This dissertation is a study of the changing living conditions for the Sami in Swedish Såpmi (Samiland) throughout the twentieth century with an analysis based on a gender and ethnic perspective. At the turn of the century, the Sami lived as nomadic reindeer herders and were primarily self- sufficient. This changed as the reindeer herders shifted from a self-sufficient lifestyle to a money economy tor a variety of reasons. Over time they became more integrated in the dominant Swedish society and even more dependent on it. Reindeer herding has become increasingly mechanized since the I960's with rationalizations as a result. Even in to the 1990's the industry was the object of streamlining ettorts. A process of masculinization has also occurred and today's reindeer herding is a distinctly male coded profession. Women do not regularly participate in the daily work of reindeer breeding and their ability to have any direct influence on the herding districts (sameby) is limited. This is also largely true in terms of the Sami Parliament, the Sami popularly elected body. The Sami population has experienced unfavorable special legislation and regulation from the State. The population was divided into several different categories with different rights. Sami women were marginalized two-fold and subordinated, partly because of their ethnic affiliation (as Sami) and partly because of their sex (as women). This continues to be true today. The analysis of gender division of labor shows that a married couple had their own autonomous areas of power within the household. The wife was however still subordinate to her husband in his role as master of the family. The older reindeer herding society was not noted for its equality. There was a distinct hierarchy based on sex, age, and social status. Division of labor in modern reindeer breeding is in principle based on the same normative system as the older nomadic society. The study of the ethnic processes in Såpmi shows among other things that from a Sami perspective, a person is Sami who is related to other Sami and whose actions are based on a Sami identity. It is also clear today that there are many different Sami identities, that an individual person draws from a number of such identities and that it is the context that determines which of these are active in any given situation. The Sami identity is sex-based, i.e. there is a difference between a "male Sami" and a "female Sami." Sami women, unlike Sami men, cannot be politically active while also being active based on their sexual identity. Were they to do so, they would be excluded by definition from their ethnic group. Sami women must therefore subordinate themselves as women to be "genuine" Sami. They thereby contribute to their own marginalization and help maintain their own subordinated position in the Sami society. / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this study is, based on theories of gender and hegemonic masculinity, to studyhow masculinity and femininity is constructed and reproduced in one of the most popularSwedish podcast: Filip & Fredriks podcast. The main theory in this study is that gender issocially created and sustained by humans through language and interaction with others.The study's research questions is: How are gender roles/gender portrayed in Filip & Fredrik'spodcast? What characteristics are attributed to men and women in Filip & Fredrik's podcast?How does Filip & Fredrik's podcast represents conditions and power relations between menand women?Through an linguistic textual analysis, which is an application of discourse analysis, I seek toget beneath the surface meanings of texts and examine more implicit social meanings andideologies regarding gender. It includes an analysis of metaphors, word choices and syntax.The analysis shows underlying values and ideologies that indicates gender structures in abroader societal context. Choice of words and metaphores in Filip & Fredriks's podcastexpresses symbolism where men and male-typical attributes are highly valued, whilst womanand female-typical attributes is being devalued and representative of the opposite.Masculinities and femininities are also constructed and represented in various ways throughsentence constructions that guides the listeners in certain directions. Men are e.g. more oftenthan women in active roles when Filip and Fredrik describe different processes.Consciously or unconsciously, the presenters language establish and maintain a genderorder, gender roles and gender discourse. Dominant gender ideologies are reinforced in theeveryday conversations in Filip & Fredrik's podcast through linguistic structures and genderideologies inherent in the communication.

This thesis tries to explore the effects of socio-economic status, gender and generation of Turkish migrants living in Berlin on their participation into transnational social fields established between Berlin and Turkey. In addition to this, evaluating transnational approaches used in international migration studies critically and acquiring a critical transnational perspective in the context of global capitalism are also in the interest areas of this study. This study is based on a qualitative field research conducted with 30 Turkish migrants in Berlin in 2006. This study maintains that, as well as global restructuring of global capitalism, new technological advances and nation state policies, migrants&rsquo / socio-economic status, gender and generation differences are vital elements to understand the way and content of transnational social fields in daily life of migrants. This study concludes that, apart from being liberatory, nation- state- based inequalities are reproduced in transnational social fields in macro and micro levels as dependent on migrants&rsquo / socio economic status, gender and generation differences.

This thesis examines Albanian foreign policy from a small state point of view.The main argument is that Albania as a weak small state developed close relations with the regional and great powers and align with them in order to compensate its weakness. An historical analysis of the Albanian foreign policy line since its establishment portrays a continuity in this trend except the short isolationist period. The study has three main objectives, firstly, it aims to provide an analysis of the small state foreign policy and small state &ndash / great power asymmetric relations within the framework of Albania&rsquo / s relations with various regional and great powers. Secondly, to elaborate the relevance of the enduring weakness of Albania on its foreign policy making in particular with its relations and alliances with the great powers. In this sense, an analysis of the Albanian foreign policy shows a pattern of shifting alliances in different time periods and under different regimes as part of foreign policy line. Thirdly, to make the historical account of Albania&rsquo / s alliances and relations with the great powers in terms of continuity and change in its foreign policy line. Albania&rsquo / s post-Cold War era foreign policy indicates a continuity in this line as it approaches the US as the great power to align with as well as one of two main pillars of its foreign policy along with the Euro-Atlantic integration. In this context, the contemporary Albanian-US relations constitute the last phase of the Albanian foreign policy trend.

<p>The principle aim of this thesis is to investigate all the challenges and opportunities/possibilities involved in realising the implementation of the official Western Cape Language Policy (finalised in 2002). These challenges and opportunities/possibilities were investigated within various structures of the Western Cape Province of South Africa&rsquo / s civil service environment in six major multilingual towns in the Western Cape. The historical and political context leading to the creation of this policy is provided in the following three paragraphs. Following the demise of Apartheid with South Africa&rsquo / s first democratic elections in 1994, the New South Africa brought with it amongst other things the following changes: a new Constitution / new legislation / access and freedom within a system of inclusion / the creation of new provinces / the constitutional breakdown of social, geographical and linguistic barriers / the subsequent migration to different towns and cities of people speaking different languages and their integration there / the creation of district and regional municipalities / freedom of the press. All of these introduced a whole new platform of language interaction and association and therefore general communication (Constitution of the RSA, 1996). In addition, in contrast to the Apartheid policy of only two official languages &ndash / English and Afrikaans &ndash / eleven languages were declared official languages of the state. The declaration of 11 official languages in 1996 (English, Afrikaans, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Sesotho, Sepedi, Setswana, Tshivenda, isiNdebele, siSwati and Xitsonga) was an integral part of highlighting multilingualism in the newly designated nine provinces of SA. Each of the nine provinces &ndash / the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Gauteng, the Northwest Province, Northern Province (now called Limpopo), Mpumalanga, the Free State and Kwazulu-Natal - had to, in consultation with different provincial stakeholders, draft language policies according to the National Language Framework. In the Western Cape Province, three languages were identified as dominant, namely Afrikaans, isiXhosa and English. The Western Cape Language Policy (WCLP) was consequently drafted by the Western Cape Language Committee (WCLC), a statutory body and a sub-committee of the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB), after the Westen Cape Provincial Languages Act, Act 31 of 1998, was accepted by Parliament in 1998. This WCLP was the first provincial language policy to be completed in the New SA. The policy was accepted and the draft was ready for implementation by 2002. This thesis presents a critical overview of previous and current strategies being used by all provincial government departments in the implementation of the WCLP. This includes a sample of general public knowledge of the existence of the terms and meaning of the WCLP, different outcomes of studies and language-related projects done by the WCLC, PanSALB, DCAS and the Central Language Unit (CLU) since 2000. It also focuses on the role that different private and public language implementation agencies are playing, or not, in their communication with the multilingual civil society of the Western Cape. Projections for and challenges facing the implementation of the WCLP since its acceptance in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament (WCPP) in 2004 were also researched carefully, together with an analysis of research already conducted on behalf of the provincial government. Document analysis therefore forms a core part of this methodology, together with fieldwork research conducted in six selected major multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was done in order to explore the challenges experienced by Afrikaans-, isiXhosa- and English-speaking people at grassroots level, since they needed to become more aware of their language rights as set out in the WCLP. Drawing on a theoretical and conceptual framework based on studies in Language and Power Relations, specifically studies on the role of Language Ideologies, Linguistic Citizenship, Agency and Voice and Language Ecology on effective Language Planning, Policy and Implementation, the thesis presents, through its document analysis, quantitative and qualitative data, an analysis of the limited or failed implementation of the WCLP in both government departments as well as the civilian populations in six selected multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was achieved by examining actual language practices at particular language policy implementation agencies such as the post office, the police station, the high school, households, the municipal office, the day hospital and the clinic in each of these towns. The thesis gathers together all this evidence to prove that the implementation of the WCLP has been hampered by a range of factors such as wide-spread ignorance of the policy, the dominance of particular languages in the province over others, power relations within government structures and relatively inflexible language ideologies held by those charged with policy implementation at different levels. It concludes by providing a number of practical recommendations on how more effective implementation can be achieved.</p>

<p>The principle aim of this thesis is to investigate all the challenges and opportunities/possibilities involved in realising the implementation of the official Western Cape Language Policy (finalised in 2002). These challenges and opportunities/possibilities were investigated within various structures of the Western Cape Province of South Africa&rsquo / s civil service environment in six major multilingual towns in the Western Cape. The historical and political context leading to the creation of this policy is provided in the following three paragraphs. Following the demise of Apartheid with South Africa&rsquo / s first democratic elections in 1994, the New South Africa brought with it amongst other things the following changes: a new Constitution / new legislation / access and freedom within a system of inclusion / the creation of new provinces / the constitutional breakdown of social, geographical and linguistic barriers / the subsequent migration to different towns and cities of people speaking different languages and their integration there / the creation of district and regional municipalities / freedom of the press. All of these introduced a whole new platform of language interaction and association and therefore general communication (Constitution of the RSA, 1996). In addition, in contrast to the Apartheid policy of only two official languages &ndash / English and Afrikaans &ndash / eleven languages were declared official languages of the state. The declaration of 11 official languages in 1996 (English, Afrikaans, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Sesotho, Sepedi, Setswana, Tshivenda, isiNdebele, siSwati and Xitsonga) was an integral part of highlighting multilingualism in the newly designated nine provinces of SA. Each of the nine provinces &ndash / the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Gauteng, the Northwest Province, Northern Province (now called Limpopo), Mpumalanga, the Free State and Kwazulu-Natal - had to, in consultation with different provincial stakeholders, draft language policies according to the National Language Framework. In the Western Cape Province, three languages were identified as dominant, namely Afrikaans, isiXhosa and English. The Western Cape Language Policy (WCLP) was consequently drafted by the Western Cape Language Committee (WCLC), a statutory body and a sub-committee of the Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB), after the Westen Cape Provincial Languages Act, Act 31 of 1998, was accepted by Parliament in 1998. This WCLP was the first provincial language policy to be completed in the New SA. The policy was accepted and the draft was ready for implementation by 2002. This thesis presents a critical overview of previous and current strategies being used by all provincial government departments in the implementation of the WCLP. This includes a sample of general public knowledge of the existence of the terms and meaning of the WCLP, different outcomes of studies and language-related projects done by the WCLC, PanSALB, DCAS and the Central Language Unit (CLU) since 2000. It also focuses on the role that different private and public language implementation agencies are playing, or not, in their communication with the multilingual civil society of the Western Cape. Projections for and challenges facing the implementation of the WCLP since its acceptance in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament (WCPP) in 2004 were also researched carefully, together with an analysis of research already conducted on behalf of the provincial government. Document analysis therefore forms a core part of this methodology, together with fieldwork research conducted in six selected major multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was done in order to explore the challenges experienced by Afrikaans-, isiXhosa- and English-speaking people at grassroots level, since they needed to become more aware of their language rights as set out in the WCLP. Drawing on a theoretical and conceptual framework based on studies in Language and Power Relations, specifically studies on the role of Language Ideologies, Linguistic Citizenship, Agency and Voice and Language Ecology on effective Language Planning, Policy and Implementation, the thesis presents, through its document analysis, quantitative and qualitative data, an analysis of the limited or failed implementation of the WCLP in both government departments as well as the civilian populations in six selected multilingual towns of the Western Cape. This was achieved by examining actual language practices at particular language policy implementation agencies such as the post office, the police station, the high school, households, the municipal office, the day hospital and the clinic in each of these towns. The thesis gathers together all this evidence to prove that the implementation of the WCLP has been hampered by a range of factors such as wide-spread ignorance of the policy, the dominance of particular languages in the province over others, power relations within government structures and relatively inflexible language ideologies held by those charged with policy implementation at different levels. It concludes by providing a number of practical recommendations on how more effective implementation can be achieved.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The aim of the study is to discuss and determine the property relations, development patterns and major agents at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / region in Ankara, where is claimed to be new central business node, developing with ultimate architectural, constructional efforts and highly sophisticated land speculations. Rapid transformation in characteristic of S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / region from agricultural use to commercial uses at twenty years does not only display contemporary space creation efforts, but also shows tendencies of private entrepreneurs in Ankara. Increasing commercial activities on the land and introduce of new modes of interaction patterns, which are related with the rise of private property in neo-liberal era after 1980, also brings out changing protocols on property ownership patterns. In this context, S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / case is related with discourses about repositioning of private initiatives on urban issues. However this becomes critical, when reconsidering, the capital city was designed to be modern cradle of republic by the public comprehensive planning initiatives. The current situation at the region is bringing new sets of confronting concepts between comprehensive planning approaches and property capital&rsquo / s space creation methods. Figuring out basics of space creation agencies and achieving appropriate design guidelines at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / may not only provide efficient well-growth of the specific sector of the city, but also bring out alternative solutions to achieve urban compromise in Ankara. For that reason, determinations on property formation, physical developments at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / should be studied in historical context.

This paper is about a genealogy of a young crack user in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. In this way the notions are thought with universal pretentions which affect the young user of crack. It aims at movement production in discussions about this issue, giving emphasis to problematizing perspectives generated from educational field. This theme choice has come to since composition taken as professional experience of the researcher as the manager of Mental Health Politics of Santa Maria, and discussions and also approaches done to the Moral Affection Group Research, linked to the Post Graduation in Education Program at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), focused on violence theme and conflicts related to education. This investigation is based on genealogical perspective, grounding in Michel Foucault thoughts. The materials used were documents relative to an adolescent situation involved with the crack drug, this young L., collected in the Regional Judge of Infant and Adolescent of Santa Maria, to the health service in the city which attend users of crack, as well as news on a local newspaper which followed up his situation. As its way of genealogical analysis, these materials, along with other productions about the theme, were taken as Foucault suggests, as dispersal, a way of reducing the effects of hierarchy of research sources and their speeches. For that, they are considerated drugs and the hegemonic status of forbidden politics to that associated from legal-police and medical-psychiatrist axes. It is questioned about potency of practices to be constituted from education field as an exclusive way of putting in action a politics/pedagogy based on aspects besides prohibition. Thus, this research was upon the problematizing views of practices from hegemonic knowledge which act producing the notion of young user of crack, and it has made possible the creation of places for education rising as its autonomous field to this knowledge. / Trata-se de uma genealogia do jovem usuário de crack na cidade de Santa Maria, RS. Neste sentido são problematizadas as noções com pretensões universalizantes que afetam o jovem que usa o crack. Busca-se, ainda, produzir movimentos nas discussões sobre o assunto, dando ênfase às problematizações geradas a partir do campo educacional. A escolha pelo tema se deu a partir da composição realizada entre experiências profissionais do pesquisador como gestor da Política de Saúde Mental de Santa Maria, e as discussões e abordagens realizadas no Grupo de Pesquisa Afetos Morais, vinculado ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), voltado ao tema da violência e conflitos em relação à educação. Essa investigação é baseada na perspectiva genealógica, embasada nas elaborações de Michel Foucault. Os materiais utilizados foram documentos relativos à situação de um adolescente envolvido com a droga crack, o jovem L., coletados junto ao Juizado Regional da Infância e Juventude de Santa Maria, aos serviços de saúde do município que atendem usuários de crack, bem como reportagens de um jornal de circulação local que acompanhou sua situação. Como forma de análise genealógica, estes materiais, juntamente com outras produções sobre o tema, foram abordados conforme sugere Foucault, como uma dispersão, de modo a reduzir os efeitos de hierarquização das fontes de pesquisa e seus discursos. Para tanto, são considerados as drogas e o status hegemônico da política proibicionista a elas associadas a partir dos eixos jurídico-polícial e médico-psiquiátrico. Pergunta-se pelas potências de práticas a serem constituídas a partir do campo da educação como modo de exclusivamente por em ação uma política/pedagogia baseada em aspectos para além da proibição. Assim, essa pesquisa problematizou as práticas advindas dos saberes hegemônicos que atuam produzindo a noção de jovem usuário de crack, e possibilitou a criação de espaços para que a educação emergisse como campo autônomo a esses saberes.

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