Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur poliser i yttre tjänst uppfattar att polisens grund- samt vidareutbildning, fyller behovet av förberedelse inför livshotande och potentiellt traumatiserande händelser i deras yrkesutövning. Datainsamling gjordes med hjälp av strukturerade intervjuer. Informanterna bestod av 10 polisassistenter ifrån myndigheterna i Linköping, Motala och Norrköping. Urvalet gjordes på basis av antal tjänsteår, där inklusionskriterierna var att informanterna skulle ha fått hela, den under 2005 införda, bastaktiken under grundutbildningen. Detta resulterade i att informanterna, efter 6 månaders aspiranttjänstgöring, hade arbetat mellan 2-14 månader. Resultatet visar att samtliga informanter känner sig väl förberedda inför livshotande och potentiellt traumatiserande händelser i tjänst, så väl det går att förberedas inför detta genom teori och praktiska övningar. Dock kan informanterna inte beskriva att de ännu tagit del av någon vidareutbildning kopplad till frågeställningen, vilket kan bero på den relativt korta tid de varit i tjänst.

Diss. Linköping : Univ.

This diploma thesis addresses the topic of informing people of tick-borne encephalitis and vaccination against this disease. Our diploma thesis has four objectives in total. The first objective was to ascertain how many of the respondents were vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis. The second and the third objectives were to demonstrate the reasons of vaccinated and unvaccinated respondents. The fourth objective was to analyze the attitudes of the respondents to publicization of the tick-borne encephalitis issue. As an infection with the natural focus, the disease is caused by a tick-borne encephalitis virus belonging among flaviviruses. The carrier is a sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus). Ticks live as parasites on reservoir animals, such as small rodents, ungulates and domestic animals. The clinical picture of the disease has mostly two stages and the symptomatologic form affects in particular adults and seniors. South Bohemia is a significant focus of tick-borne encephalitis with the sickness rate considerably exceeding the average of the Czech Republic. The most efficient prevention of the disease is vaccination. Two vaccines have been registered in the Czech Republic at present, namely FSME-Immun of Baxter and Encepur of Novartis. Both the vaccines are intended for children from 1 year of age. The basic vaccination scheme consists of 3 doses and the vaccinated person needs to be revaccinated every 3-5 years. It follows from the questionnaire research that 49 % of the total number of 136 respondents are vaccinated. As expected, the most frequent reason for vaccination (65 %) is the fear of becoming infected with tick-borne encephalitis. Other reasons are the interventions of the surrounding persons persuading the person to become vaccinated (19 %) and the financial contribution of the health insurance company or the employer (16 %). 35 % of the unvaccinated respondents do not plan to become vaccinated in the future. Approximately 40 % of the unvaccinated respondents feel that they do not need the vaccination or do not trust vaccination as such. 42 % of the unvaccinated persons would agree to vaccination if they received a financial contribution of the health insurance company or the employer, but nothing at all would convince 35 % of the unvaccinated respondents. It follows from the research that most respondents are satisfied with the quantity and the content of the information about tick-borne encephalitis. They do not think that anything should be changed in the system of informing of the disease. This thesis contributes to monitoring the trends in thinking of the public, and will eventuate in the finding which way the education of people about tick-borne encephalitis should be directed.

The thesis deals with the issue of burnout syndrome. The elementary terms of the burnout syndrome symptom are defined in the theoretical part, based on the study of specialized literature. This part is focused on the possibility of diagnosis, causes and prevention of burnout syndrome. The practical part deals with empirical research. Based on the collected questionnaire data it maps the effect of stress on teachers in connection with their profession. The measures that could contribute to prevent possibility of burnout syndrome of the primary school teachers were stated at the end of the practical part.

As companies are expected to take major responsibility towards their stakeholders, there are also some risks involved. Cancel culture is a new societal phenomenon that is taking an increasing part in our everyday lives. The aim of the study is to understand whether and how Swedish companies' crisis communication, and above all preventive crisis management, is affected by a business partner's crisis, in the era of cancel culture. Based on the aim, the following questions have been formulated:  "How did the company Paolo's retailers act in its crisis communication to protect and improve its reputation in connection with the crisis?"  "How did Paolo's retailers communicate the decision to distance themselves from the company externally on social media?"  To support the results of the study, Situational crisis communication theory has been applied, this is further supplemented with the crisis communication aspect preventive crisis management, as well as the phenomenon of cancel culture. The methods used are data collection of text and image, qualitative interview method, semiotic image analysis and qualitative content analysis. These have been used to collect and analyze relevant material to further answer the research questions. The results of the study clearly show that a crisis in the era of cancel culture is often difficult to stop - no matter how prepared you are. Of course, you can reduce the consequences by setting up a clear crisis plan, but depending on how transparent and accommodating you are, the consequences can be reduced. It is often said that it is not a crisis that defines the company, but how to handle it, which fits in well with this situation.  As cancel culture is still a new and unexplored field, we hope with this study to contribute to new research. Future research hopes to serve as a guide for how companies can handle cancel culture without the consequences being devastating.

Sammanfattning   Bakgrund: Andelen personer som är 65 år eller äldre fortsätter att öka globalt. Åldrandet medför fysiska och neurologiska förändringar, funktionsnedsättningar samt ökad risk för sjukdomar, vilket i sin tur ökar risken att drabbas av negativa konsekvenser såsom fallskador, trycksår, undernäring och oral ohälsa. Negativa konsekvenser kan ofta förebyggas eller mildras genom att arbeta vårdpreventivt på ett samordnat, genomtänkt och effektivt sätt i hela sjukvårdssystemet. Sjuksköterskor kan med hjälp av validerade riskbedömningsinstrument tidigt identifiera risker gällande fall, trycksår, undernäring och oral ohälsa vilket minskar risken för att äldre personer ska drabbas av onödigt lidande.   Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att använda riskbedömningsinstrument för fall, trycksår, undernäring och oral ohälsa inom kommunal vård och omsorg för äldre personer. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats genomfördes med åtta sjuksköterskor inom kommunal vård och omsorg. Resultat: Under analysprocessen framkom två huvudkategorier: riskbedömningar prioriteras bort med underkategorierna tidsbrist, brist på stöd, brist på kunskap och förståelse för riskbedömningsinstrumentens vinster, samt riskbedömningar bidrar till en säkrare vård och bättre hälsa för de äldre med underkategorierna riskbedömning bidrar till ett strukturerat arbetssätt och möjliggör identifiering av risker.     Slutsats: Tidsbrist, brist på stöd samt brist på kunskap om fördelar och vinster med användandet av bedömningsinstrumenten var orsaker till att arbetet med riskbedömningar prioriterades bort av sjuksköterskorna. De sjuksköterskor som hade kunskap om skillnaden mellan riskbedömningsinstrument jämfört med andra instrument som skattar ett pågående symtom ansåg att användandet av riskbedömningsinstrument ökade möjligheten att tidigt identifiera risker.   Nyckelord: Preventiv vård, riskbedömningsinstrument, sjuksköterskor, äldre personer / Summary   Background: The proportion of people aged 65 or older continues to increase globally. Aging leads to physical and neurological changes, disabilities, and an increased risk of disease, which in turn increases the risk of suffering negative consequences such as falls, pressure ulcers, malnutrition, and oral ill-health. Negative consequences can often be prevented or mitigated by working in preventive care in a coordinated, well-thought-out, and effective manner throughout the healthcare system. With the help of validated risk assessment instruments, nurses can identify risks at an early stage regarding falls, pressure ulcers, malnutrition, and oral ill-health, which reduces the risk of elderly people suffering from unnecessary suffering.   Purpose: The aim was to describe nurses' experiences of using risk assessment instruments for falls, pressure ulcers, malnutrition, and oral ill-health in municipal care and care for the elderly.   Method: A qualitative interview study with an inductive approach was conducted with 8 nurses in municipal care and nursing.   Results: During the analysis process, two main categories emerged: risk assessments are prioritized away with the subcategories lack of time, lack of support, lack of knowledge and understanding of the benefits of risk assessment instruments, and risk assessments contribute to safer care and health for the elderly with subcategories risk assessment contributes to a structured approach. of risks.   Conclusion: Lack of time, lack of support, and lack of knowledge about the benefits and gains with the use of the assessment instruments were reasons why the work with risk assessments was prioritized away by the nurses. The nurses who had knowledge of the difference between risk assessment instruments compared to other instruments that estimate an ongoing symptom considered that the use of risk assessment instruments increased the ability to identify risks early.    Keywords: Preventive care, risk assessment instruments, Nurses, older people

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Rätten till nödvärn finns för att särskilda intressen i samhället ska skyddas. Brott som begåtts i nödvärn anses vara försvarliga och rättssystemet medger att undantag kan tillåtas, men endast med hänsyn till behov och proportionalitet som genomsyrar det svenska rättssystemet. Nödvärnsrätten som den ser ut idag är dock inte helt problemfri, utan svårigheter i tillämpningen kan uppstå. Exempel på det sistnämnda är rätten till nödvärn vid brott i nära relationer. Det som huvudsakligen är problematiskt är sakförhållandet att brottsoffer i nära relationer inte sällan är uteslutna från skyddet som nödvärnsregleringen är avsedd att ge. Skyddets begränsade omfattning beror inte nödvändigtvis enbart på nödvärnsregleringens utformning, utan kan många gånger vara en effekt av de särtypiska brottsomständigheterna i nära relationer. Nödvärn som ansvarsfrihetsgrund finns för att skydda ett intresse som anses vara värt att försvara. Ordinärt straffbara gärningar blir istället försvarliga i nödvärn och detta skydd tillfaller envar. Brottsoffer som utsatts för våld i nära relationer kan av olika anledningar många gånger ej nyttja denna nödvärnsrätt. Med detta som utgångspunkt är syftet med denna uppsats att utreda om det finns ett behov att ändra nödvärnsregleringen för att bättre skydda brottsoffer som utsatts för våld i nära relationer.

Document highlights the key moments of social marketing in the Czech Republic and its recent development. The second part is about some projects of Czech Railways in the field of social responsibility. By this projects would the company like to built a positive image. The practical part is focused on specific project "Preventive train". This project informs young people (in the age from 13 to 19) about potential hazard in the field of railway. Czech railways want to improve their image (by this project), as a socially responsible company.