Des recherches, autant chez l’homme que chez l’animal, proposent qu’il existerait, au sein des réseaux cérébraux, une organisation anatomique parallèle de circuits qui coordonne l’activité des structures qui participent à la planification et à l’exécution d’une action. Dans cette foulée, un modèle émerge qui attribue au cortex préfrontal (CPF) latéral une spécificité anatomo-fonctionnelle basée sur les niveaux de traitement en mémoire de travail (MT). Il s’agit du modèle « niveaux de traitement-dépendant », qui accorde un rôle important au CPF latéral dans l’acquisition et la représentation de règles guidant nos comportements. Des études en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle, utilisant le Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) ont permis de corroborer ce modèle et de dissocier trois niveaux de traitement en MT non seulement au sein du CPF latéral mais encore aux structures sous- corticales, les ganglions de la base (GB). Ces études suggèrent que certains noyaux des GB seraient topographiquement organisés avec le CPF latéral et contriburaient, sous certaines conditions, à des processus cognitifs et moteurs semblables à leur homologue cortical. Le but de notre étude est d'explorer la généralisation de la contribution des GB et du CPF au modèle niveaux de traitement-dépendant afin de voir si ce dernier est indépendant de la nature des stimuli en mémoire de travail. À cet effet, nous avons modifié le WCST en l’appliquant à un autre domaine, celui du langage. Nous avons remplacé les pictogrammes par des mots et modifié les règles formes, couleurs, nombres, par des règles sémantiques et phonologiques. L’analyse des résultats a démontré que différentes parties des GB de concert avec différentes régions du CPF se différencient quant aux niveaux de traitement en MT et ce, indépendamment de la nature des stimuli. Une deuxième analyse a permis d’évaluer les patrons d’activations liés aux conditions sémantiques et phonologiques. Ces résultats ont mis en évidence que les réseaux préfrontaux semblent liés aux processus exécutifs nécessaires à la réalisation de la tâche, indépendamment de la condition tandis que les aires associatives se dissocient davantage et contiennent des réseaux propres à la sémantique et à la phonologie. / Researches in humans and animals have pointed out the possible existence of a parallel anatomic organization in the core of cerebral networks which could coordinate the activity of different brain regions involved in the planning and execution of an action. Within this framework, the emerging model ascribes an anatomic dissociation to the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) based on the level of complexity of the working memory (WM) treatment. This model, namely, the complexity-dependent model, gives an important role to the lateral PFC in the acquiring and representation of the rules guiding our behaviors. This model has been corroborated by functional neuroimaging studies using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). These studies allowed dissociating three levels of complexity of the WM treatment, not restricted to the lateral PFC but also including sub- cortical structures, the basal ganglia (BG), suggesting that some BG nuclei would be topographically organized with the lateral PFC and would contribute to the same cognitive and motor functions. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the BG and the PFC’S contribution to the complexity-dependent model generalizes to different types of stimuli or whether their functions are dependent on the nature of stimuli in WM. To do so, a language version of the WCST was developed to suit a different cognitive domain, i.e. language. The pictograms were replaced with words and rules concerning forms, colors and numbers were substituted with semantic and phonological rules. Data analysis showed that the BG along with the PFC have differential role at different levels of WM processing complexity. In a second analysis, the activation patterns linked to the semantic and phonological conditions were evaluated. Those results indicated that the prefrontal networks seem to be coupled with executive processes needed to perform each condition whereas the employment of different language rules (semantic and phonological) activates specific regions of the phonological and semantic network.

La capacité de ressentir et de réguler les émotions permettant de fournir un comportement émotionnel adapté implique l'intervention et l'interaction du système nerveux central (SNC) (dont amygdale, cortex préfrontal (CPF)) et du système nerveux autonome (SNA). Cependant, les réponses émotionnelles peuvent être influencées par différents facteurs puisque la réponse émotionnelle va dépendre de l'état du sujet, mais également de l'action du sujet, c'est-à-dire de l'intention consciente et volontaire de réguler ses émotions. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif d'étudier les mécanismes physiologiques et cérébraux impliqués dans la variabilité de la réponse émotionnelle en utilisant cinq modèles susceptibles d'influencer la réponse émotionnelle : une tâche de contrôle émotionnel, l'état de stress post traumatique (ESPT), le neuroticisme, la résilience, et l'état de stress aigu. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons sélectionné trois populations de sujets, une population de sujets témoins, une population de patients atteints d'ESPT, et une population de Marins-Pompiers. Nous avons étudié les réponses du SNA et du SNC en IRMf, en se focalisant sur l'activité de l'amygdale et du CPF dans des tâches nature émotionnelle. Nos résultats indiquent que la régulation émotionnelle volontaire a des effets spécifiques sur les paramètres psychophysiologiques, qui diffèrent selon l'émotion présentée. On observe plus précisément une augmentation de l'activité du système nerveux sympathique uniquement lorsque l'émotion de peur est induite. / The ability to sense and regulate emotions allows us to have an adapted emotional behavior towards our environment. It is regulated by an interaction of the central nervous system (CNS), including the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Yet, our emotional responses can be influenced by a myriad of other factors. They depend for instance on ones' subjective state, and also voluntary conscious intention to control one's emotions. The aim of this thesis is thus to study peripheral and cerebral mechanisms involved in the variability of the emotional response. To do so, we have used five different models susceptibly influencing emotional response: a first model assaying healthy controls in an emotional control task, a second one accounting for their resilience capacity, a third one focused on the impact of neuroticism, a fourth one with acutely stress participants and a last one with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. To better address our objective, we have selected three groups of participants: healthy controls, PTSD patients and fire fighters. We explored responses of the the ANS and the CNS activities using fMRI-based paradigms, specifically tackling the activation of the amygdala and PFC; using an emotional tasks. As hypothesized, our results have shown that voluntary emotional regulation in healthy controls modulates physiological parameters in an emotion-specific manner. For instance the sympathetic system is only activated under those circumstance when processing fearful clips.

Les processus d'apprentissage et de mémoire sont contrôlés par des circuits et éléments neuronaux spécifiques. De nombreuses études ont récemment mis en évidence que les circuits corticaux jouent un rôle important dans la régulation des comportements de peur, cependant, leurs caractéristiques anatomiques et fonctionnelles restent encore largement inconnues. Au cours de ma thèse, en utilisant des enregistrements unitaires et des approches optogénétiques chez la souris libre de se comporter, nous avons pu montrer que les interneurones inhibiteurs du cortex auditif et du cortex préfrontal médian forment un microcircuit désinhibiteur permettant respectivement l'acquisition et l'expression de la mémoire de peur conditionnée. Dans les deux cas, les interneurones parvalbuminergiques constituent l'élément central du circuit et sont inhibés de façon phasique. D’un point de vue fonctionnel, nous avons démontré que cette inhibition était associée à la désinhibition des neurones pyramidaux par un mécanisme de réduction de l'inhibition continue exercée par les interneurones parvalbuminergiques. Ainsi, les interneurones parvalbuminergiques peuvent contrôler temporellement l'excitabilité des neurones pyramidaux. En particulier, nous avons montré que l'acquisition de la mémoire de peur conditionnée dépend du recrutement d'un microcircuit désinhibiteur localisé dans le cortex auditif. En effet, au cours du conditionnement de peur, la présentation du choc électrique induit l'inhibition des interneurones parvalbuminergiques, ce qui a pour conséquence de désinhiber les neurones pyramidaux du cortex auditif et de permettre l’apprentissage du conditionnement de peur. Dans leur ensemble, ces données suggèrent que la désinhibition est un mécanisme important dans l'apprentissage et le traitement de l'information dans les circuits corticaux. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que l'expression de la peur conditionnée requière l'inhibition phasique des interneurones parvalbuminergiques du cortex préfrontal médian. En effet, leur inhibition désinhibe les cellules pyramidales préfrontales et synchronise leur activité en réinitialisant les oscillations thêta locales. Ces résultats mettent en évidence deux mécanismes neuronaux complémentaires induits par les interneurones parvalbuminergiques qui coordonnent et organisent avec précision l’activité neuronale des neurones pyramidaux du cortex préfrontal pour contrôler l'expression de la peur conditionnée. Ensemble, nos données montrent que la désinhibition joue un rôle important dans les comportements de peur en permettant l’association entre des informations comportementalement pertinentes, en sélectionnant les éléments spécifiques du circuit et en orchestrant l'activité neuronale des cellules pyramidales. / Learning and memory processes are controlled by specific neuronal circuits and elements. Numerous recent reports highlighted the important role of cortical circuits in the regulation of fear behaviour, however, the anatomical and functional characteristics of their neuronal components remain largely unknown. During my thesis, we used single unit recordings and optogenetic manipulations of specific neuronal elements in behaving mice, to show that both the auditory cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex contain a disinhibitory microcircuit required respectively for the acquisition and the expression of conditioned fear memory. In both cases, parvalbumin-expressing interneurons constitute the central element of the circuit and are phasically inhibited during the presentation of the conditioned tone. From a functional point of view, we demonstrated that this inhibition induced the disinhibition of cortical pyramidal neurons by releasing the ongoing perisomatic inhibition mediated by parvalbumin-expressing interneurons onto pyramidal neurons. Thereby, this disinhibition allows the precise temporal regulation of pyramidal neurons excitability. In particular, we showed that the acquisition of associative fear memories depend on the recruitment of a disinhibitory microcircuit in the auditory cortex. Fear-conditioning-associated disinhibition in auditory cortex is driven by foot-shock-mediated inhibition of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Importantly, pharmacological or optogenetic blockade of pyramidal neuron disinhibition abolishes fear learning. Together, these data suggest that disinhibition is an important mechanism underlying learning and information processing in cortical circuits. Secondly, in the medial prefrontal cortex, we demonstrated that expression of fear behaviour is causally related to the phasic inhibition of prefrontal parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Inhibition of parvalbumin-expressing interneuron activity disinhibits prefrontal pyramidal neurons and synchronizes their firing by resetting local theta oscillations, leading to fear expression. These results identify two complementary neuronal mechanisms both mediated by prefrontal parvalbumin-expressing interneurons that precisely coordinate and enhance the neuronal efficiency of prefrontal pyramidal neurons to drive fear expression. Together these data highlighted the important role played by neuronal disinhibition in fear behaviour by binding behavioural relevant information, selecting specific circuit elements and orchestrating pyramidal neurons activity.

Les primates doivent pouvoir reconnaître de nouvelles situations pour pouvoir s'y adapter. La représentation de ces situations dans l'activité du cortex est le sujet de cette thèse. Les situations complexes s'expliquent souvent par l'interaction entre des informations sensorielles, internes et motrices. Des activités unitaires dénommées sélectivité mixte, qui sont très présentes dans le cortex préfrontal (CPF), sont un mécanisme possible pour représenter n'importe quelle interaction entre des informations. En parallèle, le Reservoir Computing a démontré que des réseaux récurrents ont la propriété de recombiner des entrées actuelles et passées dans un espace de plus haute dimension, fournissant ainsi un pré-codage potentiellement universel de combinaisons pouvant être ensuite sélectionnées et utilisées en fonction de leur pertinence pour la tâche courante. En combinant ces deux approches, nous soutenons que la nature fortement récurrente de la connectivité locale du CPF est à l'origine d'une forme dynamique de sélectivité mixte. De plus, nous tentons de démontrer qu'une simple régression linéaire, implémentable par un neurone seul, peut extraire n'importe qu'elle information/contingence encodée dans ces combinaisons complexes et dynamiques. Finalement, les entrées précédentes, qu'elles soient sensorielles ou motrices, à ces réseaux du CPF doivent être maintenues pour pouvoir influencer les traitements courants. Nous soutenons que les représentations de ces contextes définis par ces entrées précédentes doivent être exprimées explicitement et retournées aux réseaux locaux du CPF pour influencer les combinaisons courantes à l'origine de la représentation des contingences / In order to adapt to new situations, primates must be able to recognize these situations. How the cortex represents contingencies in its activity is the main subject of this thesis. First, complex new situations are often explained by the interaction between sensory, internal and motor information. Recent studies have shown that single-neuron activities referred to as mixed selectivity which are ubiquitous in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are a possible mechanism to represent arbitrary interaction between information defining a contingency. In parallel, a recent area of reasearch referred to as Reservoir Computing has demonstrated that recurrent neural networks have the property of recombining present and past inputs into a higher dimensional space thereby providing a pre-coding of an essentially universal set of combinations which can then be selected and used arbitrarily for their relevance to the task at hand. Combining these two approaches we argue that the highly recurrent nature of local prefrontal connectivity is at the origin of dynamic form of mixed selectivity. Also, we attempt to demonstrate that a simple linear regression, implementable by a single neuron, can extract any information/ contingency encoded in these highly complex and dynamic combinations. In addition, previous inputs, whether sensory or motor, to these PFC networks must be maintained in order to influence current processing and behavioral demand. We argue that representations of contexts defined by these past inputs must be expressed explicitely and fed back to the local PFC networks in order to influence the current combinations at the origin of contingencies representation

De nombreuses études ont montré une modification de la perception de la douleur au cours du vieillissement. Cette modification s’exprime principalement par une diminution du seuil de la douleur aiguë et une augmentation de la prévalence de douleurs chroniques. Parallèlement, le vieillissement provoque des altérations cérébrales importantes, notamment dans les réseaux frontaux. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié les mécanismes centraux, notamment les fonctions des réseaux frontaux sur la perception et la modulation de la douleur chez la personne âgée. Les résultats des expériences 1 à 3 suggèrent une forte corrélation positive entre l’altération des fonctions exécutives et le déclin de la modulation cognitive de la douleur et de la résistance à la douleur tonique. Dans l’expérience 4, nos résultats montrent que les scores aux tests mesurant les fonctions émotionnelles (e.g. la reconnaissance des émotions) sont corrélés au ressenti de la douleur. Cela pourrait indiquer un déficit chez les personnes âgées de la composante émotionnelle qui entre en jeu dans la perception de la douleur. / Age-related changes in pain perception have been widely reported in the literature, showing a reduced acute pain perception and an increased prevalence of chronic pain. Ageing also results in considerable alterations in brain structures and functions, particularly in frontal networks. In this thesis, we explored the underlying central mechanisms, especially the role of frontal functions in the age-related alterations in pain perception. Results of experiments 1-3 demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the age-related alterations in executive function and the decline in pain tolerance and cognitive pain modulation. In experiment 4 we observed that the emotional function measured by a test of emotions recognition was correlated to the verbal expression of perceived pain, indicating that the reduced pain expression in the elderly may result from the deficient responses to emotion.

Os receptores canabinoides do tipo 1 (CB1) e vaniloides de potencial transitório 1 (TRPV1) presentes no córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv) modulam de maneira oposta a resposta emocional condicionada (REC) no modelo do medo condicionado contextual (MCC). Enquanto a ativação de receptores CB1 reduz as respostas comportamental e cardiovascular da REC, a ativação de TRPV1 aumenta tais parâmetros. Além destes receptores, receptores de glutamato do tipo NMDA e o sistema nitrérgico no CPFMv estão envolvidos na modulação da REC. Possivelmente, tanto a resposta modulada pelo receptor CB1 quanto pelo TRPV1 estão ligadas à modulação da liberação de glutamato e produção de óxido nítrico (NO). Outro neurotransmissor que também possui papel importante na REC é a acetilcolina (ACh) e que provavelmente atua via NO e eCBs. O favorecimento desta neurotransmissão no CPFMv aumenta a REC por meio da ativação de receptores muscarínicos M3. É descrito que a ativação de receptores muscarínicos induz a produção de NO, o qual pode aumentar a liberação de glutamato e, assim, aumentar a REC. Além disso, a ativação de receptores muscarínicos também podem induzir a produção de endocanabinoiodes (eCBs), como a anandamida (AEA), neuromoduladores que podem influenciar a liberação de glutamato, via CB1 ou TRPV1 e, consequentemente, podem afetar a REC. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se um antagonista CB1 (NIDA41020) e um agonista TRPV1 (capsaicina) atuam através da via NMDA/NO e se o aumento dos níveis de ACh modula a neurotransmissão gluatamatérgicapor meio de eCBs e NO. Ratos wistars com cânulas direcionadas para o CPFMv foram submetidos ao protocolo de medo condicionado ao contexto. No dia seguinte, cateter de polietileno foi implantado na artéria femoral para posterior registro cardiovascular. 24h após, as drogas foram administradas no CPFMv e o tempo de congelamento e a resposta autonômica foram avaliados durante a reexposição ao contexto. Tanto o NIDA quanto a capsaicina aumentaram a expressão da REC, independentemente de a administração ser na porção PL ou IL. A resposta do antagonismo de CB1 parece depender da ativação de TRPV1 e a resposta do antagonismo TRPV1 depende da ativação de CB1. O aumento da REC induzida por antagonista CB1 ou agonista TRPV1 foi prevenida com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA ou inibidor da enzima nNOS. A administração de um sequestrador de NO ou de um inibidor da enzima guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) preveniu apenas a resposta do antagonismo CB1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo agonista TRPV1 foi prevenido com a microinjeção de antioxidante/sequestrador de radicais livres. Desta maneira, os resultados demonstram que no CPFMv o receptor CB1 modula a expressão da REC através da via NMDA/NO/GCs e o receptor TRPV1 através da via NMDA/NO/Estresse nitrosativo. Além disso, a administração de um inibidor da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) aumentou a REC, sendo este efeito prevenido com a administração prévia de antagonista NMDA, inibidor da nNOS, sequestrador de NO, inibidor da GCs e antagonista de receptores TRPV1. O aumento da REC evocado pelo antagonista CB1 e agonista TRPV1 não foi prevenido pela administração local prévia de antagonista de receptores M3. Este resultado indica que a resposta promovida pela ACh modula a neurotransmissão glutamatérgica possivelmente através da produção de NO e ativação de TRPV1pela AEA e que os eCBs não modulam a transmissão colinérgica no CPFMv. Portanto, podemos sugerir que a re-exposição ao contexto aversivo aumenta os níveis de ACh no CPFMv e, assim, ativa receptores M3 que, por sua vez, induzem a produção de eCBs, possivelmente AEA, e NO. O NO atuaria pré- sinapticamente aumentando a liberação de glutamato, e a AEA ativaria receptores TRPV1 pós-sinápticos que ativaria mecanismos de estresse nitrosativo decorrentes da produção do NO. / CB1 and TRPV1 receptors present in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have been related in the modulation of defensive behavior, as fear conditioning response. In contextual fear conditioning, CB1 and TRPV1 antagonism increase and decrease, respectively, the behavior and autonomic response during the reexposure to aversive context. CB1 and TRPV1 activation lead to decrease and increase of glutamate release, respectively. Glutamate is an important neurotransmitter in vmPFC involve in cardiovascular and behavioral response. NMDA activation can promote nitric oxide (NO) production, and this mediator could regulate the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic signaling. Another important neurotransmission related to REC and eCBs/NO is Acetylcholine (ACh). AChE inhibitor in vmPFC increase conditioned response expression through M3 receptor activation. Muscarinic activation leads to NO production and this event can increase the glutamate release. Moreover, muscarinic activation also can induce endocannabinoid (eCBs) production and modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Thus, NO and eCBs production by muscarinic activation probably affect conditioned response through glutamate release. Our aim in this study was to investigate if CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism promote an increase in conditioned response by NMDA/NO pathway. In addition, AChE inhibitor inject in vmPFC modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by NO and eCBs. Male wistars rats with guide cannulas invmPFC were submitted to contextual fear conditioning. 1 day after conditioning, a polyethylene catheter was implanted in the femoral artery for cardiovascular recording. Following 24h, drugs were administrated in vmPFC and freezing behavior and autonomic response was recorded during context reexposure. CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism increased the expression of conditioned emotional response and the response was not different when injected in PL or IL subareas. The response of CB1 antagonism depends on TRPV1 activation and response of TRPV1 antagonism depends on CB1 activation, demonstrating the relation of these receptors. The effect induced by CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 agonism were prevented by an NMDA antagonism and preferential neuronal NO synthase inhibitor. In case of CB1 antagonism, NO scavenger and a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (sGC) also prevented this response, but not response induced by TRPV1 agonism. Effect of TRPV1 agonism was prevented by administration of antioxidant/free radical scavenger. In addition, inhibition of AChE in vmPFC increased the conditioned response and this effect was prevented by NMDA antagonist, nNOS inhibitor, NO scavenger, sGC inhibitor and TRPV1 antagonist. CB1 antagonist and TRPV1 agonist increased conditioned response and M3 antagonist was not able to prevent this effect. Our results demonstrated that the response promoted by ACh modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission through NO and TRPV1 activation (by AEA). Moreover, endocannabinoid system did not affect cholinergic neurotransmission. Therefore, we suggest that reexposure to aversive context increase ACh concentration in vmPFC and thus induce activation of the M3 receptor. M3 receptor promote NO and eCBs production. NO act in pre-synaptic terminalenhancing glutamate release and AEA activate the TRPV1 receptor in the postsynaptic terminal that act by nitrosative stress in NO pathway.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se ratos tratados com chá de ayahuasca apresentam i) alterações comportamentais no campo aberto e labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE); ii) alterações na expressão do transportador de glutamato (EAAC1) no córtex pré-frontal (CPF) e no hilus do giro denteado do hipocampo (HDG). Doze grupos de ratos Wistar machos (250g, n=10/cada) foram usados. Eles receberam 2 or 4ml/Kg de chá de ayahuasca ou água: dose única (agudo), 3 vezes/dia por 3 dias alternados (subcrônico) e 1 vez/dia por 15 dias (crônico). Trinta minutos após a última ingestão os animais foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais. Vinte e quatro horas após eles foram anestesiados, perfundidos e seus encéfalos seccionados (40-m) no hipocampo e CPF para os experimentos de imunoistoquimica para EAAC1. Comparações estatísticas entre cada grupo tratado com ayahuasca e seu respectivo controle foram feitas utilizando o teste t de Student e consideradas significantes quando p0,05. Apenas a ingestão subcrônica de ayahuasca induziu redução significante na atividade locomotora (27%) no campo aberto. No LCE nenhum dos tratamentos com ayahuasca induziu alterações significantes em ambos numero de entradas e tempo de permanência nos braços abertos. A ingestão subcrônica ou crônica de chá de ayahuasca induziu aumento significante na expressão de EAAC1 no HGD (20-67%). Em contraste, no CPF a expressão de EAAC1 foi significantemente reduzida em ratos tratados com 2 ou 4ml/Kg subcronicamente ou 4ml/Kg cronicamente (17-25%). A ingestão aguda de 2ml/Kg induziu discreto aumento na expressão de EAAC1 (16%). Estes resultados sugerem que i) Ayahuasca induz alterações nas atividades locomotora e exploratória de forma dependente da dose e frequência de ingestão; ii) Ayahuasca não tem efeito no nível de ansiedade; iii) A ingestão aguda, subcrônica e subcrônica de ayahuasca disparam distintos mecanismos no hipocampo e CPF envolvendo a modulação da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica. / This work aimed at investigating whether rats treated with Ayahuasca beverage show i) behavioral alterations in the open field and elevated plus maze (EPM); ii) alterations in the expression of glutamate transporter (EAAC1) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the hilus of dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (HDG). Twelve groups of male Wistar rats (250g, n=10/each) were used. They received 2ml/Kg or 4ml/Kg of ayauhasca beverage or water: only once (acute), 3 times/day for 3 days (sub-chronic) or once/day for 15 days (chronic). Thirty minutes after the last ingestion the animals were submitted to behavioural tests. After 24 hours they were anaesthetized, perfused and their brains sectioned (40-m) in the hippocampus and PFC for immunohistochemistry (IH) detection of EAAC1. Comparisons between ayahuasca and control groups used Student t test. Significance was set at p0.05. Only sub-chronic ingestion of Ayahuasca induced a decrease in locomotor (27%) activit in the open field. On the EPM all treatments with Ayahuasca induced no significant increase in both number of entries and time spent in the open arms. The sub-chronic and chronic treatments with Ayahuasca induced a significant increase in EAAC1 expression in the HDG (20-67%). In contrast, in the PFC the expression of EAAC1 was significantly decreased in rats treated with 2 or 4ml/Kg sub-chronically or 4ml/Kg chronically (17-25%). Acute ingestion of 2ml/Kg induced a smaller increase in EAAC1-IC (16%). These results suggest that i) Ayahuasca changes the locomotor and exploratory activities in a way depending the dose and frequency of ingestion; ii) Ayahuasca does not have effect on the level of anxiety; iii) Acute, sub-chronic or chronic ingestion of Ayahuasca beverage trigger distinct mechanisms in the PFC and hippocampus involving the modulation of glutamate neurotransmission.

A exposição prolongada a estressores socio-ambientais induz alterações duradouras nos níveis afetivo, cognitivo e fisiológico característicos de transtornos de ansiedade e depressão. No paradigma de estresse crônico variado (ECV) é possível modelar essas alterações com base na exposição aleatória, intermitente e incerta dos roedores a vários estressores. Porém, alguns indivíduos também demostram uma capacidade notável de adaptação ativa e persistem diante de eventos imprevisíveis e incontroláveis. Sabe-se também que o sistema neural histaminérgico (SNH) é um indicador sensível do estresse e regula as reações defensivas relacionadas. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o papel da histamina no modelo de ECV. Considerando ainda que o perfil comportamental dos camundongos estressados pelo ECV seja contraditório, o presente estudo investigou se (1) duas linhagens de camundongos seriam susceptíveis a respostas relacionadas ao estresse; (2) a neurotransmissão histaminérgica estaria envolvida na ansiedade induzida pelo estresse; (3) o tratamento crônico com L-histidina (LH) combinado ou não ao ECV modificaria a expressão de Fos em áreas cerebrais límbicas. Para testar o impacto do protocolo ECV sobre respostas do tipo depressivas, os comportamentos de camundongos Suíços não estressados (NST) e estressados (ST) foram analisados na tarefa de esquiva ativa de duas vias e no teste de suspensão da cauda. Não foi detectado aumento significativo da imobilidade passiva, mas o grupo ST apresentou hiperreatividade na tarefa de esquiva. Como etapa seguinte, os efeitos do ECV no comportamento ansioso dos animais NST e ST foi verificado no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Notavelmente, camundongos C57Bl/6 estressados desenvolveram respostas ansiogênicas, enquanto a linhagem de Suíço exibiu um perfil comportamental heterogêneo no LCE. Estes resultados indicam que o regime de ECV induz um efeito ansiogênico de modo consistente em animais C57Bl/6 adultos, enquanto os camundongos Suíço são resilientes ao protocolo. Além disso, a ansiedade induzida pelo ECV não foi revertida ou potencializada pela administração crônica de LH, enquanto que a estimulação farmacológica prolongada do SNH poderia representar um potencial estresse isoladamente. Adicionalmente, uma hipo-ativação das áreas corticais pré-limbicas e infralímbicas foi relacionada à condição de estresse crônico, sem efeitos resultantes do tratamento farmacológico. A expressão de Fos+ induzida pela exposição ao LCE foi detectada nos subnúcleos lateral, basolateral e central, porém não houve ativação diferencial destes subnúcleos amígdaloides influenciados pelo ECV e/ou tratamento. Assim, os resultados apresentadas corroboram evidências de que respostas ao estresse são genética e experiência-dependentes, resultando em resiliência ou má adaptação de indivíduos e linhagens. Além disso, o ECV foi capaz de causar uma resposta ansiogênica acompanhada de hipo-ativação de subáreas específicas do córtex pré-frontal medial, região cerebral importante na regulação dos comportamentos defensivos e nas respostas psicofisiológicas do estresse. Finalmente, o tratamento crônico com LH não alterou os parâmetros comportamentais e neuroanatômico-funcionais influenciados pelo estresse. / Chronic exposure to socio-environmental stressors leads to a myriad of long-term alterations in affective, cognitive and physiological levels, which typifies prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, chronic variable stress (CVS) is an experimental model for anxiety- and depressive-like disorders based on the random, intermittent, and uncertain exposure to various stressors. Some individuals also show a remarkable ability to adapt and actively cope and persist in the face of such unpredictable and uncontrollable events. Histamine is a sensitive indicator of stressful experiences and modulates the activation of neuroendocrine stress response to influence defensive reactions. However, little is known about the role of histamine on CVS model. While the behavioral profile of CUS-stressed mice is also contradictory, we investigated whether (1) two widely used mouse strains were susceptible to stress-related responses; (2) histaminergic neurotransmission is involved on stress-induced anxiety; (3) L-histidine (LH) chronic treatment combined to CVS changes Fos expression in limbic areas. To test the impact of the CVS protocol on depressive-like responses, the performance of non-stressed (NST) and stressed (ST) Swiss animals was analyzed in the two-way avoidance task and in the tail suspension test. No increased passive immobility was detected, but the ST group did display hyperreactivity in the avoidance task. Next, the effects of CVS on anxiety were examined in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Remarkably, stressed C57Bl/6 developed anxiogenic responses, while Swiss mice displayed a heterogeneous behavioral profile in the EPM. These results indicate that 2-week-long CVS regimen consistently induces anxiogenic-like response in adult C57Bl/6 mice, while Swiss animals seem to be resilient. Additionally, CVS-induced anxiety is not reversed or potentialized by the chronic administration of LH, but the histamine precursor appears to be a potential stressor per se. Importantly, a hypoactivation of the prelimbic and infralimbic cortical areas was related to the chronic stress condition, with no main effects of the pharmacological treatment. EPM induced Fos+ expression was detected in the lateral, basolateral and central subnuclei, without differential activation of these amygdaloid subnuclei provoked by CVS and/or histaminergic stimulation. The present evidences corroborate the concept that stress responses can be genetic- and experience-dependent, resulting in resilience or maladaptation of a particular strain. Also, stress-induced anxiety could be related to a hypoactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex, important brain region in regulating the defensive behaviors and HPA stress response.

Dentre as manifestações clínicas observadas em pacientes sépticos, as disfunções neurológicas são, provavelmente, as de fisiopatologia mais obscura e pobremente explorada, o que consequentemente as torna de difícil entendimento e tratamento médico. Adicionalmente, estudos epidemiológicos indicam que a síndrome séptica é mais frequente e mais letal em pacientes idosos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou comparar os efeitos da sepse, induzida pelo modelo de ligadura e perfuração cecal, no encéfalo de ratos jovens e idosos por meio da análise da expressão gênica de larga escala (transcriptoma), a fim de averiguar como as alterações no padrão de expressão podem estar relacionadas a disfunções neurológicas. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram a diminuição da expressão dos genes Bcl-3, S100A8 e uridina fosforilase 1, bem como o aumento da expressão de Stefin A3, sendo tais efeitos característicos das manifestações comuns da sepse no sistema nervoso central, independentemente da idade dos animais; por outro lado, a diminuição da expressão do gene da haptoglobina foi observada apenas nos animais idosos com sepse. De forma geral, na comparação entre animais idosos e jovens, os resultados desta pesquisa apontaram que animais idosos apresentam uma quantidade menor de genes modificados pela sepse, o que sugere menor capacidade de ativar mecanismos neuroprotetores / Among the clinical manifestations observed in septic patients, the neurological dysfunctions are probably the most obscure and poorly explored pathophysiology, which consequently makes them difficult to understand and to treat. Additionally, epidemiological studies indicate that septic syndrome is more frequent and more lethal in elderly patients. In this context, this article is aimed at comparing the effects of sepsis, induced by the ligature model and cecal perforation, on the brain of young and elderly rats by means of the analysis of the large scale gene expression (transcriptome), in order to investigate how the changes in this expression may be related to neurological dysfunctions. The results of this study indicated decreased expression of the Bcl-3, S100A8 and uridine phosphorylase 1 genes, as well as increased expression of Stefin A3, these effects being characteristic of the common manifestations of central nervous system sepsis regardless of the age of the animals; on the other hand, decreased haptoglobin gene expression was observed only in the elderly animals with sepsis. In general, in the comparison between old and young animals, the results of this research indicated that elderly animals present a smaller amount of genes modified by sepsis, which suggests a smaller capacity to activate neuroprotective mechanisms

Cerca de 50% dos pacientes portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB) apresentam comorbidade com abuso ou dependência de álcool. A presença de alcoolismo nos pacientes com TAB está associada a manifestações clínicas mais graves e a uma pior resposta ao tratamento do transtorno de humor. Entretanto, as anormalidades neurobiológicas subjacentes à co-ocorrência de TAB e alcoolismo são desconhecidas. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi o de comparar o perfil neuroquímico do córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo de pacientes portadores de TAB e diagnóstico prévio de alcoolismo ao de pacientes portadores de TAB não-alcoolistas e ao de indivíduos saudáveis, usando espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de hidrogênio. Para isso, obtivemos uma aquisição de espectroscopia de hidrogênio de voxel único e tempo de eco curto em campo magnético de 1,5 Tesla do córtex préfrontal dorsolateral esquerdo em 23 pacientes bipolares alcoolistas, 27 pacientes bipolares não-alcoolistas e 57 indivíduos saudáveis. Níveis absolutos de N-acetilaspartato (NAA), compostos de colina, creatina mais fosfocreatina, mio-inositol, glutamato mais glutamina (Glu+Gln), e glutamato foram determinados e comparados entre os três grupos. Pacientes bipolares alcoolistas apresentaram níveis menores de Glu+Gln (p = 0,06) e de glutamato (p = 0,03) do que pacientes bipolares nãoalcoolistas. Pacientes bipolares alcoolistas apresentaram níveis menores de NAA do que controles saudáveis (p = 0,06). Esses achados sugerem que anormalidades do sistema glutamatérgico, e, possivelmente, da integridade neuronal, estão presentes no córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral esquerdo de pacientes portadores de TAB em comorbidade com alcoolismo. Tais anormalidades podem caracterizar processos fisiopatológicos que seriam específicos da comorbidade entre TAB e alcoolismo. / About 50% of bipolar disorder (BD) patients present comorbidity with alcohol abuse or dependence. The presence of alcoholism in BD is associated with worse clínical manifestations and refractoriness to treatment of the mood disorder. Nevertheless, the neurochemical underpinnings that underlie the co-occurrence of bipolar disorder and alcoholism are unknown. In this study, we sought to compare the neurochemical profile of the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex of BD patients with a prior diagnosis of alcoholism to non-alcoholic BD patients and healthy controls (HC), using proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We obtained a short-TE, single-voxel 1H spectroscopy acquisition at 1.5 Tesla from the left dorsolateral pré-frontal córtex (DLFPC) of 23 alcoholic BD patients, 27 non-alcoholic BD patients and 57 HC. Absolute levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds, phosphocreatine plus creatine, myo-inositol, glutamato plus glutamina (Glu+Gln) and glutamato were determined and compared among the three groups. Alcoholic BD patients showed lower Glu+Gln (p = 0.06) and glutamate levels (p = 0.03) than non-alcoholic BD patients. Alcoholic BD patients tended to have lower NAA levels than HC (p = 0.06). These findings suggest that glutamatergic abnormalities, and possibly, neuronal integrity abnormalities, are present in the left DLPFC of BD patients with comorbid alcoholism. Such abnormalities may characterize pathophysiological processes that are specific for the comorbidity between BD and alcoholism.