FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Neste trabalho aborda-se o tema da transformaÃÃo da filosofia realizada por Karl-Otto Apel a partir da radicalizaÃÃo da reviravolta linguÃstico-pragmÃtica atravÃs da demonstraÃÃo do carÃter ineliminÃvel da prÃxis linguÃstica para o saber em geral por meio de uma atitude estritamente autorreflexiva do pensamento unido à linguagem sobre as pressuposiÃÃes irrecusÃveis da argumentaÃÃo enquanto tal. Para tanto, investigam-se os principais delineamentos teÃricos para uma transformaÃÃo semiÃtica da filosofia transcendental clÃssica, especialmente a semiÃtica tridimensional peirceana. Ademais, objetiva-se demonstrar que uma autofundamentaÃÃo reflexiva da filosofia à capaz de justificar inclusive as proposiÃÃes cientÃficas e as normas Ãtico-morais. No final desta pesquisa, aponta-se para a relevÃncia da proposta apeliana ao enfrentar o desafio imposto pela historificaÃÃo do pensar, nÃo por meio de uma postura destranscendentalizante da razÃo, porÃm, pelo caminho de uma fundamentaÃÃo Ãltima nÃo metafÃsica para alÃm das contingÃncias histÃrico-sociais, retomando assim, o especÃfico da reflexÃo filosÃfica enquanto tematizaÃÃo dos princÃpios universalÃssimos de nosso pensar e agir. / This paper is on the theme of the transformation of Philosophy held by Karl-Otto Apel from the radicalization of linguistic and pragmatic twist by showing the ineradicable nature of linguistic praxis for the general knowledge by means of a strict self-reflexive attitude of thought along with the language on the assumptions of the irrefutable argument as such. To this end, we investigate the main theoretical features for a semiotic transformation of the classic transcendental philosophy, especially the three-dimensional Peircean semiotics. Moreover, the objective is to demonstrate that a self-reflexive philosophy is able to justify scientific propositions as well as ethical and moral standards. The end of this research points to the relevance of the proposal of Apel when he faces the challenge imposed by the âhistoricizationâ of the thought, not through an âuntranscendentalizingâ posture towards reason but in the way of an eventual non-metaphysical foundation â beyond the social and historical contingencies, thereby reflecting what is specific of the philosophical reflection as the themes of the universal principles of our thinking and acting.

Orientador: Kanavillil Rajagopalan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meili_AngelaMaria_M.pdf: 4093334 bytes, checksum: ae691d3384ff20d6364901820c937e13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A presente dissertação de Mestrado propõe-se a uma discussão crítica acerca da televisão contemporânea. Inicialmente, discute a questão da mediação e da noção de "meio" utilizada nas teorias e políticas da comunicação tradicionais, valendo-se, em partes, da Crítica da Comunicação de Luicen Sfez, 1994. Enfatiza o caráter pragmático da materialidade tecnológica que condiciona os enunciados midiáticos e, inclusive, dos textos técnicos legais que regulamentam a prática de difusão no Brasil. A partir da marcação dos domínios de Legalidade, também estão marcados os lugares de enunciação, criando-se situações políticas nas quais a linguagem é atuante. Faço uma análise de dois diferentes corpos enunciativos/ midiáticos: as grandes redes autorizadas vs.as pequenas emissoras desautorizadas. Questões como Escritura Midiática, Corpos Tecnológicos e Micropolítica também são discutidas, tendo como base textos de Jaques Derrida, Félix Guattari, Judith Butler, entre outros. / Abstract: This work proposes a discussion about mediation and the notion of medium used on traditional theories and policies. It takes the Critical of Communication of Lucien Sfez (1994) as a reference. We emphasize the technological materiality and pragmatic of enunciation on the media and legal discourses that regulates the broadcasting in Brazil. When spaces of legality are marked, the spaces of the enunciation are marked too, creating political situations where language has a force. I made an analysis of two different broadcast bodies: the big enterprises authorized vs. little unauthorized television. Problems like écriture in Media, technological bodies and micro politics are discussed based on Jacques Derrida, Felix Guattari, Judith Butler texts and others. / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo questionar a centralidade da noção semântica de tamanho pequeno na descrição do diminutivo formado pelo sufixo -inho no português do Brasil. Observa-se uma tendência geral, tanto em abordagens gramaticais como descritivas, de considerar o tamanho pequeno como o aspecto mais marcante no processo de formação de diminutivos, resultando no tratamento dos outros valores e funções como secundários e subordinados a esta noção principal. Este trabalho objetiva, a partir de uma análise de dados baseada em um corpus oral informatizado, esclarecer pontos polêmicos na descrição do diminutivo -inho, abordando principalmente a questão do seu potencial de significação e a relevância dos aspectos semânticos e pragmáticos na sua descrição. O posicionamento teórico do trabalho se fundamenta nas contribuições da Lingüística Cognitiva. A parte empírica da pesquisa se baseia em metodologias oferecidas pela Lingüística de Corpus. A ferramenta WordSmith Tools foi usada na extração e análise dos dados do corpus. A partir de uma análise de um corpus, o trabalho demonstra a freqüência real do diminutivo enquanto veiculando a noção de dimensões reduzidas da entidade referida no uso feito pelas informantes do corpus, todos falantes nativos do português do Brasil. Esse resultado é contrastado com a freqüência do uso do diminutivo no serviço de outras funções, de caráter avaliativo ou discursivo. Os resultados mostram que a noção de tamanho reduzido tem caráter periférico no potencial de significação apresentado pelo diminutivo no português do Brasil. Os dados do corpus evidenciam que vários aspectos relativos às trocas interacionais entre os interlocutores são gramaticalizados no sufixo -inho, apontando para uma maior relevância da dimensão pragmática na sua descrição do que anteriormente previsto. / [en] This work questions the centrality of the semantic notion of diminished size in the description of the diminutive -inho in Brazilian Portuguese. Both grammatical and descriptive traditions tend to consider the idea of small size as the most relevant aspect of the Portuguese diminutive, leaving other values and functions in a secondary position. On the basis of the analysis of diminutive occurrences on a mid size corpus of Portuguese speech, this study aims to clarify some polemic topics in the description of the diminutive in Brazilian Portuguese, focusing on the meaning and use potential of the diminutive -inho and on the relevance of semantic and pragmatic aspects of the description of diminutive formations. The research is based on theoretical contributions of Cognitive Linguistics; its empirical part draws from methodologies offered by Corpus Linguistics. The program WordSmith Tools was used in the extraction and analysis of the data. The analysis show the actual frequency of the small size meaning in Portuguese speech, as the informants of the corpus are all native Brazilian Portuguese speakers. This result is compared with the frequency of the diminutive -inho used for evaluative purposes or interactional strategies in the corpus. The general results of the corpus analysis show that the idea of diminished size occupies a peripheral position in the use of diminutive formations in Brazilian Portuguese. The data suggest that different aspects of interactional procedures are grammaticalized in the suffix -inho. The conclusion is that the pragmatic dimension of the process of diminutive formation is much more significant than has been previously acknowledged.

This essay discusses two aspects of the retention of pragmatic text functions in translation. The functionalist approach that was used focuses on achieving congruence between the author’s intended function and the perception of the reader, i.e., the target text’s actual function. The first aim was to examine whether a focus on text functions can be beneficial when translating terminology. The second aim was to investigate if a functionalist approach can be used to assure that all functions are retained for instances where the source text encompasses more than one pragmatic function. For the purposes of this study, two excerpts from Fritz Eichenberg’s art history book The Art of the Print were translated. Individual terms as well as instances where the source text segment contained one than more pragmatic function were then analyzed with the above mentioned aims in mind. It was found that a functionalist approach, in combination with a conceptual approach to terminology, was beneficial when translating terminology. It was also observed that the surrounding co-text aided in the understanding of the author’s concept. In regard to the second aim, it was found that while a functionalist approach assured that the translator was made aware of the existing functions, the translation procedures suggested were too narrow and static to be applicable to all segments.

Recent research in the usability engineering field tends to emphasize, somewhat neglected, the need of incorporating the joy-of-use factor (the hedonic dimension of usability) into the design of user interfaces. However such design decisions have to be applied with care and proper modesty as they may diminish the product’s overall quality of use. Notions of pleasure and joy are non-task related and partially incompatible with pragmatic usability qualities hence achieving a proper balance is essential. The thesis explores the question of how to establish a balance between pragmatic and hedonic dimensions of usability and whether it is possible to design a user interface which is both highly usable and enjoyable. In order to address these questions a case study was performed, which required further development of an existing prototype, the Zenterio Halfpipe Desktop; an innovative, patented, cross-platform user interface. To achieve high product usability, principles of Human-Computer Interaction and User-Centered Design were applied. The results of the study suggest that ensuring a high level of both aspects of usability: the pragmatic values (such as simplicity or controllability) as well as the hedonic values (such as originality or innovativeness), can result in a product which is perceived as highly usable and fun-to-use. The practical application of involving the joy-of-use factor shows a significant increase in the perceived software appeal. Finally, shortcomings and limitations of the study are discussed followed by future work proposals.

The aim of this essay is to see how Alan Ayckbourn uses language inorder to depict his characters in his play MotherFigure from 1974. By using a pragmatic approach, including Gricean maxims,speech acts and politeness theories, I will examine how the three maincharacters communicate and what conclusions can be drawn from this. First, Itake a look at the language strategies given to each of the characters as theyenter the stage. After that I look at the interaction and the struggle forpower. The conclusion I made is that Lucy has many bald-on records, which makesher role very powerful. Rosemary, on the other hand, maintains her weak statusby using many politeness strategies and vague utterances. Terry, the thirdcharacter, is forced to surrender to the adult-child power struggle that Lucyhas been caught up in.

In everyday conversation, we frequently express relationships between two entities by using attributive possessive NPs. Structurally, these consist of a possessor referent, a possessum nominal and a possessive marker which explicates said relationship. For example, if I want to enquire about a house owned by your friend Mary which you are currently decorating, I might feasibly say "How are you getting on with Mary’s house?". My utterance of the pre-nominal possessive NP Mary’s house allows you to represent a specific referent, ensuring that we mentally converge on the same house and are able to talk about it. This study investigates English pre-nominal possessive NPs from a pragmatic point of view. It does so with the aim of providing a cognitively plausible description of their interpretationwhich simultaneously serves to understand how they function as referring expressions in communication. In particular, I discuss some of the intricacies they pose to interlocutors when itcomes to their referential interpretation. One of these concerns the fact that pre-nominal possessives are semantically compatible with numerous different interpretations, yet reference aparticular possessive relation in concrete communicative situations. Thus, given that the Englishlanguage, quite in contrast to the majority of the world’s languages, does not render thepossessive relation that holds between two entities morphosyntactically explicit, the interpretation of pre-nominal possessive NPs falls entirely within the remit of a pragmatic theory. This should explain how Mary’s house, which is compatible with interpretations such asthe house that Mary is letting, the house that Mary wishes to buy, as well as various others,comes to denote the house that Mary owns in a communicative situation like the above. Fullyinterpreting this NP, as Peters & Westerståhl (2013) suggest, involves knowing what possibleinterpretations it gives rise to, selecting the most salient one to the detriment of any others, and, finally, representing a determinate referent denoted by the NP as a whole. While the first aspect has received much attention (e.g. Barker, 1995; Vikner & Jensen, 2002), the other two have been considered by only few researchers. This study represents the first holistic account of possessive interpretations which combinesall three questions to explain the various facets of their pragmatics. On the theoretical level, itsuggests that the currently dominant stance (advocated by Vikner & Jensen, 2002), accordingto which it is the lexical semantic content of the possessum nominal which largely exhausts theinterpretation process, is in need of rethinking. Contrary to existing insights, I attribute a greaterrole to context and pragmatic reasoning both at the level of possible and at the level of salientinterpretations. On the methodological level, the study is multimethodological in its approach,complementing theoretical argument by means of a psycholinguistic production study and alarge-scale corpus study. In this respect, the present study paves the way for a description of pragmatic aspects of theEnglish grammar which have hitherto been explained in terms of more descriptive possessivetaxonomies, including ones delineating alienable vs. inalienable (e.g. Nikolaeva & Spencer,2013), prototypical vs. non-prototypical (e.g. Langacker, 1995; Rosenbach, 2002) and lexicalvs. pragmatic interpretations (Vikner & Jensen, 2002). Ultimately, I suggest that construing referential interpretation as an addressee-dependent search for relevance (e.g. Sperber & Wilson, 1986/1995) largely obviates the need for taxonomies of this kind at the descriptive level.

A new realm of discourse research has started examining medical interactions in the crowded space – hospitals (Iedema, 2007). Beyond clinical settings and dyadic doctor-patient interactions, scholars have begun investigating doctors’ interactions in various hospital settings including Emergency Rooms and hospitals’ wards (e.g., Eggins & Slade, 2012; Slade & Eggins, 2016; Slade et al., 2015). Other investigations have expanded this scope of discourse research to include other health professionals, such as nurses (e.g., Staples, 2015). Drawing on discourse analytic approaches (Critical Discourse Analysis, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar, and Interactional Sociolinguistics), this study examined nurse-to-nurse handoff interactions in two hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Nursing handoff – the transfer of patient information, professional responsibility, and accountability between departing and incoming nursing teams (Manser et al., 2010; Riesenberg et al., 2010; Slade & Eggins, 2016; Wood et al., 2014) – is a critical communicative practice which ensures the continuity and quality of care provided to hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to provide detailed analyses of the language used in this type of nursing discourse and its impact on the quality of handoffs. The data included 80 nursing handoff interactions, which were observed and audio-recorded in 7 different wards at two sectors (National Guard Hospital and King Fahad General Hospital) in Saudi Arabia including: Intensive Care Units, General-Adult, General- Pediatric, Oncology-Pediatric, Oncology-Palliative, ENT, Urology and Surgical wards. The nurse participants come from various cultural backgrounds including Philippines, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Morocco, South Africa, Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The analyses provided a detailed description of this type of nursing discourse including the discourse pragmatic features (i.e., linguistic, interactional, and interpersonal features) which nurses use while delivering and receiving patient information. In addition, the findings provide insights into the various discourse features that contributed either positively (e.g., using discourse markers, presenting complete thoughts, presenting sufficient detailed patient information) or negatively (e.g., producing questions instead of statements, shifting verb tenses, focusing on one patient issue as opposed to providing detailed patient information report) to the nursing handoff practices in this setting. The findings also point to the vital role that head nurses play in this nursing discourse and its impact on enhancing the quality of nursing handoffs. Additionally, a six-stage nursing handoff model was developed from the data, which could be used for nursing training in the National Guard Hospital and its branches in Saudi Arabia. Finally, the findings provide further support for Eggins and Slade’s (2012) claim that communicatively effective handovers are achieved interactionally and with the collaboration of both departing and incoming teams. Furthermore, the use of standardized protocols (like SBAR) alone proved to be insufficient in guaranteeing effective nursing handoff.

L'un des objectifs de l'enseignement d'une langue est de rendre les apprenants conscients de la façon d'utiliser cette langue en fonction de leurs objectifs communicationnels. Cette compétence relève du champ de la pragmatique. Cette recherche porte sur l'enseignement de la pragmatique dans un contexte d’Anglais de Spécialité (ASP), à savoir la Faculté de médecine à l'Université de Taiz. Elle étudie le niveau de compétence pragmatique chez les étudiants en médecine dans le but de l’intégrer dans la salle de classe. L'étude fait appel à une enquête par questionnaire composé de “Discourse Completion Tasks” afin d'examiner la capacité des étudiants à produire des actes de langage, et d’un test de conscience visant à mesurer leur capacité à identifier les énoncés appropriés et inappropriés. L'interview est un autre outil que nous avons conçu pour explorer les perceptions des étudiants diplômés envers la compétence pragmatique. Une approche qualitative et quantitative est adoptée pour l’analyse des données. Les résultats de l'étude montrent que les étudiants ont un niveau de compétence pragmatique faible en ce qui concerne la production et aussi la conscience pragmatique. De plus, les étudiants ont fait preuve d'une réceptivité accrue quant à l'importance de la compétence pragmatique. Par conséquent, un modèle provisoire est proposé pour favoriser l’intégration de cette compétence en ayant recours à une série télévisée qui pourrait les motiver à apprendre l'anglais. / One of the goals of teaching a language is to make learners aware of how to use it to serve a communicative purpose. This lies within the scope of pragmatic competence. This research deals with teaching pragmatics in a context of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), namely the faculty of medicine at Taiz University. It investigates medical students’ level of pragmatic competence with the ultimate aim of integrating it in the classroom. The study makes use of a questionnaire composed of a Discourse Completion Task to examine students’ ability to produce speech acts and an awareness test to measure their ability to identify appropriate and inappropriate utterances. The other tool is an interview conducted to explore graduate students’ perceptions towards pragmatic competence. The data are analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The study findings reveal a low level of pragmatic competence among students in the production and awareness levels. Besides, a positive tendency is shown towards the importance of pragmatic competence. Accordingly, a tentative model is proposed to incorporate pragmatic competence with the help of a medical TV show which will keep them motivated in learning English.

Les analyses rhétorique et pragmatique linguistique des échanges dans les six pièces principales de Bernard-Marie Koltès permettent d’observer le fonctionnement des dialogues définis par le dramaturge comme l’ostentation d’une dynamique argumentative. Loin d’être des argumentations « éthiquement » circonscrites, ces dialogues s’avèrent truffés de dysfonctionnements et revêtent l’allure d’échanges sophistiques et de manipulations oratoires. Le dramaturge déjoue les catégories et normes discursives et met en place des argumentations singulières qui participent des effets de langage et du style koltésiens et constituent un véhicule de l’esthétique du dramaturge et de sa vision du monde et de l’homme. La lecture des dysfonctionnements permet d’appréhender l’œuvre en tant que produit artistique reflétant les rapports de l’auteur à la scène et au réel. La parole koltésienne est cette parole contestataire élevée pour dénoncer l’illusion et la facticité qui gouvernent aussi bien les relations manipulatrices de l’homme à l’Autre que le processus de réception de l’œuvre dramatique. / The rhetorical analysis as well as the linguistic pragmatics of the interactive mode of conversation in the six main pieces of Bernard-Marie Koltes show the functionality of the dialogues defined by the playwright as a dynamic argumentation. Far from being ethical argumentations, these dialogues seem to be filled with fallacies and they embody sophistic exchange of appearances and oratory manipulations. The playwright thwarts discursive norms and puts in place peculiar argumentations that provoke linguistical effects and create koltesian’s stylus. Theses argumentations constitute an aesthetical medium of the author’s world and human concept. The fallacies interpretation allows to grasp Koltes’ work as an artistic product revealing his relation to the world and to the theater. The koltesian diction is a rebellious speech denouncing the illusion as well as the artificiality which governs the complicated apparatus of human relationships and the way of understanding the drama work.