O presente trabalho tem como tema central a investigação sobre a relação do direito humano à alimentação com a sustentabilidade e os conflitos e desafios advindos da realização desse direito nos sistemas alimentares atuais. Procuramos compreender quais aspectos vêm sendo considerados no processo de especificação desse direito e de que forma a sustentabilidade seria um valor ético e um princípio inerente ao teor do direito humano à alimentação. Propomos as seguintes questões como eixo condutor da pesquisa: O que é direito humano à alimentação? O que é sustentabilidade? A sustentabilidade é um aspecto inerente ao direito humano à alimentação? Ela é verificada nos atuais modelos de produção e consumo de alimentos? Quais são os conflitos e impedimentos da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade? Como recorte metodológico, analisamos o caso da produção e consumo de alimentos transgênicos tendo em vista as premissas adotadas no presente trabalho. O modelo produtivo dos alimentos transgênicos é colocado em face ao modelo alternativo da agroecologia, de forma a comparar a presença dos aspectos da sustentabilidade em ambos os sistemas. Na esfera do consumo, abordamos o papel do consumidor como agente de promoção da sustentabilidade na alimentação, assim como as dificuldades conjunturais para o exercício desse papel. Dessa análise, constatamos a existência de conflitos público-privados emergentes da realização do direito humano à alimentação sob o prisma da sustentabilidade. Em face a tais óbices, apresentamos mecanismos de exigibilidade e justiciabilidade do direito humano à alimentação. Procuramos abordar de forma transversal os temas da solidariedade, da ética na ciência e no capitalismo e da educação como desafios a serem conquistados tendo em vista a plena realização do direito humano à alimentação sob a ótica da sustentabilidade. / The present work is focused on the relationship between the human right to food, sustainability and the conflicts arising from the realization of this right in current food systems. We seek to understand which aspects are being considered in the specification of this right and how sustainability would be an ethical value and an inherent principle of the human right to food. We propose the following questions as a guide to the research: What is human right to food? What is sustainability? Sustainability is an inherent aspect of the human right to food? Does it occur in the current models of production and consumption? What are the conflicts and impediments to the completion of the human right to food through the prism of sustainability? The methodological approach includes the analysis of the case of production and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods in contrast with the assumptions adopted in this work. The production model of GM foods is analyzed against the alternative model of agroecology in order to compare the presence of sustainability aspects in both systems. We discuss the role of the consumer as an agent capable of promoting sustainability of food systems, as well as the economic difficulties to exhert this role. From this analysis, we found the existence of public-private conflicts emerging from realization of the human right to food when looking through the prism of sustainability. Before such obstacles, we present mechanisms of enforceability and justiciability of the human right to food. We seek to transversely address themes such as solidarity, ethics in science and in capitalism, and education as challenges to be conquered in order to achieve the full realization of the human right to food from the perspective of sustainability.

<p>This study examines the possible incompatibility between environmental conventions and agreements promoting international trade. More specifically, it aims at discussing the Precautionary Principle and the WTO agreements on trade and how they might contradict each other on the international arena. The study focuses on the international trade with genetically modified organisms and discusses probable needs of reformulating the principles and/or conventions concerned if these are to function as tools of equal importance when handling environmental problems through policy making. The controversy is illustrated through a case-study of a trade dispute where the conflicting principles: the Precautionary Principle and WTO agreements on trade are involved, namely a dispute where a formal complaint to the WTO by the US, Canada and Argentina about the European Community supposedly applying a de facto moratorium on genetically modified organisms had the final outcome of the European Community being found to contravene international trade rules. The study concludes that actors on the international arena are still opinions apart concerning the way to perceive possible risks connected to biotechnology and genetically modified organisms. This incongruence is also found to apply to the status of the Precautionary Principle as a rule of international law as well as to which of the conventions that were applicable to the concerned dispute.</p>

This study examines the possible incompatibility between environmental conventions and agreements promoting international trade. More specifically, it aims at discussing the Precautionary Principle and the WTO agreements on trade and how they might contradict each other on the international arena. The study focuses on the international trade with genetically modified organisms and discusses probable needs of reformulating the principles and/or conventions concerned if these are to function as tools of equal importance when handling environmental problems through policy making. The controversy is illustrated through a case-study of a trade dispute where the conflicting principles: the Precautionary Principle and WTO agreements on trade are involved, namely a dispute where a formal complaint to the WTO by the US, Canada and Argentina about the European Community supposedly applying a de facto moratorium on genetically modified organisms had the final outcome of the European Community being found to contravene international trade rules. The study concludes that actors on the international arena are still opinions apart concerning the way to perceive possible risks connected to biotechnology and genetically modified organisms. This incongruence is also found to apply to the status of the Precautionary Principle as a rule of international law as well as to which of the conventions that were applicable to the concerned dispute.

Using 2002-2006 Household Budget Survey, this thesis investigates the income, consumption and saving dynamics of Turkish households within a life-cycle theory framework by employing cross-sectional analyses and cohort techniques. Cohort techniques are used not only to analyze these variables, but also to investigate the demographics and components of income and consumption. The analyses are deepened by dividing the sample according to the location of the households (urban-rural areas), and significant differences are found between urban and rural households, especially in terms of saving behaviors. Income, consumption and savings of formal and informal households are also investigated. Analyzing these households provides information regarding the precautionary saving since the higher income uncertainty of the informal households is expected to force them for extra saving due to precautionary motive. Finally, the life-cycle model and the precautionary saving hypothesis are tested by estimating log-linearized Euler equations. In the test of precautionary saving hypothesis, formal-informal data are used as a proxy for the risk variable. According to the estimation results, the predictions of the life-cycle model do not hold for Turkey but there is no evidence that this is due to precautionary saving.

This dissertation consists of three essays that apply both economic theory and econometric methods to understand design and dynamics of institutions. In particular, it studies how institutions aggregate information and deal with uncertainty and attempts to derive implications for optimal institution design. Here is a brief summary of the essays. In many economic, political and social situations where the environment changes in a random fashion necessitating costly action we face a choice of both the timing of the action as well as choosing the optimal action. In particular, if the stochastic environment possesses the property that the next environmental change becomes either more or less likely as more time passes since the last change (in other words the hazard rate of environmental change is not constant over time), then the timing of the action takes on special importance. In the first essay, joint with Maxwell B Stinchcombe, we model and solve a dynamic decision problem in a semi-Markov environment. We find that if the arrival times for state changes do not follow a memoryless process, time since the last observed change of state, in addition to the current state, becomes a crucial variable in the decision. We characterize the optimal policy and the optimal timing of executing that policy in the differentiable case by a set of first order conditions of a relatively simple form. They show that both in the case of increasing and decreasing hazard rates, the optimal response may be to wait before executing a policy change. The intuitive explanation of the result has to do with the fact that waiting reveals information about the likelihood of the next change occurring, hence waiting is valuable when actions are costly. This result helps shed new light on the structure of optimal decisions in many interesting problems of institution design, including the fact that constitutions often have built-in delay mechanisms to slow the pace of legislative change. Our model results could be used to characterize optimal timing rules for constitutional amendments. The paper also contributes to generalize the methodology of semi-Markov decision theory by formulating a dynamic programming set-up that looks to solve the timing-of-action problem whereas the existing literature looks to optimize over a much more limited set of policies where the action can only be taken at the instant when the state changes. In the second essay, we extend our research to situations, where the current choice of action influences the future path of the stochastic process, and apply it to the legal framework surrounding environmental issues, particularly to the ‘Precautionary Principle' as applied to climate change legislation. We represent scientific uncertainty about environmental degradation using the concept of 'ambiguity' and show that ambiguity aversion generates a 'precautionary effect'. As a result, justification is provided for the Precautionary Principle that is different from the ones provided by expected utility theory. This essay serves both as an application of the general theoretical results derived in the first essay and also stands alone as an analysis of a substantive question about environmental law. Prediction markets have attracted public attention in recent years for making accurate predictions about election outcomes, product sales, film box office and myriad other variables of interest and many believe that they will soon become a very important decision support system in a wide variety of areas including governance, law and industry. For successful design of these markets, a thorough understanding of the theoretical and empirical foundations of such markets is necessary. But the information aggregation process in these markets is not fully understood yet. There remains a number of open questions. The third essay, joint with Robert Lieli, attempts to analyze the direction and timing of information flow between prices, polls, and media coverage of events traded on prediction markets. Specifically, we examine the race between Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic primaries for presidential nomination. Substantively, we ask the following question: (i) Do prediction market prices have information that is not reflected in viii contemporaneous polls and media stories? (ii) Conversely, do prices react to information that appears to be news for pollsters or is prominently featured by the media? Quantitatively, we construct time series variables that reflect the "pollster's surprise" in each primary election, measured as the difference between actual vote share and vote share predicted by the latest poll before the primary, as well as indices that describe the extent of media coverage received by the candidates. We carry out Granger Causality tests between the day-to-day percentage change in the price of the "Obama wins nomination" security and these information variables. Some key results from our exercise can be summarized as follows. There seems to be mutual (two-way) Granger causality between prediction market prices and the surprise element in the primaries. There is also evidence of one-way Granger causality in the short run from price changes towards media news indices. These results suggest that prediction market prices anticipate at least some of the discrepancy between the actual outcome and the latest round of polls before the election. Nevertheless, prices also seem to be driven partly by election results, suggesting that there is an element of the pollster’s surprise that is genuine news for the market as well. / text

This dissertation consists of five separate essays (and a short introductory chapter) that analyze the effects of debt policy on private consumption. Essay 1: Government Debt and Private Consumption: Theory and Evidence. The Ricardian equivalence theorem has been widely debated since (at least) the seventies. The theorem states that households should not change their consumption path in response to changed timing of taxes, given the path of government consumption. In this essay, theoretical models giving rise to the equivalence result as well as models predicting deviations from debt neutrality are presented. In general, the Ricardian models are based on unrealistic assumptions, such as infinite horizons, perfect capital markets and lump-sum taxes. The issue of Ricardian equivalence is thus perhaps better viewed as a question concerning to what extent the equivalence hypothesis is a reasonable approximation of the real world. This could only be established by empirical studies. To formulate a test of Ricardian equivalence, it is however vital to extend the standard analysis in deterministic models to stochastic models. In a stochastic model we need to incorporate the fact that agents have to make predictions about future levels of government consumption, and that public debt might be a useful predictor for that purpose. It is therefore necessary that an empirical study distinguishes between debt as a potential source of net wealth, which is the concern of the equivalence proposition, and debt's role as a signal of future levels of government consumption, which is due to the stochastic nature of the world. It is argued that there are few empirical studies that make this distinction, and in case the distinction is made, the evidence is in favor of the Ricardian equivalence proposition, namely that public debt is not net wealth to households. Changing the timing of taxes will therefore not change private consumption. In other words, although the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis is burdened with unrealistic assumptions, it seems (historically) to provide a reasonable approximation of actual data. Essay 2: An Investigation of Ricardian Equivalence in a Common Trends Model. A common trends model for gross national income, private consumption, government consumption and net taxes is estimated on US data. The system has two cointegrating vectors and thus two common stochastic trends, interpreted as a technology trend and a public sector trend. The two temporary shocks are interpreted as a private demand and government financing shock, respectively. Theoretical models suggest that the two cointegrating vectors could be due to the private and public sectors' intertemporal budget constraints. We find two co-integrating vectors, as predicted by no-Ponzi game constraints on the sectors. However, a stronger version of the no-Ponzi game constraint is a solvency condition, which implies particular co-integrating vectors. These cointegration vectors are both rejected for the sample period, indicating that the public sector will not be able to repay its debt if the current policy is maintained. However, the private sector is at the same time accumulating wealth, which is consistent with predictions from a Ricardian model. Further, the equivalence theorem predicts that private consumption should be unaffected by financing shocks. Data, however, indicate that there is a significant short run effect on both income and private consumption from the financing shock, but the effect indicates that increasing taxes is accompanied by increasing private consumption, contrary to both standard Ricardian and Keynesian models. In the theoretical world, this type of pattern could be generated in models with risk averse individuals and uncertainty about future taxes. Essay 3: Risky Taxes, Budget Balance Preserving Spreads and Precautionary Savings. This essay analyzes the effects on consumption from changes in the riskiness of taxes. It starts by reinterpreting the Sandmo [1970] paper on general capital income risk to the case of risky capital taxation. In his framework the concept of a mean preserving spread (MPS) is used for the risk analysis. In connection with risky taxes it is however possible to explicitly connect the tax risk with the government's budget constraint. In this essay the concept of a budget balance preserving spread (BBPS) is developed and used for the analysis of stochastic taxes. The essay is concluded with a comparison of the effects that a MPS and a BBPS has on consumption decisions. It is shown that the comparative statics results for a BBPS could be different from the results obtained with a MPS. Essay 4: Budget Deficits, Tax Risk and Consumption. This essay analyzes the effects of budget deficits on consumption when individual taxes are stochastic. It is shown that the co-movements between budget deficits and private consumption will depend on how risk averse individuals are. In the case of lump-sum taxes, it is sufficient to assume that individuals have a precautionary savings motive to obtain the result that consumption today will decrease with increased disposable income today. Furthermore, if we use a time separable iso-elastic utility funcition, the standard analysis of capital income risk predicts (precautionary) savings to increase with increased risk if the coefficient of relative risk aversion is greater than one. This is no longer sufficient when the risk is due to uncertain capital income taxes. In general, the coefficient must be greater than one to obtain precautionary savings in response to the greater risk implied by a budget deficit. The results in the paper are consistent with Ricardian equivalence only for some specific utility function, but not in general. However, in the same way, the results are consistent with standard Keynesian models that display a positive relation between debt and private consumption only for certain utility functions, and could equally well generate the opposite result for individuals that are enough risk averse or prudent, without changing the expected value of government consumption. In other words, if future taxes are uncertain, increased disposable income in the present period will decrease present consumption, if households are prudent enough. Essay 5: Budget Deficits, Stochastic Population Size and Consumption. This paper analyzes the effects on present consumption of budget deficits under different assumptions regarding demographics. In the first part, birth and death rates are deterministic, and in the second part, birth rates are assumed to be stochastic. In the case of a deterministic population size, an increase in public debt raises present consumption, if the (deterministic) birth rate is greater than zero, while with a zero birth rate we obtain debt neutrality. This is consistent with the results in Blanchard [1985] and Buiter [1988]. However, for the case of stochastic birth rates, it is shown that we can obtain the result that present consumption will decrease when public debt is increased, both when we have a zero expected birth rate, and when the expected population size is assumed to be constant, so that the expected birth rate is positive and equal to the death rate. The explanation is that with an uncertain birth rate, the future tax base is uncertain, which makes per capita taxes uncertain in the future. Shifting taxes to the future thus implies greater uncertainty about future net income, and induces precautionary savings. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

L'invocation, l'application et les implications politiques du principe de précaution suscitent de nombreux débats. Les décideurs sont constamment confrontés à un dilemme, celui de traiter des risques technologiques pour la santé humaine, la sécurité et l'environnement. En utilisant la théorie de l'activité communicative et la théorie du droit et de la démocratie de Habermas, cette thèse explore à la fois l'invocation et l'application légitimes du principe de précaution et les politiques publiques de précaution sur la base de l'examen des fondements normatifs et de la performance du principe de précaution en politique publique. En outre, cette thèse met les politiques publiques de précaution à l'épreuve des biocarburants. / The invocation, application and policy implications of the precautionary principle are giving rise to much debate. Policymakers are constantly confronted with the dilemma of dealing with the technological risks to human health, safety and the environment. By using Habermas¡¯s theory of communicative activity and discourse theory of law and democracy, this thesis explores both the legitimate invocation and application of the precautionary principle and the precautionary public policy on the basis of reviewing the normative foundations and performance of the precautionary principle in public policy. Furthermore, this thesis puts the precautionary public policy to the test of biofuels.

A expedição de medidas cautelares pelos Tribunais de Contas é assunto pouco abordado pela doutrina brasileira, apesar de contar com reconhecimento pacífico na jurisprudência pátria a respeito de sua possibilidade. Analisando o tema, averiguouse que as bases teóricas que fundamentam o provimento cautelar no processo de contas servem para sustentar, em verdade, a utilização da técnica antecipatória no âmbito das Cortes de Contas. Tal constatação permitiu a aproximação com os conceitos do processo civil a respeito do assunto, sobretudo quanto à tutela provisória. Assim, o presente trabalho buscou sistematizar cientificamente o emprego dos provimentos provisórios no processo de contas, analisando todas as competências constitucionais atribuídas aos Tribunais de Contais e relacionando-as às hipóteses e os limites da expedição desses provimentos. / The utilization of precautionary measures for the Accounts Tribunals is a topic rarely adressed by the brazilian doctrine, despite trust in the peaceful recognition in the country's jurisprudence about it's ability. Analysing the theme,it was ascertained that the theorical bases that ground the precautionary provision in the Accounts Tribunal. Such finding allowed the aproximation with the concepts of civil procedure about the theme, especially as the provisional protection. Therefor the present project had as objective systematizscientificaly the employ of the temporary provisionses in the procces of accounts analysing all the constitutionals skills assign to the Court of Auditors and relating it to the hypothesis and the limits of the dispatch of those provisionses.

O presente trabalho aborda a temática da necessidade de tipificação penal da alienação parental e a aplicabilidade da Lei de n 12403/11 que reflete toda a constituição da alienação parental pontuada dentro destes institutos, penal e processual penal. A referida alienação, que se materializa através de um litígio entre o genitor guardião e o outro progenitor, de modo que aquele que detêm a guarda usa os filhos para se vingar do genitor que tem o direito de visitação, mediante campanhas depreciativas, tão somente por não aceitar o fim do relacionamento conjugal. Refletindo esta também com os parentes, estendendo-se até os avós. Com o condão de estudar este fenômeno, assim como, a possibilidade da perda do poder familiar em decorrência do mesmo, é que se perpassa por um breve histórico sobre a família e alguns institutos que se referem à relação pais e filhos, como o poder familiar e as práticas processuais, esta buscando soluções aos casos concretos. Com a realização de estudos multidisciplinares, feitos por profissionais especializados da área de Direito, juntamente, com psicólogos, assistentes sociais e médicos é que se pode dar solução ao caso concreto, até mesmo evitar os seus efeitos. Os laudos técnicos advindos destes estudos fundamentam as decisões do judiciário. Desta feita, a perda do poder familiar reflete uma necessidade imposta ao alienador em face da alienação parental. Depois da abordagem civilista, passa-se a abordagem penalista, de modo que retrata a possibilidade de aplicação da Lei de n 12403/11 demonstrando que as medidas cautelares são medidas penais efetivas contra as ações do genitor alienador. Esta lei ao colocar a prisão preventiva como exceção, se coaduna com as razões do veto do artigo 10 da lei de alienação parental. A aplicação, ainda, do instituto da transação penal, o rito proposto na Lei de n 9099/95 cabe perfeitamente, também, para compelir a alienação parental. Demonstrando, categoricamente, que a penalização da alienação parental evitaria a crescente caracterização deste instituto nas famílias brasileiras. O trabalho se caracteriza por uma pesquisa bibliográfica obtendo informações através das fontes de jurisprudenciais, doutrinárias e Leis. / This paper addresses the issue of the necessity of criminal definition of parental alienation and the applicability of Law No. 12403/11 which reflects the whole constitution of parental alienation scored within these institutions, penal and criminal procedure. This sale, which is materialized through a dispute between the custodial parent and the other parent, so that those who hold the guard uses the children to avenge the parent who has visitation rights by disparaging campaigns, as not only accept the end of the marriage relationship. Reflecting this also with relatives, extending to the grandparents. With the privilege of studying this phenomenon, as well as the possibility of loss of power due to the same family, is that goes through a brief history of the family and some institutes which refer to the relationship parents and children, as the family power and procedural practices, this finding solutions to concrete cases. With the completion of multidisciplinary studies, done by professionals specialized area of law, together with psychologists, social workers and doctors is that one can give solution to this case, even prevent its effects. The technical reports arising from these studies underlie the decisions of the judiciary. This time, the loss of family power reflects a necessity imposed upon alienating in the face of parental alienation. After the tort approach, the approach is punitive, so that portrays the possibility of application of Law No. 12403/11 showing that precautionary measures are effective measures against the criminal actions of the alienating parent. This law put to the detention as an exception, is consistent with the reasons for the veto of Article 10 of the law of parental alienation. The application also institute criminal transaction, proposed in the rite of Law n 9099/95 fits perfectly, too, to compel parental alienation. Demonstrating, categorically, that the criminalization of parental alienation avoid the growing characterization of this institute in Brazilian families. The work is characterized by a bibliographical information obtained through the sources of jurisprudence, doctrinal and Laws.

A inserção dos organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs) no ambiente é um objeto de estudo de fundamental importância no contexto do gerenciamento dos riscos ecológicos nas situações de incerteza científica. A Lei 11.105 de 2005 – a Lei de Biossegurança – conferiu à Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança (CTNBio) a competência para julgar e aprovar comercialmente os OGMs. A mesma lei prevê o princípio da precaução como uma das diretrizes norteadoras da política de biossegurança e de atuação da instância administrativa. Por esse motivo, a pesquisa pretende averiguar se as 44 decisões que aprovaram comercialmente plantas geneticamente modificadas, até abril de 2015, foram proferidas com observância ao princípio de precaução. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada elegeu uma formulação específica do princípio da precaução, tomada como pressuposto epistemológico. Dessa forma, as categorias extraídas dos documentos para a análise discursiva foram eleitas consoante critérios pertinentes para avaliação da decisão no referencial teórico adotado. Investigou-se, sem prejuízo de outros pontos, a revisibilidade das decisões, o tipo de avaliação de riscos adotado e aspectos referentes a informação, transparência e participação pública no processo. A pesquisa confirmou a hipótese de maneira parcial: confirmaram-se os indícios de que o “princípio da precaução” não estava sendo implementado nas decisões da CTNBio de maneira adequada, referidos os parâmetros básicos esperados. No entanto, contrariamente ao que se afirmou, o “princípio da precaução” não aparece nem sequer retoricamente nos pareceres de liberação comercial dos OGMs. Em função da previsão legal, poderia se pressupor que os pareceres proferidos pela CTNBio estão de acordo com os seus preceitos, no entanto, pode-se afirmar que o princípio da precaução vem sendo utilizado nas decisões unicamente a fim de legitimá-las. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-07-05T12:57:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Allana Ariel Wilmsen Dalla Santa.pdf: 1335039 bytes, checksum: 2b3c3dca5054444e92eee839edf0e0d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T12:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Allana Ariel Wilmsen Dalla Santa.pdf: 1335039 bytes, checksum: 2b3c3dca5054444e92eee839edf0e0d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-05 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS. / L'inclusion d'organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) dans l'environnement est un sujet d'une importance fondamentale dans le contexte de la gestion des risques écologiques em situation d'incertitude scientifique. La Loi 11.105 de 2005 – La Loi de biosécurité – a conféré par Commission Technique National de Biosécurité (CTNBio) la compétence pour juger et approuver dans le commerce des OGM. La même loi prévoit le principe de précaution comme une ligne directrice de la politique de biosécurité et paramètre de performance de l'instance administrative. Pour cette raison, la recherche vise à savoir si les 44 décisions que approuvées plantes génétiquement modifiés commercialement, jusqu'en avril 2015, ont été prononcée par le respect du principe de précaution. À cette fin, la méthodologie adoptée a élu une formulation spécifique du principe de précaution, pris comme hypothèse épistémologique. De cette façon, les catégories des papiers analyse discursive ont été élus, selon des critères pertinents pour l'évaluation de la décision, aucun cadre théorique adopté. Pour examiner, sans préjudice des autres points, la revisibilidade des décisions, le genre d'évaluation des risques adoptée et les aspects liés à l'information, de transparence et de participation du public dans le processus. La recherche a confirmé l'hypothèse partiellement: a confirmé le témoignage du principe de précaution a été n'étant pas mis en oeuvre des décisions (CTNBio), dénommées les paramètres fondamentaux devrait. Cependant, contrairement à ce qui est indiqué, le "principe de précaution » n'apparaît pas pas même pour la forme dans les opinions de la version commerciale d'OGM. Sur la base des dispositions légales, il est supposé que les avis rendus par la CNTBio sont conformes à ses préceptes, par conséquent, nous pouvons dire que le principe de précaution a été utilisé dans le processus décisionnel afin de légitimer leur.