L’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les usages de la voix dans les échanges ordinaires et rituels des Quechua d’Amazonie péruvienne (Pastaza) et le rôle qui leur est dévolu dans la transmission de la pensée animiste. Comment les Quechua se représentent-ils l’usage de la voix ? Qui parle ? La thèse examine le rôle de l’imaginaire acoustique dans la conceptualisation du langage et de la communication, mais aussi au sein des pratiques et des représentations de la chasse et de la maladie chez les Quechua d’Amazonie. L’analyse du discours montre que l’usage du « masque sonore » et les mécanismes de « voix citées » jouent un rôle clef dans le processus d’attribution d’une « agentivité » aux entités non humaines. Une attention particulière est accordée aux différentes modalités de communication rituelle à travers plusieurs styles discursifs, en particulier un répertoire de chants lyriques, cynégétiques et thérapeutiques. Adoptant une perspective pragmatique, l’auteur décrit les conditions d’apprentissage du savoir rituel et focalise son attention sur un dispositif de mise en abîme de la voix des esprits dans l’énonciation rituelle. Une étude linguistique sensible aux variations discursives montre que cette technique de citation d’une voix non humaine, observée lors de la transmission des chants, trouve un écho remarquable au sein de leur structure poétique. L’auteur soutient que la manipulation indexicale du symbolisme sonore joue un rôle clef dans la performance accomplie, conférant au chasseur-chamane le pouvoir de prêter sa voix aux esprits invoqués. Cette étude pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans les recherches consacrées aux discours rituels amérindiens. / This thesis aims at describing the use of the voice in ordinary an ritual interactions among the Quechua of the Peruvian Amazon (Pastaza), and the role devoted to communication in the transmission of animism. How do the Quechua represent the use of the voice ? Who talks ? This thesis examines the role of acoustic imagination in the quechua conceptualization of language and communication but also in the practice and representation of hunting and sickness among the Quechua of Amazonia. The use of « acoustic sound mask » and « quoted voice » mechanisms play a key role in the attribution of an « agency » to non human entities. Sound imitation appears as an effective perceptive and cognitive strategy, heavily used in the context of learning animistic representations. A close attention is paid to the various modalities of ritual communication through different styles of discourse, particularly in lyrical, therapeutical and cynegetical songs. Adopting a pragmatic perspective, the author describes the learning context of ritual knowledge and pays close attention to the embedding of spirit voices in ritual discourse. A linguistic analysis, sensitive to the discursive variations, shows that this technique of quotation of a non-human voice, observed during the transmission of ritual songs, has a remarkable echo in its own poetic structure. Through the study of these enunciative devices, the author demonstrates that the indexical use of sound symbolism plays a key role in the performance achieved, allowing the hunter-shaman to lend his voice to the spirits invoked. This study could open new perspectives for research on Amerindian ritual discourses.

En este trabajo propongo una definición pragmática de la falacia de petición de principio. En la primera parte considero y rechazo la sugerencia de Frank Jackson de que la argumentación posee otro fin además del de convencer racionalmente a nuestro interlocutor de que algo es el caso. En la segunda parte ofrezco la definición. En la tercera parte hablo brevemente acerca de la representación de argumentos por medio de grafos. Finalmente, en la cuarta parte aplico la definición propuesta a algunos ejemplos de argumentos.---A Pragmatic Definition of the Begging the Question Fallacy”. A pragmatic definition of the Begging the question fallacy is presented in this paper. In the first part of it I consider and reject Frank Jackson’s suggestion according to which argumentation possesses a different end than rationally persuading an audience that something is the case. The definition is presented in part II. Part III refers briefly to the representation of arguments through graphs. Finally, in part IV, the proposed definition is applied to some argument examples.

La métaphore est une figure de style dans laquelle la signification d’un mot est transférée à un autre mot. Par exemple, l’énoncé « Axel est un renard » est une métaphore pouvant signifier qu’un homme appelé Axel est une personne rusée. La métaphore n’est pas seulement textuelle, elle se présente souvent sous une forme imagée. Par conséquent, l’image d’un homme avec un corps de renard pourra être traduite verbalement par : « cet homme est un renard ». Selon Forceville (2007, 2009), la métaphore picturale se définit en fonction de son type (métaphore contextuelle, métaphore hybride, métaphore de comparaison et métaphore intégrée), de sa structure (métaphore monomodale et multimodale) et de son usage (dans la publicité, dans les campagnes sociales, dans les caricatures politiques ou encore dans l’Art). L’objectif de ce travail est de créer une base de connaissances de métaphores picturales en examinant leur composition (topiques, véhicules). Les études expérimentales réalisées examinent la compréhension de métaphores picturales monomodales de type hybride en se focalisant sur le processus d’attribution de propriétés dans des situations où l’effet de la langue maternelle (française versus espagnole), du contexte, de l’âge et de l’usage de la métaphore est mesuré. La discussion met en évidence les apports et les limites de ce travail qui conduisent à des perspectives de recherche en considérant les travaux contemporains du domaine, l’utilisation d’outils spécifiques (e.g. oculomètre) et en élargissant le contexte d’étude de la métaphore à d’autres domaines de la psychologie (e.g. Neuropsychologie), d’autres publics (e.g. enfants) et des cultures éloignées (e.g. coréenne). / A metaphor is a figure of style in which the meaning of a term is transferred to that another term. For example, the sentence “Axel is a fox” is a metaphor in which a man is smart. The metaphor is not only introduced in a text. It can be depicted in a picture. Therefore, the image of a man with a body of a fox can refer to the sentence: “this man is a fox.” According to Forceville (2007,2009), a pictorial metaphor can be characterized considering its type (contextual metaphor, hybrid metaphor, simile and integrated metaphor), considering its structure (monomodal and multimodal metaphor) and its use (in commercials, in social campaigns, in political cartoons or in Art). The aim of this work is to create a knowledge base of pictorial metaphors examining their characteristics (topics, vehicles). Experimental studies examined the understanding of monomodal pictorial hybrid metaphors by focusing on property attribution process in several situations regarding the effect of the native language (French versus Spanish), context, age and the use of the metaphor. The discussion section illustrates perspectives of research considering current studies focused on pictorial metaphor comprehension and the use of specific tools (e.g. eye tracker). The understanding of pictorial metaphors could be applied to others field of expertise of psychology (e.g. Neuropsychology), other people (e.g. children) and different cultures (e.g. Korean).

Em alguns casos do Transtorno do Espectro Autístico (TEA) ocorre, nos primeiros anos de vida, perda de palavras recém-adquiridas, fenômeno denominado “regressão da linguagem”. Para investigar esse fenômeno foram desenvolvidos três estudos. O primeiro objetivou revisar a literatura acerca da regressão. Observou-se uma lacuna quanto a explicações teóricas sobre o fenômeno e seu impacto no desenvolvimento posterior de indivíduos com TEA. O estudo seguinte propôs-se a identificar as características da regressão e da sintomatologia de crianças com TEA. A perda de habilidades ocorreu em 20% das crianças, sendo o direcionamento da atenção e a conversação recíproca alguns dos comportamentos mais comprometidos. O terceiro estudo investigou o efeito da regressão da linguagem no desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo posterior de crianças pré-escolares com TEA. Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa, nessa área desenvolvimental, entre os grupos com e sem regressão da linguagem. Os achados dessas pesquisas são discutidos à luz da abordagem sociopragmática. / In some cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), in the first years of life occurs the loss of newly acquired words, a phenomenon called "language regression". To investigate this phenomenon three studies were developed. The first one aimed to review the literature on regression. It was noticed a gap of theoretical explanations about the phenomenon and its impact on the overall development of individuals with ASD. The next study intended to identify the characteristics of regression and symptomatology of children with ASD. The loss of skills occurred in 20% of the children. The abilities of directing attention and reciprocal conversation, among others, were more impaired. The third study investigated the effect of language regression on the subsequent social-communicative development of preschool children with ASD. It was not observed any statistically significant difference in this developmental area, between the groups with and without language regression. The findings of these researches are discussed in light of the socio-pragmatic approach.

A presente dissertação é dedicada ao exame da terceira fase da Análise de Discurso, representada, predominantemente, como uma fase desconstrutiva e como indicadora de ainda incertos novos procedimentos de análise. Buscou-se, mediante o exame sistemático das teses apresentadas por Pêcheux em seus últimos escritos, definir tanto os termos mediante os quais se deu essa desconstrução quanto caracterizar positivamente as reordenações atinentes ao objeto, propósito e metodologia da AD neste período. / This thesis is devoted to the consideration of the third phase of the Discourse Analysis, represented predominantly as a deconstructive phase and as an indicator of still uncertain new analytical procedures. We sought, through systematic examination of the the views put forward by Pêcheux in his later writings, set up both the terms by which this deconstruction was made and positively characterize the reordering relating to the object, purpose and methodology of the AD.

O objetivo desta dissertação é a proposição de uma análise do objeto nulo no português brasileiro examinando-se o seu condicionamento em função dos traços semântico-pragmáticos do DP (Determiner Phrase) antecedente. Segundo Schwenter & Silva (2003), ainda que haja muitos estudos a respeito do estatuto sintático dessa categoria, poucas pesquisas vêm sendo dedicadas à forma como os traços do antecedente podem condicionar a alternância entre o emprego de objetos nulos e posições preenchidas por pronomes manifestos. O traço semântico animacidade do antecedente é uma constante quando se discute o assunto (como em Bianchi & Figueiredo Silva, 1994; e Schwenter & Silva, 2002). Além desse, aponta-se também o traço pragmático da especificidade, como no estudo de Cyrino (1997), considerado o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas sobre o objeto nulo em português brasileiro. Já Menuzzi e Creus (2004) propõem outra possibilidade para o condicionante da retomada anafórica do objeto direto: o gênero semântico do DP antecedente. Na visão desses autores, os traços de animacidade e especificidade de Cyrino (1997) podem ser reduzidos a esse único traço, o gênero semântico. Essas duas hipóteses foram comparadas por meio de um estudo de corpus. O resultado a que se chegou revela que as duas propostas apresentam resultados semelhantes. A construção denominada elipse de VP também foi alvo de estudo. Tendo em vista a semelhança existente, na estrutura superficial, entre a elipse de VP e o objeto nulo, como registrado por Raposo (1986), procurou-se observar se os traços que parecem condicionar o emprego do objeto nulo atuam de forma similar para a elipse de VP. Fez-se uso do mesmo corpus para avaliar essa predição. E os dados recomendam que se verifique essa hipótese. / The purpose of this dissertation is to provide an analysis of the null object in Brazilian Portuguese from the perspective of semantic and pragmatic features of the previous DP (Determiner Phrase). According to Schwenter & Silva (2003), there are many researches about the syntactic status of this category, but very little is known about how the features of the previous DP may condition the variance between the use of null objects and filled positions with overt pronouns. The semantic feature “animacity” of the previous DP has been a constant topic when discussing this issue (as in Bianchi & Figueiredo Silva, 1994; and Schwenter & Silva, 2002). The pragmatic feature of “specificity” appears with it, such as in studies of Cyrino (1997), considered to be the starting point to the development of researches about the null object in Brazilian Portuguese. Menuzzi e Creus (2004) propose another possibility to the conditioner of the resumed anaphors of the null object: the semantic genre of the previous DP. As stated by these authors, the features of animacity and specificity from Cyrino (1997) may be reduced to this single feature, the semantic genre. These two hypotheses have been compared through a corpus study. The achieved result reveals that the two proposals present similar results. The construction called “VP ellipsis” has also been examined. Taking into consideration the similarity observed between the VP ellipsis and the null object in the surface structure, as pointed out by Raposo (1986), it aimed at verifying whether the features that apparently seem to condition the use of the null object act similarly to the ellipsis of the VP. The same corpus has been used to evaluate this prediction. The data recommend verifying this hypothesis.

Si l’efficacité des psychothérapies semble maintenant faire consensus, la recherche vient aujourd’hui interroger directement le processus psychothérapeutique. Notre travail s’inscrit dans cette démarche et se fonde sur l’étude de l’interaction verbale issue d’une psychothérapie émergente, la psychothérapie EMDR, Eyes Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. La traduction française est désensibilisation et retraitement par les mouvements oculaires. Ce dispositif thérapeutique s’avère prometteur dans le champ du soin psychique, et est principalement identifié parmi les pratiques psychothérapeutiques comme étant celle où le thérapeute exerce une action physique sur son patient et ce, au moyen de stimulations bilatérales alternées (notamment par le biais de mouvements oculaires). L’EMDR bénéficie dans le champ de la recherche majoritairement d’études s’intéressant aux effets physiologiques en lien principalement avec les mouvements des yeux pendant le traitement. Or, en vertu du fait que l’EMDR s’agence aussi autour d’un protocole verbal, nous nous inscrivons dans le champ des études qui considèrent que la psychothérapie est avant tout un « événement de parole » (Labov et Fanshel, 1977). Ainsi, en nous appuyant sur l’étude du langage, à la fois tel qu’il est prévu par le protocole et tel qu’il est dispensé par le thérapeute en séance, nous venons compléter ces travaux en nous plaçant à un niveau de description clinique, à hauteur du sujet. Dans une première partie, nous nous situons sur le plan théorique, nous éclairons les phases 3 et 4, prototypes du protocole EMDR à la lumière de théories issues du champ de la pragmatique mais aussi à la lumière des théories issues de la psychanalyse. Dans une seconde partie de recherche empirique, nous examinons un corpus constitué de trois suivis psychothérapeutiques filmés et retranscrits. En nous inscrivant dans le réel de la pratique telle qu’elle se donne à entendre, nous mettons en œuvre une méthodologie d’analyse exploratoire et qualitative issue du paradigme de la pragmatique. Pour ce faire, nous nous référons aux travaux menés au sein de l’analyse linguistico-pragmatique des interventions du thérapeute et de la Logique Interlocutoire. Nous dégageons certaines caractéristiques de la matrice langagière qui viennent souligner son importance, son rôle et ses effets dans l’instauration d’un processus de changement qui apparaît bénéfique pour le patient / As the efficiency of psychotherapies is now widely recognized, research questions the psychotherapeutic process. In this vein, we review and study the verbal interactions resulting from an emerging psychotherapy, the Eyes Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapy. This therapy is very promising in the field of psychic care. It is a psychotherapeutic practice in which the therapist exercises a physical action on his patient by means of alternating bilateral stimulations – notably by ocular movements. Thus far, research on EMDR has primarily examined the physiological effects related mainly to eye movements during treatment. Because EMDR also has a verbal protocol, we review it in the framework of studies that consider psychotherapy as a "speech event" above all (Labov and Fanshel, 1977). Based on a study of language, both as provided for in the protocol and as used by the therapist in session, we attempt to pursue these works by placing ourselves at a level of clinical description, at the level of the subject. In a first part, we follow a theoretical approach, and review phases 3 and 4 and prototypes of the EMDR protocol, in light of theories in the field of pragmatics and theories stemming from psychoanalysis. In a second part of empirical research, we examine a corpus consisting of three psychotherapeutic follow-ups, which have been filmed and transcribed. By placing ourselves into the reality of the practice, as it is commonly understood, we implement a methodology of exploratory and qualitative analysis emerging from the paradigm of pragmatics. To do this, we refer to the works carried out within the linguistic-pragmatic analysis of the interventions of the therapist as well as to interlocutory logic. We highlight some characteristics of the language matrix that demonstrate its importance, its role and its effects in the implementation of a process of change that appears to be beneficial for the patient

RODRIGUES, Adriano Messias. A transformação semiótica da filosofia transcendental clássica. 2011. 123f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2011. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-08T14:30:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-AMRODRIGUES.pdf: 1251543 bytes, checksum: fb11c225ab7ef962ca5b48e436bebd05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-11-08T14:58:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-AMRODRIGUES.pdf: 1251543 bytes, checksum: fb11c225ab7ef962ca5b48e436bebd05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-08T14:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011-DIS-AMRODRIGUES.pdf: 1251543 bytes, checksum: fb11c225ab7ef962ca5b48e436bebd05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This paper is on the theme of the transformation of Philosophy held by Karl-Otto Apel from the radicalization of linguistic and pragmatic twist by showing the ineradicable nature of linguistic praxis for the general knowledge by means of a strict self-reflexive attitude of thought along with the language on the assumptions of the irrefutable argument as such. To this end, we investigate the main theoretical features for a semiotic transformation of the classic transcendental philosophy, especially the three-dimensional Peircean semiotics. Moreover, the objective is to demonstrate that a self-reflexive philosophy is able to justify scientific propositions as well as ethical and moral standards. The end of this research points to the relevance of the proposal of Apel when he faces the challenge imposed by the “historicization” of the thought, not through an “untranscendentalizing” posture towards reason but in the way of an eventual non-metaphysical foundation – beyond the social and historical contingencies, thereby reflecting what is specific of the philosophical reflection as the themes of the universal principles of our thinking and acting. / Neste trabalho aborda-se o tema da transformação da filosofia realizada por Karl-Otto Apel a partir da radicalização da reviravolta linguístico-pragmática através da demonstração do caráter ineliminável da práxis linguística para o saber em geral por meio de uma atitude estritamente autorreflexiva do pensamento unido à linguagem sobre as pressuposições irrecusáveis da argumentação enquanto tal. Para tanto, investigam-se os principais delineamentos teóricos para uma transformação semiótica da filosofia transcendental clássica, especialmente a semiótica tridimensional peirceana. Ademais, objetiva-se demonstrar que uma autofundamentação reflexiva da filosofia é capaz de justificar inclusive as proposições científicas e as normas ético-morais. No final desta pesquisa, aponta-se para a relevância da proposta apeliana ao enfrentar o desafio imposto pela historificação do pensar, não por meio de uma postura destranscendentalizante da razão, porém, pelo caminho de uma fundamentação última não metafísica para além das contingências histórico-sociais, retomando assim, o específico da reflexão filosófica enquanto tematização dos princípios universalíssimos de nosso pensar e agir.

[pt] Este trabalho objetiva descrever e analisar a classe gramatical dos adjetivos no português do Brasil e suas respectivas mudanças de carga semântica quando estes se encontram na função de adjunto adnominal e estão antepostos ao substantivo. Verificou-se que as gramáticas normativas do Português no Brasil, assim como os livros didáticos destinados ao ensino de Português para estrangeiros, em geral, não fazem referências às mudanças semânticas que ocorrem com esta classe gramatical em posição anteposta. A fundamentação teórica desta dissertação concentra-se, primeiramente, na descrição da classe gramatical do adjetivo nos compêndios teóricos e gramaticais destinados ao ensino de Português para brasileiros e estrangeiros. Na segunda parte, a ênfase é dada aos estudos realizados na área da Pragmática, e vale-se dos conceitos de língua e linguagem, sobretudo à luz das reflexões da Filosofia da Linguagem, e da Antropologia Linguística que vê a cultura como sistema de práticas. Por fim, a pesquisa discorrerá sobre a análise dos adjetivos em amostras retiradas de textos escritos, cujas fontes são jornalísticas ou oriundas de propagandas e, que demonstrem aspectos culturais na vida cotidiana do brasileiro. A principal contribuição do trabalho é de proporcionar aos profissionais de ensino de PL2-E maior reflexão quanto ao ensino/aprendizagem da gramática de português como segunda língua para estrangeiros. / [en] This work aims to describe and to analyze the grammatical class of the adjectives in the Brazilian Portuguese and its respective changes of semantic loads, when they function as adnominal adjunct and appear before the subject. It was verified that the Brazilian normative grammars of Portuguese, as well as didactic books aiming the teaching of Portuguese for foreigners, in general, do not make reference to the semantic changes that occur within this grammatical class when it is placed before the subject. The theoretical basis of this dissertation focus, firstly, in the description of the grammatical class of the adjective in the theoretical and grammatical compendiums destined to the teaching of Portuguese for both Brazilians and foreigners. In a second part, the emphasis is given to the studies developed in Pragmatics, using the concepts of language and discourse, mainly through the light that is shed by the Philosophy of Language, and the Linguistic Anthropology that sees culture as a system of practices. Finally, the research deals with the analysis of the adjectives found in written texts samples, taken from advertisements or journalistic pieces, that demonstrate cultural aspects of the daily life in Brazil. The main contribution of this work is to provide to the PL2-E teaching professionals a deeper reflection about the teaching/learning process of the Portuguese grammar as a second language for foreigners.

The aim of this essay is to investigate the translation problems translating a travel book about Paris, with cultural and historic connotations, from French, source language, into Swedish, target language. The method that is used is Nords’ text analysis model, which is functionalist and pragmatic. Her theory of action is based on Vermeers’ skopos theorie and on Reiss’ text typology. Nords’ looping model includes analysis, transfer and synthesis. She focuses on three important aspects which are the translation brief, the role of the source-text analysis and the importance of the functional hierarchy of translation problems. Nord proposes two different translation strategies: Documentary translation and Instrumental translation. The first one is source text oriented and the second one is target text oriented. Our study focuses on pragmatic and cultural equivalence concerning the different aspects as style, lexis (vocabulary) and syntax in the source language and the translation into the target language. The purpose of the translation is target text oriented which means that different strategies, as adaptations and explanations, are used in the target text. The conclusions that are drawn from this study are that historical and cultural connotations, that are present in the source text, require a deep knowledge on the French culture and language, this being a necessary competence for the translator to produce a comprehensible translation for the target text audience.