in the coolant. Ammonia and hydrogen were selected for deeper investigation, because of the results of the analysis. H1, H2 and H3 hypotheses have been formulated to meet the other two aims. The H1 hypothesis was used to verify the empirical distribution of ammonia and hydrogen concentration measurements by non-parametric normality testing. Hypothesis H2 investigated the time dependence of ammonia and hydrogen concentrations by regression analysis. In case of verification of H3 hypothesis the method of regression and correlation dependency was used. The verifying of hypothesis has shown that the empirical distribution of the measurement of hydrogen and ammonia concentrations is more closely related to the theoretical normal distribution. Furthermore, it was verified that the linear regression function of the time dependence of ammonia and hydrogen concentration measurements is close to the parallel to the timeline during the fuel campaign. Linear regression and correlation analysis confirmed that the correlation between hydrogen and ammonia concentrations is similar on both blocks and close to strong positive correlation. Verification of required regressive and correlative bending between ammonia and generated hydrogen can be understood as a practical contribution.

Esta dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa com atingidos pela Usina Hidrelétrica Serra do Facão no sudeste de Goiás. Foram coletadas histórias de vida de moradores da zona rural de Goiás em dois momentos distintos. O primeiro em 2009, antes da instalação da barragem do rio São Marcos. O segundo momento das entrevistas foi pós o deslocamento compulsório, em 2012 e 2013, com a usina em funcionamento. Este intervalo entre as entrevista nos permitiu analisar o que foi planejado e o que foi efetivamente vivido por estes moradores do sertão goiano. Este empreendimento desapropriou 420 famílias, moradoras da zona rural em seis municípios: Catalão, Ipameri, Cristalina, Davinópolis, Campo Alegre de Goiás, em Goiás e Paracatu, no triângulo mineiro, Minas Gerais. Tomamos como recorte analítico as famílias remanescentes ou as famílias retornadas a terra, sendo assim, selecionamos seis histórias de vida que nos evidenciaram o que foi este processo de expulsão de suas terras de origem e as formas de reconstruir suas vidas agora não mais margeadas pelo rio. Os colaboradores foram mulheres e homens de distintas idades, todos moradores das beiras do rio São Marcos, localizados na zona rural do município de Campo Alegre de Goiás, que teve a maior área atingida e a maior quantidade de famílias desapropriadas. Por meio da História Oral, registarmos histórias de vida nas quais foram expostos os mecanismos de sobrevivência destes afogados. Transcriadas, as histórias de vida revelaram a complexidade deste cenário e demonstram a face perversa de expulsão do camponês de suas terras. Estes sujeitos tem outros conhecimentos para além do português letrado, que os permitiram reconfigurar a vida já tão dura pela lida na terra e pelos desmandos do estado. Revelou também que é preciso superar práticas autoritárias e de subordinação política na relação entre mediadores da barragem e camponeses, como uma das condições para uma nova retomada em suas vidas. / This dissertation is the result of a research about people affected by Serra do Facão Hydroelectric Dam at south-east Goiás. The histories of people who lived in the rural area were collected at two distinct times. First before the dams construction at São Marcos River in 2009. The second moment of interviews was after the mandatory move, in 2012 and 2013, with the power plant already producing. This time offset allowed us to analyze what had been planned and what the former residents of this area actually experienced. This venture expropriated 420 families living in the rural areas of six cities: Catalão, Ipameri, Cristalina, Davinópolis and Campo Alegre de Goiás in Goiás and Paracatu in Triângulo Mineiro region of Minas Gerais. As analytical approach taken cover the reminiscent families or families which returned to their land, so we selected six life stories what was this process of expulsion from their own land and ways of rebuilding their lives, now, no longer at the border of the river. The interviewed people were women and men of different ages, all residents of São Marcos river borders, in rural areas of the city of Campo Alegre de Goiás, the one with the largest affected area and dispossessed families as well. Through Oral History, we recorded their life stories in which the mechanisms of survival of those drowned were exposed. Transcreated, These guys have other knowledge beyond the literate Portuguese, which allowed them to reconfigure life already so hard for the land labor and government excesses. Also revealed that it is necessary to overcome authoritarian and political subordination in the relationship between mediators of the dam and peasants practices as a condition for a new resume in their lives.

A temática ambiental se constitui em um contexto complexo e dinâmico de inúmeras relações de interdependência e/ou de subordinação, pois está inserida em um constante movimento ocasionado pelas variadas forças e interesses de atores que as circundam, como por exemplo, o Estado, a sociedade civil e o mercado. Nesse sentido, a questão não deve ser compreendida como simples resultante do vínculo entre os homens e a natureza, mas como um componente das relações humanas, como um objeto econômico, político e cultural. No Brasil, a relevância do tema é evidente devido a sua posição de protagonista internacional nas esferas ambiental e socioeconômica. Dessa forma, um instrumento constituinte da política territorial e ambiental nacional, que está diretamente inserido nessa complexa e dinâmica temática e envolvo pelos interesses e poderes de vários atores, é a Compensação Ambiental (CA). Objeto central desta pesquisa, a CA está subordinada ao processo estatal de emissão de licenças ambientais e visa contribuir para o fortalecimento do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). A hipótese deste trabalho é que a Compensação Ambiental Federal, na forma como está estabelecida e operacionalizada na atualidade, é pouco eficaz em relação ao seu propósito. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender e analisar o papel e/ou a finalidade do Estado (e de suas políticas públicas) na definição da CA, bem como o potencial deste instrumento em influenciar no ordenamento do território, particularmente ante a abordagem ambiental e a sua conjuntura contemporânea, perpassando igualmente pelos outros atores que envolvem este instrumento. Para isso consideramos a escala federal da administração do território, ou seja, a atuação da União, abarcando, dessa maneira, as atividades dos principais órgãos ambientais do país, sejam: do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, do Ibama, do ICMBio etc. Para atingir tal proposição, este trabalho se baseia em pesquisas bibliográficas, levantamento de dados e estatísticas, entrevistas em órgãos públicos e em instituições não-estatais, produção de elementos gráficos, tabulares e cartográficos, e em um estudo de caso, a UHE Santo Antônio do Jari, e seu respectivo trabalho de campo. O conteúdo está segmentado em três etapas: a primeira aborda a tríade dos atores que envolvem a CA, com base em um esquema conceitual de análise; a segunda apresenta um aprofundamento sobre o instrumento em uma perspectiva histórica, legislativa e operacional; e, a terceira transpõe a teoria e tange o território a partir da análise empírica do estudo de caso. Ao final, visando responder o para que e para quem que intitula este trabalho, conclui-se em relação ao para que, que de fato, a CA Federal visa fortalecer o SNUC, essa finalidade está consolidada. Por outro lado, a análise do para quem nos leva a afirmar que no presente o instrumento serve a todos os atores que o envolvem apesar de não atender todas as suas demandas, deixando uma lacuna sobre o seu futuro se nenhuma alteração significativa for realizada em suas diretrizes operacionais. / Environmental issues constitute a complex and dynamic context of numerous relationships of interdependence and/or subordination because they are part of a constant motion due to the different forces and interests of the actors that surround them, such as the State, the civil society and the market. In this sense, these questions should not be understood as a simple result of the relationships between human beings and the nature, but should be seen as part of a component of human relations, as an economic, political and cultural object. In Brazil, the relevance of the questions is evident due to its position as an international protagonist in the environmental and socioeconomic spheres. Environmental Compensation (EC) is an instrument that is part of the national territorial and environmental policy, that is directly inserted in this complex and dynamic thematic and that envelops the interests and powers of several actors. The central object of this research, the EC, is related to the State´s allocations of environmental licenses and aims to contribute to the strengthening of the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). This study is based in the following hypothesis: Environmental Compensation managed by the federal government is not very effective in relation to its purpose, as currently established and operationalized. Thus, this research aims to understand and analyze the role and/or the purpose of the State (and its public policies) in the definition of EC, as well as the potential of this instrument in influencing the spatial planning, particularly facing the contemporary conjuncture of the environmental issue, also permeating the other actors that are involved in this instrument. For this, we consider the federal scale of territory administration, covering in this way, the activities of the main public environmental institutions in Brazil, such as the Ministry of the Environment, Ibama, ICMBio, etc. In order to reach such a goal, this work is based on bibliographical research, data collection and analyses, interviews with public agencies and non-state institutions, production of graphics, tables and maps, and on a case study, in the Santo Antônio do Jari Hydroelectric Power Plant, and its related field research. The content is segmented into three parts: the first one presents the triad of the actors that are involved in the EC, based on a conceptual schema of analysis; the second one presents a theoretical understanding of the instrument in a historical, legislative and operational perspective; and the third part transposes the theory and covers the territory from the empirical analysis of the case study. In the end, in order to answer \"for what and for whom\", the question in the title of this research, we conclude, with regard to the for what\", that in fact, the Federal EC aims to strengthen the SNUC, this purpose seems consolidated. The analysis of the \"for whom\" leads us to affirm that, in the present, the instrument serves all the actors that involve it, even if it does not meet all your demands. Thus leaves doubts about its future if no significant change in its operational guidelines is made.

Em março de 2004, o governo brasileiro aprovou as leis 10.847 e 10.848, que alteram as bases da regulação do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro. As leis instituíram novas regras para a outorga de concessões para aproveitamentos hidrelétricos e para comercialização de energia entre agentes de geração, distribuidores e comercializadores de energia elétrica. Diante da contínua demanda por investimentos na expansão da capacidade de geração, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de inferir sobre a capacidade do modelo institucional vigente de atrair capital privado para investimentos em geração de energia hidrelétrica. A inferência é realizada a partir da análise dos resultados dos leilões de energia nova realizados em 2005 e 2006 e da simulação do investimento em um protótipo de empreendimento de geração de energia hidrelétrica. De forma geral, as mudanças regulatórias favorecem o fluxo de investimentos para empreendimentos de geração hidrelétrica. Contudo, mais do que a um modelo institucional sólido, a derivação de investimentos para este segmento estará condicionada à ação do Estado sobre o equilíbrio entre consumo, oferta e preços de energia, enquanto principal artífice da política energética nacional. / In March 2004, the Brazilian Government passed the laws 10.847 and 10.848, which changed the regulatory guidelines of electric market. The laws established new rules for granting hydroelectric exploitation rights and for energy purchasing, among distributors, new generators and free consumers. In front of the new regulatory basis and the Brazilian demand for installed capacity increase, this research aims to infer the capacity of regulatory basis to attract private recourses for investments on hydroelectric power projects. The inference will be developed based on the results of auctions of electricity from new power plants, occurred in 2005 and 2006, and on the simulation of the investment on a prototype of a hydroelectric project in Brazil. The final remarks show that the new electric model favor the investment flow to hydroelectric power plants. However, more than to a solid institutional model, the investments on this segment will be conditioned to the Government action on the equilibrium between energy consuming, offering and prices, as the main agent of the national energy politics.

Com a crescente demanda de energia elétrica há a necessidade da criação de novas fontes de energia e otimização das fontes já existentes. No caso de países que apresentam uma matriz energética predominantemente hidrelétrica como o Brasil, com grandes usinas e reservatórios, os estudos sedimentológicos e os levantamentos batimétricos se apresentam como importantes ferramentas para melhorar o planejamento e o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos e energéticos. Atualmente, muitos reservatórios hidrelétricos operam com dados defasados devido, principalmente, ao contínuo processo de assoreamento dos reservatórios. Este fato faz com que as políticas de gestão e operação destes reservatórios sejam realizadas a partir de dados diferentes dos encontrados na realidade. Neste contexto, a dissertação apresenta um estudo de caso no Reservatório de Três Irmãos (SP), onde foi realizado um levantamento batimétrico em 2008, e a partir da comparação dos dados obtidos neste levantamento com os dados fornecidos pela concessionária de energia, de 1975, foi possível estimar as perdas de volume total, útil e morto do reservatório que correspondem a 14,3%, 14,5% e 14,2%, respectivamente. A partir da observação destas modificações nos dados operacionais do reservatório em estudo, foi realizada a simulação da operação do reservatório e da usina hidrelétrica por meio do software AcquaNet, com a intenção de analisar qual a interferência do assoreamento do reservatório na geração de energia elétrica, durante o período de 1993 a 2008. Com os resultados foi constatado que a diminuição do volume útil do reservatório (devido ao assoreamento) acarretou na redução da energia gerada pela usina durante o período analisado. Também foi possível estimar as perdas financeiras da concessionária de energia com a redução da produção energética. Foram sugeridas, ainda, algumas medidas preventivas e corretivas para a redução do processo de assoreamento do reservatório em estudo. / With the increasing demand of energy, it is necessary to create new sources and optimize the ones that already exist. In the case of countries that present an energy matrix predominantly hydroelectric such as Brazil, where there are huge power plants and reservoirs, the studies on sedimentation and beating surveys are presented as important tools to sharpen the planning and the management of water and energy resources. Currently, most of the hydroelectric reservoirs operate in gapped data, due to, mainly, the continuing process of reservoirs silting. This makes management policies and operation of these reservoirs be performed from data that differ from the ones found in reality. In this context, this dissertation presents a case study at the Três Irmãos Reservoir (SP), where a beating survey was carried out in 2008, and, from the comparison of the data revealed in that survey with the data provided by the power utility in 1975, it was possible to estimate the losses of total capacity, live storage and void volume of the reservoir, which correspond to 14,3%, 14,5% e 14,2%, respectively. From the observation of these operational data modification of the reservoir under study was performed the simulate of the operation of the reservoir and hydroelectric plant with the employing of the AcquaNet software with the intention to look into the interference of silting of the reservoir in generate electricity during the period 1993 to 2008. With the results was found that the decrease in the capacity of the reservoir (due to siltation) resulted in the reduction of energy generated by the plant during the period analyzed. With this verification, it was also possible to estimate the financial losses of the power utility with the reduction of energy production. Was suggested also, some preventive and corrective measures to reduce siltation process in the reservoir under study.

Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-06-12T22:36:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 000006AB.pdf: 9859828 bytes, checksum: 7298da927fa0f798beed1d1cb69fcb2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-12T22:36:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000006AB.pdf: 9859828 bytes, checksum: 7298da927fa0f798beed1d1cb69fcb2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Neste trabalho, foi realizada a simulação do ciclo térmico da Usina Termoelétrica São Jerônimo – UTSJ. A Usina, muito antiga, possui caldeira do tipo grelha. Na mesma Usina foi instalada uma caldeira experimental de leito fluidizado, para funcionar em paralelo com a existente. O trabalho é iniciado com a modelagem de um ciclo de Rankine simples e segue evoluindo até se estabelecer a configuração mais adequada e representativa na tarefa de simular o modo de trabalho da Usina Termelétrica São Jerônimo – UTSJ. Desta forma, foram adotadas as considerações mais convencionais na prática de projeto de centrais termelétricas cujos sistemas térmicos baseiam-se no ciclo de Rankine. As simulações, que se caracterizam pela resolução simultânea das equações que modelam o ciclo e seus componentes, foram efetuadas através de programa IPSE-pro®. As simulações foram aplicadas para a obtenção dos resultados mais importantes na análise de sistemas térmicos, tais como rendimento térmico do ciclo, potência, vazões mássicas do sistema, calor trocado no gerador de vapor e no condensador, entre outros. Por fim, com objetivo de melhorar o rendimento térmico da planta, são apresentadas algumas alternativas ao sistema atual, tais como o aumento de eficiência da caldeira mediante substituição ou a adição de uma caldeira em paralelo à original. / In this work was made the simulation of the thermal cycle of São Jerônimo - UTSJ thermal power plant. The power plant, very old, has a grate boiler. In the same power plant was installed an experimental fluidized bed boiler, workingin parallel with the existing one. The work starts with the modeling of a simple Rankine cycle and evolves up to establish the most suitable and representative configuration to simulate the mode the work of São Jerônimo –UTSJ thermal power plant. Therefore, in this work it was adopted the more conventional considerations in the design practice for thermal power plants whose systems are based on the Rankine cycle. The simulations, which are characterized by the simultaneous solving of equations that model the cycle and its components, were made through the IPSE-pro® software. The simulations were applied to obtain the main results on the analysis of thermal systems such as, thermal efficiency of the cycle, power, system mass flow, heat exchanged in the steam generator and condenser, among others. Finally, in order to improve the thermal efficiency of the plant, some alternatives to the actual system were presented.

Esta pesquisa propõe descrever e problematizar o contexto da construção das performances masculinas de trabalhadores que ficaram alojados em um canteiro de obras para a construção de uma usina hidrelétrica no oeste catarinense, no Sul do Brasil. Teoricamente, este estudo está situado no campo de conhecimento da Psicologia Social e Institucional na sua vertente pós-estruturalista, a qual entende os sujeitos como produtos de determinadas construções sociais. O estudo é baseado centralmente em Michel Foucault e Judith Butler. A metodologia foi guiada pela abordagem etnográfica e análise das formações discursivas. O corpus foi constituído basicamente por observações de campo e entrevistas. A pesquisa buscou descrever como são (re – des) construídas estas subjetividades masculinas, desde o processo de mobilização para a vinda e instalação destes trabalhadores, a composição da cidade temporária instalada no canteiro de obras até o processo de desmobilização. Este processo fala da itinerância destes homens interpelados como barrageiros. As análises compuseram-se por elementos que tomam eixos os elementos fundamentais da edificação destas masculinidades – a atividade sexual; a relação com a prostituição; o trabalho pesado e arriscado ligado à construção civil; a convivência nos alojamentos; a relação com as famílias; a corporalidade, e as relações de amizade/solidariedade que se constroem no processo de seguir barragens. A partir deste estudo, vislumbraram-se diferentes modos de ser homem, apesar de existirem modelos hegemônicos de masculinidades conectados à matriz heteronormativa, os quais entram em tensão e se reformulam de acordo com os marcadores sociais em questão (origem, escolaridade, idade), a época, o local e as relações que se estabelecem dentro da continuidade e da estabilidade que se constrói na itinerância dos/as seguidores/as de barragens. / This research aims at describing and discussing the context of the construction of the performances of male workers who were housed in a building site for the construction of a hydroelectric power plant in western Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Theoretically, this study is situated in the field of knowledge of Social and Institutional Psychology in its post-structuralist stream, which takes individuals as products of certain social constructs. This study is based mainly on Michel Foucault and Judith Butler. The methodology was guided by the ethnographic approach and by the analysis of discursive formations. The body was formed mostly by field observations and interviews. The research sought to describe how there are (re - de) constructed these mascua line subjectivities, from the mobilization process for the arrival and installation of these workers, the composition of the city temporarily installed at the works site, up to the demobilization process. All this process talks about the itinerancy of these men who are interpellated as barrageiros (“the men of the dams”). The analyses were composed of elements that take as axes the key elements in building these masculinities – the sexual activity, the relationship with prostitution, the hard and risky work linked to civil construction, the common living in the accommodations, the relationship with the family, the corporeality, and the relations of friendship/solidarity that are built in the process of following dams. From this study, there were devised different ways of being a man, despite the existence of hegemonic patterns of masculinities connected to the heteronormative matrix, which come into tension and are revised according to the social markers in question (origin, educational level, age), the time, the place and the relationships established within the continuity and stability that are built along the itinerancy of these men following the dams.

There is an obligation to hold a minimal flow when running a water power plant in a current czech legistation. There are environmental reasons to determine the minimum discharge and the way to set it is not valid at the moment. We can see a difference in a type of water power stations when comparing the effects from electric power which is produced in water power plant situated on czech rivers and the damage that does not appear on the environment. The weir type of power plant harms the surroundings mildly except of the possible migration obstacles. But the derivation type makes loss that could be hardly compensate by the produced electricity. Different methods of evaluating the enrironment brinks various results and that is the reason why it is hard to say how much the effects from producing the electricity exceed the benefits arising from instream water or vice versa. The only conclusion that can be said is the advice about including more points of view when setting the minimum flowage.

The first Swedish commercial nuclear power plant was ordered in 1965. By 1973 it had been inaugurated, and building work had begun on the remaining three facilities that became the locations of Swedish large-scale nuclear power production. This thesis explores what kind of architectural objects, in a broad sense, the nuclear power plants in Sweden was discursively constructed as during these years. During the post war years enormous expectations were in Swedish politics attached to the implementation of nuclear power technology. An important discursive figure was that energy was of fundamental importance to society. Simultaneously it was articulated that nuclear power would provide an unlimited supply of energy. Society therefore was on the verge to a completely new era, an era which was to materialize through the nuclear power plant. Drawing upon Norman Fairclough’s theorization of discourse, three different orders of discourse are delineated wherein the nuclear power plant during the period 1965–1973 could be conceptualized as building: a discourse order of architecture, of landscape and of cultural heritage. It is a question of what sort of collective identity that is constructed through the utterances on nuclear power plants. Through the orders of discourse not only objects are produced, but also a who, on a collective level, that is producing them. These orders of discourse are connected to three different specific modes of temporal orientation which are formative for collective identity: towards the future, the past, and a position outside of history. Through an analysis of utterances and narratives in magazines, official texts, films, etc., this examination shows that in contrast to an international context, the nuclear power plant in Sweden was almost completely negated within the discourse order of architecture. Instead it was within the discourse orders of landscape and of cultural heritage that the nuclear power plant was to be conceptualized.

In recent years, with the energy shortage, the use of renewable energy is inevitable. With CO2 the most important greenhouse gas causing global warming as well as the increase of population, renewable energy is one way to save energy and reduce carbon emissions. The traditional capacity investment for serving the load in distribution systems usually considered the addition of new substations or expansion of the existing substation and associated new feeder requirement. Nowadays, there are a lots of distributed generations (DG¡¦s) to be chosen. Factors of the choice taken into account will include lower pollution, higher efficiency, higher return rate for construction of distributed power generation systems. This thesis assumes that the distributed generation can be invested for long-term power plant planning. The planning of DG would be investigated from the perspectives of the independent investors. The modified Particle Swarm Optimization is proposed to determine the optimal sizing and sit of DG¡¦s addition in distribution systems with the constrains of CO2 limitation and addition of distributed generation to maximize profits. This thesis deals with discrete programming problem of optimal power flow, which includes continuous and discrete types of variables. The continuous variables are the generating unit real power output and the bus voltage magnitudes, the discrete variables are the shunt capacitor banks and sit problems. The Miaoli-Houlong system of Taiwan power will be used in this thesis for the verification of the feasibility of the proposed method.